Vladimir Tingue regularly launches new businesses, sells them and then starts new businesses is a serial entrepreneur.

1. Formulation of Functional Strategy:
Financial
Vladimir Tingue

2. Formulation of Functional Strategy: Finaincial
Introduction
Marketing Strategy Formulation Financial
Strategy Formulation Production Strategy
Formulation Logistics Strategy Formulation
Research and Development Strategy Formulation
Human Resource Strategy Formulation

3. Financial Strategy
• Financial Strategy involves:
• Acquiring Needed Capital / Source of Funds
• Developing Projected Financial Statements / Budgets
• Management / Usage of Funds
• Evaluating the Worth of Business
• Some examples of decisions that may require finance / accounting policies
are:
• To raise capital with short term debt, long term debt, preferred stock, common
stock etc.
• To lease or to buy fixed assets.
• To determine appropriate dividend payout ratio.
• To determine the amount of cash that must be kept in hand etc.

4. Sources of Funds
• Business requires additional capital, besides net profit from operations, and
the sale of assets the other sources of funds are Debt and Equity (Capital
structure of Firm).
• Determining optimal mix of debt and equity in firms capital structure is vital.
• Firm should have enough debt in its capital structure to boost ROI (earning
more than cost of debt).
• In adverse situation high debt can lead to poor stockholders return and
jeopardize companies survival.
• Fix debt obligations must be met regardless the circumstances.
• Issuance of stock can have issues like ownership, control of enterprise which
can lead to hostile takeovers, mergers, and acquisitions.

5. Sources of Funds
• The major factors for which strategies are to made are:
• Capital Structure
• Procurement of Capital
• Working Capital Borrowings
• Reserves and Surplus as source of Funds
• Relationships with Lenders, Bank, and Financial Institutions
• Source of Funds (External Borrowings or Internal Financing)

6. Projected Financial Statements / Budgets
• Budgets allows an organization to examine the expected results of various
actions (implementation decisions) and approaches. Eg. Increase in
promotion expenditure by 50% (market development strategy), Salary
increase by 25% (market penetration Strategy), R&D expenditure increase
by 70% (Product Development) or to sell common stock to raise capital for
diversification.
• A pro forma income statement and balance sheet allow organization to
compute projected financial ratios, compare them with prior years and
industry averages under various strategy implementation scenarios.
• Companies prepare projected financial statements to project future
expenses and earnings more reasonably.

7. Projected Financial Statements / Budgets
• A financial budget is the document that details how funds will be obtained and
spent for a specified period of time. (annual budgets are more common).
• Financial budgets are viewed as the planned allocation of firm’s resources based
on forecasts of the future. The different types of budgets include cash budgets,
operating budgets, sales budget, profit budget, factory budget, capital budget,
expense budget, divisional budget, variable budget, flexible budget, fixed budget
etc. These are important in guiding strategy implementation.
• Financial budgets limitations are: Cumbersome to make, expensive, Over
budgeting / under budgeting can cause problems, they can become substitute for
objectives, budgets hides inefficiencies if based solely on precedence rather than
periodic evaluation of circumstances.
• Budgets are sometimes used as instruments of tyranny – frustration / resentment.

8. Management and Usage of Funds
• It deals with investments and Asset mix decisions. It involves decisions like capital
investment, fixed asset acquisition, current assets, loans, advances, dividend
decisions, and relationship with share holders.
• Usage of funds is important since it relates to the efficiency and effectiveness of
resource utilization in the process of strategy implementation.
• Management of fund is important area of financial strategy and strategic decisions
are made for the system of finance, accounting, budgeting, management control
system, cash, credit, and risk management, cost control and reduction, tax
planning and advantages. All this leads to optimum utilization of funds.
• Organizations that implements strategies of stability, growth, and retrenchment
cannot escape rigors of proper management of funds.
• Financial plans and policies however present dilemma before management. The
priorities of management may often conflict with those of share holders.

9. Evaluating the Worth of Business
• Integrative, Intensive, Diversification strategies are implemented by acquiring
other firms, and retrenchment may result in sale of division of organization.
Here it is strategically important to establish financial worth / cash value of
business.
• There are three approaches to determination of business worth;
• The first approach is to determine net worth or stock holder’s equity. Net worth is
sum of common stock, additional paid in capital, and retained earnings. After this
we add or subtract additional amount of goodwill, overvalued, and undervalued
assets. The total obtained provides a reasonable estimate of firms monetary value.
• I the firm has goodwill it will be listed in balance sheet as intangibles.

10. Evaluating the Worth of Business
• The second approach is measuring the value of firms growth based largely on
future benefits its owners may derive through net profits. Establish business
worth as five times the firm’s current annual profit. Note: Firms suppress
earnings in financial statement to minimize taxes.
• The third approach is letting market determine a business worth.
• Base the firm’s worth on selling price of similar company and make a comparison.
• Use price earning ration where we divide the market price of common stock by
annual earnings per share and multiply this number by the firm’s average net
income for the past five years.
• Outstanding shares method where we multiply number of shares outstanding by
the market price per share and add a premium. The premium is simply a per share
amount that a person or firm is willing to pay to control or acquire the company.

11. Financial Management Strategies
Capital Acquisitions
• Debt Leverage, Stock Sales, & Gains From Operations
• Equity Financing Is Preferred For Related Diversification
• Debt Financing Is Preferred For Unrelated Diversification
• Leveraged Buyouts (Lbos) Make The Acquired Firm Pay Off The Debt
Can We Grow By Relying On Only Internal Cash Flows? Do Stock Sales
Dilute Ownership Control?
Does A Large Debt Ratio Cripple Future Growth? Does Strong Leverage
Boost Earnings Per Share? Does High Debt Deter Takeover Attempts?
Resource Allocations
• Dividends, Stock Price, & Reinvestment
• Reinvest Earnings In Fast-growing Companies
• Keeping The Stockholders Contented With Consistent Dividends
• Use Of Stock Splits ( Or Reverses) To Maintain High Stock Prices
• Tracking Stock Keeps Interest In Company, But Doesn’t Allow
Takeover