Protein denaturation, mechanism, causes, denaturation at interfaces,denaturation at different protein structures level, agents of protein denaturation, advantages and disadvantages of protein denaturation
Protein denaturation, mechanism, causes, denaturation at interfaces,denaturation at different protein structures level, agents of protein denaturation, advantages and disadvantages of protein denaturation
Origin of Word ‘Protein’, Bonds responsible for protein structure, DIFFERENT STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS, Classification of proteins, Nutritional classification of protein, Function of proteins, CLINICAL ASPECT
Denaturation of protein involves the disruption and possible destruction of structures. Since denaturation reactions are not strong enough to break the peptide bond, the primary structure remains the same after a denaturation process. Denaturation disrupts the normal alpha –helix and beta sheets in a protein and uncoils it into a random shape.
Generics: Challenges summary for a growing sector of pharmaceuticalsUSTC, Hefei, PRC
A short summary regarding core challenges faced by generic parmaceutical enterprises in competitive environments.
For further information, contact at: faisal786.btc@gmail.com
This presentation talks about the molecular basis of Quorum sensing in the virulence of bacterial pathogens and the potential of quorum sensing to serve as drug target.
Origin of Word ‘Protein’, Bonds responsible for protein structure, DIFFERENT STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, SECONDARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN, PROPERTIES OF PROTEINS, Classification of proteins, Nutritional classification of protein, Function of proteins, CLINICAL ASPECT
Denaturation of protein involves the disruption and possible destruction of structures. Since denaturation reactions are not strong enough to break the peptide bond, the primary structure remains the same after a denaturation process. Denaturation disrupts the normal alpha –helix and beta sheets in a protein and uncoils it into a random shape.
Generics: Challenges summary for a growing sector of pharmaceuticalsUSTC, Hefei, PRC
A short summary regarding core challenges faced by generic parmaceutical enterprises in competitive environments.
For further information, contact at: faisal786.btc@gmail.com
This presentation talks about the molecular basis of Quorum sensing in the virulence of bacterial pathogens and the potential of quorum sensing to serve as drug target.
Presentation Lecture for Undergraduate students of Bio-chemistry, Biotechnology, Bio-organic chemistry for fundamentals and essentials of hormones in vertebrate living systems.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
1. Enzymes and Vitamins
M. Faisal Shahid and
Humaira Faraz (Ph.D.)
PCMD, ICCBS, University
of Karachi.
2. • Proteins that act as biological
catalysts.
• Each cell in the human body contains
thousands of different enzymes.
• Highly specific to substrate.
• Works by lowering the activation energy,
changing the reaction pathway that
provides a lower energy route.
• As catalysts enzymes are not consumed in
the reactions
• A few enzymes are now known to be
ribonucleic acids (RNA)-Ribozymes
Enzymes
Figure 1: Schematic diagram of
enzyme activity mechanism.
3. Simple and Conjugated Enzymes
• Usually globular proteins
• SOME are conjugated proteins
• Simple enzyme: Composed only of protein
(amino acid chains)
• Conjugated enzyme: has a non-protein part in
addition to a protein part.
1. Apoenzyme: Protein part; inactive alone
2. Co-factor: Non-protein part:
If organic: Termed coenzyme /co-
substrate.
If inorganic: Moiety/ Activator
• Apoenzyme + cofactor = Holoenzyme Figure 2: Enzyme Anatomy
4. Classification of Enzymes
• According to function:
– Type of reaction catalyzed
– Identity of the substrate
• A substrate is the reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed
reaction:
– the substrate is the substance upon which the
enzyme “acts.”
– e. g., In the fermentation process, sugar is converted
to alcohol, therefore in this reaction sugar is the
substrate
5. Enzyme Naming Process (Nomenclature)
1. Suffix:
– Active form types: urease, sucrase, and lipase
– Exceptions The suffix -in is used e.g., trypsin,
chymotrypsin, and pepsin
2. Reaction catalyzed Suffix:
– e.g., Oxidase - catalyzes an oxidation reaction
– e.g., Hydrolase - catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction
3. According to type of reaction
– e.g. glucose oxidase, pyruvate carboxylase, and succinate
dehydrogenase
6. Enzyme Classification
Enzymes are grouped into six major classes based on the types of
reactions they catalyze
Class Reaction Catalyzed
1. Oxidoreductases Oxidation-reductions
2. Transferases Functional group transfer reactions
3. Hydrolases Hydrolysis reactions
4. Lyases Reactions involving addition of a group to a double bond
or removal of groups to form double bonds
5. Isomerase Isomerization reactions
6. Ligases
Reactions involving bond formation coupled with ATP
hydrolysis
Table 1. Enzyme Classes
7. Coenzymes / Cofactors
• Water-soluble vitamins, which include all B-vitamins and Vitamin C, act as
coenzymes or coenzyme precursors
• cofactors are bound to the enzyme for it to maintain the correct
configuration at the active site
• provide additional chemically reactive functional group
Figure 3: Enzyme Anatomy
10. Vitamins (General Characteristics)
• Vitamin: Organic compound essential for proper functioning of the body
• Essential Requirement (Cant be synthesized by body)
• Micro-nutrient but essential thus termed “Vital”.
– 1 gram of vitamin B is sufficient for 500,000 people
• Can be obtained from balanced diet
• Supplemental vitamins may be needed after illness
• Acts as “CO-ENZYMES”
• Water-Soluble (B and C) and Fat-Soluble (A, D, E and K)
13. Section 21.12
General Characteristics of Vitamins
Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)
• Essential Nutrient
• Co-substrate in the formation of structural protein collagen
- Hydroxylation of lysine and proline in collagen formation are
catalyzed by enzymes that require ascorbic acid (Vit. C) and
iron.
- Vit. C deficiency symptoms include:
Skin lesions
Fragile blood vessels
Loose teeth and Bleeding gums
• Also Involved in metabolism of certain amino acids
14. The Vitamin B
• Major function: Components of many coenzymes
• Temporary carriers of atoms or functional groups in redox and group transfer reactions
associated with metabolism.
• The preferred and alternative names for the B vitamins
– Thiamin (vitamin B1)
– Riboflavin (vitamin B2)
– Niacin (nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, vitamin B3)
– Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)
– Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)
– Folate (folic acid)
– Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
– Biotin
16. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, K
• Involved in plasma membrane processes
• Possess with fewer functional groups
• Occur in the lipid fractions of their sources
• Have double bonds or phenol rings, so oxidizing agents readily
attack them
• Destroyed by prolonged exposures to air or to the organic
peroxides.
• Acts as anti-oxidants
17. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin A
• C20H30O (Primary Alcohol)
• Sources: Cod-liver oil and
other fish-liver oils, animal
liver and dairy products.
• Provitamin A found in the form
of carotenes. Provitamins have
NO vitamin activity.
• After ingestion in the diet, -
carotene is cleaved at the give
2 molecules of Vit.A. Figure 5: Vitamin A structure
18. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Functions of Vitamin A
• Vision: In eye, Vitamin A combines with “Opsin" protein to form
the visual pigment Rhodhopsin. It converts light energy into nerve
impulses that are sent to the brain.
• Regulating Cell Differentiation of bone marrow cells white blood
cells and red blood cells.
• Maintenance of the health of epithelial tissues via epithelial tissue
differentiation.
– lack of vitamin A causes skin surface to become drier and
harder than normal.
• Reproduction and Growth: Participates in sperm and fetal
development.
19. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin D - Sunshine Vitamin
• The antirachitic vitamin
• Necessary for the normal
calcification of bone tissue
• It controls correct ratio of Ca and
P for bone mineralization
(hardening)
• Two forms active in the body:
Vitamin D2 and D3
• Pigment in the skin, 7-
dehydrocholesterol, is a
provitamin D; when irradiated by
the sun becomes converted to
Vit. D3
• humans exposed to sunlight year-
round do not require dietary Vit. D
Figure 6: Vitamin D structure
20. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin E - Antisterility vitamin
• Alpha-tocopherol is the most active
biological form of Vitamin E
• tocopherol Greek, promoter of childbirth
• functions in the body as an antioxidant in
that it inhibits the oxidation of unsat’d fatty
acids by O2
• Primary function: Antioxidant – protects
against oxidation of other compounds
Figure 7: Vitamin E structure
21. Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin K - Antihemorrhagic vitamin
• Vit K is synthesized by bacteria
that grow in colon
• Active in the formation of
proteins involved in regulating
blood clotting
• Deficiency may also occur
following antibiotic therapy that
sterilizes the gut which leads to
failure of blood clotting. (Classical
example of Count Covadango-
The son of King Alfonso of Spain,
google it)
Figure 8: Vitamin K structure