Virus discovery
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virus introduction, discovery and scientists involved in discovery of different viruses. evolution of virology
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History of virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which were not well understood until the late 1800s. Early discoveries included Lady Montagu observing inoculation against smallpox in Turkey in the 18th century and Edward Jenner developing the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus in 1798. In the late 19th century, the development of bacterial filters allowed viruses to be isolated and shown to be smaller than bacteria, causing diseases even when bacteria were removed. By the early 20th century, it was established that viruses could cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans and were distinct from bacteria.
Origin of viruses and virus strains
This document discusses the origin and evolution of viruses. It begins by defining key terms like isolate, variant, and strain. It then presents three main hypotheses for the origin of viruses: 1) the virus first hypothesis which proposes viruses evolved independently from self-replicating RNA, 2) the reduction hypothesis which suggests viruses originated from reduced cellular organisms, and 3) the escape hypothesis where genetic material escaped cellular control and became parasitic. The document also discusses types of virus variation like mutation, hybridization, and pseudorecombination, as well as microevolution and macroevolution. It provides an example of how plant viruses can overcome Muller's Ratchet, which is the loss of critical functions in a population.
Virology
- Viruses were first observed in the late 19th century through experiments showing that certain diseases could be transmitted through filters that removed bacteria. Early scientists disagreed on whether viruses were living or non-living.
- Viruses are microscopic particles that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Major advances in virus identification came in the 1930s-40s with the use of electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography to view viruses.
- The field of virology studies virus structure, classification, infection mechanisms, interaction with host immunity and physiology, diseases caused, and potential applications in research and medicine.
Introduction to Viruses
Viruses are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate without invading a host cell. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Some viruses are additionally enclosed in an envelope. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes characteristic symptoms in infected plants like mosaic patterns, mottling, necrosis, stunting and leaf curling. It is easily transmitted through physical contact and contaminated tools. In infected plants, TMV moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata using its movement protein.
mycoviruses presentation 1.pptx
Mycovirus: virus that infects and replicates in fungi .
They are also known as fungal virus, mycophages and virus like particles(VLPs) .
During 1970s, hypovirulence in chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) led to the discovery of mycoviruses in plant pathogenic fungi.
Classification of virus
This document discusses the classification of viruses. It describes how viruses are classified based on their morphology, genome, and other properties. There are three major categories of viruses: animal viruses, plant viruses, and bacteriophages. Animal viruses are further classified into families based on their nucleic acid content, envelope, and other features. Plant viruses and bacteriophages are also organized into families and genera according to their genome and structure. The Baltimore classification and ICTV classification systems provide frameworks for systematically grouping viruses.
Viroid
Viroids are the smallest known agents of infectious disease that cause disease in plants. They are composed of short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA that can self-replicate using the host cell's machinery. In 1971, viroids were discovered by Theodor Diener who found an acellular particle that infected potato plants, causing tuber deformities. There are 30 known viroid species classified into two families based on their structure and composition. Viroids can infect a wide range of plants such as potatoes, coconut palms, avocados, and citrus trees, causing diseases marked by symptoms like stunting, chlorosis, and fruit deformities.
Virology, History, classification, Nomenclature_Baltimore_ICTV
Virology History, classification, Nomenclature, Baltimore, ICTV, naming of virus, Taxonomy of virus , earlier classification of virus, Plant virus classification
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History of virology
Virology is the study of viruses, which were not well understood until the late 1800s. Early discoveries included Lady Montagu observing inoculation against smallpox in Turkey in the 18th century and Edward Jenner developing the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus in 1798. In the late 19th century, the development of bacterial filters allowed viruses to be isolated and shown to be smaller than bacteria, causing diseases even when bacteria were removed. By the early 20th century, it was established that viruses could cause diseases in plants, animals, and humans and were distinct from bacteria.
Origin of viruses and virus strains
This document discusses the origin and evolution of viruses. It begins by defining key terms like isolate, variant, and strain. It then presents three main hypotheses for the origin of viruses: 1) the virus first hypothesis which proposes viruses evolved independently from self-replicating RNA, 2) the reduction hypothesis which suggests viruses originated from reduced cellular organisms, and 3) the escape hypothesis where genetic material escaped cellular control and became parasitic. The document also discusses types of virus variation like mutation, hybridization, and pseudorecombination, as well as microevolution and macroevolution. It provides an example of how plant viruses can overcome Muller's Ratchet, which is the loss of critical functions in a population.
Virology
- Viruses were first observed in the late 19th century through experiments showing that certain diseases could be transmitted through filters that removed bacteria. Early scientists disagreed on whether viruses were living or non-living.
- Viruses are microscopic particles that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Major advances in virus identification came in the 1930s-40s with the use of electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography to view viruses.
- The field of virology studies virus structure, classification, infection mechanisms, interaction with host immunity and physiology, diseases caused, and potential applications in research and medicine.
Introduction to Viruses
Viruses are infectious agents that are too small to be seen with a light microscope. They are acellular and obligate intracellular parasites that cannot replicate without invading a host cell. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA and have a protein coat. Some viruses are additionally enclosed in an envelope. The tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) causes characteristic symptoms in infected plants like mosaic patterns, mottling, necrosis, stunting and leaf curling. It is easily transmitted through physical contact and contaminated tools. In infected plants, TMV moves from cell to cell through plasmodesmata using its movement protein.
mycoviruses presentation 1.pptx
Mycovirus: virus that infects and replicates in fungi .
They are also known as fungal virus, mycophages and virus like particles(VLPs) .
During 1970s, hypovirulence in chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) led to the discovery of mycoviruses in plant pathogenic fungi.
Classification of virus
This document discusses the classification of viruses. It describes how viruses are classified based on their morphology, genome, and other properties. There are three major categories of viruses: animal viruses, plant viruses, and bacteriophages. Animal viruses are further classified into families based on their nucleic acid content, envelope, and other features. Plant viruses and bacteriophages are also organized into families and genera according to their genome and structure. The Baltimore classification and ICTV classification systems provide frameworks for systematically grouping viruses.
Viroid
Viroids are the smallest known agents of infectious disease that cause disease in plants. They are composed of short strands of circular, single-stranded RNA that can self-replicate using the host cell's machinery. In 1971, viroids were discovered by Theodor Diener who found an acellular particle that infected potato plants, causing tuber deformities. There are 30 known viroid species classified into two families based on their structure and composition. Viroids can infect a wide range of plants such as potatoes, coconut palms, avocados, and citrus trees, causing diseases marked by symptoms like stunting, chlorosis, and fruit deformities.
Virology, History, classification, Nomenclature_Baltimore_ICTV
Virology History, classification, Nomenclature, Baltimore, ICTV, naming of virus, Taxonomy of virus , earlier classification of virus, Plant virus classification
Nomenclature and classification of viruses
This document discusses virus taxonomy and classification. It provides:
1. An overview of virus classification systems, which are primarily based on phenotypic characteristics like morphology, nucleic acid type, host, and disease symptoms.
2. A history of virus naming conventions from early systems based on host names to current standardized systems like ICTV and Baltimore classifications.
3. Details on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) which develops agreed-upon virus taxonomy, names, and classifications communicated internationally.
mycoviruses and pathogensis
Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi. They were first observed in cultivated mushrooms in the 1940s, causing a disease called La France Disease. Mycovirology is the study of viruses that infect fungi. Most mycoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes, though some have positive-sense single-stranded RNA. They can infect fungi in all four phyla. While some mycovirus infections are asymptomatic, others can alter fungal phenotypes like reducing growth or sporulation. Transmission occurs through hyphal fusion or spores. Some mycoviruses like those in the families Reoviridae, Hypoviridae, and Totiviridae exclusively infect fungi. Hypovirulence is when a
Viroids
Viroids are small, circular, non-encapsidated RNA molecules that infect plants and cause disease. They consist solely of nucleic acid and replicate autonomously using host cell machinery. Viroids range in size from 250-400 nucleotides and have various pathogenic effects on infected plants such as distorted growth and reduced yields. They replicate through rolling circle mechanisms using host RNA polymerases and can move systemically within the plant through the phloem. While most viroids only infect plants, the hepatitis delta virus is a human pathogen that requires hepatitis B for infection.
Introduction To Virus
Viruses are acellular organisms that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but lack enzymes to synthesize proteins or metabolic machinery. A virus infects a host cell and uses the cell's machinery to produce copies of its genome and proteins which self-assemble into new virus particles. Viruses are distinguished from other parasites by their inability to grow outside of host cells and lack of cellular structure. They have played a major role in human diseases throughout history such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.
Plant virus
The document discusses plant viruses. It begins by outlining learning objectives about plant virus infections, life cycles, transmission, structures, classification, replication, symptoms, identification, and control. It then provides details on the characteristics of plant viruses, including their non-cellular nature and dependence on host cells. The document discusses plant virus transmission methods, proteins, capsids, classifications, replication cycles for different types of viruses, symptoms, and methods of detection, identification, and control.
viral taxonomy (microbiology)
The document discusses two main schemes for classifying viruses: the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system and the Baltimore classification system. The ICTV system is charged with developing and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy based on phenotypic characteristics. It establishes taxonomic ranks down to the species level. The Baltimore classification system groups viruses into seven categories based on their nucleic acid type and replication method.
Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that can only multiply within host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA, and have a protein coat called a capsid that may be surrounded by an envelope. To replicate, a virus must invade a host cell, take over its machinery, and use it to produce new viral particles, which then go on to infect more cells. While viruses use living cells to multiply, they are not themselves considered living things.
Satellite viruses, satellite rna and viroid's
Satellite viruses are sub-viral agents that depend on a helper virus for replication. The first reported satellite virus was Tobacco necrosis satellite virus. Satellite viruses contain nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and lack genes for replication. Satellite genomes can be single-stranded RNA, DNA, or circular RNA.
Satellite RNAs are small, linear or circular RNA strands found in certain multicomponent virus particles. They do not encode their own coat protein and depend on a helper virus for replication and encapsidation.
Viroids were discovered in 1971 and are small, circular, naked RNA molecules that replicate independently using host polymerases. Well-studied viroids include potato spindle tuber viroid and av
Plant viruses
Plant viruses come in various shapes and sizes but generally contain RNA or DNA as their genetic material within a protein coat. They multiply only within living plant cells and can cause symptoms such as mosaic patterns, leaf curling, stunting, and chlorosis. The tobacco mosaic virus is a well-studied plant virus that is rigid and rod-shaped, containing RNA within a protein coat composed of 2130 subunits. It measures around 300 by 18 nm and can be inactivated by heat at 93 degrees Celsius.
Viruses
Viruses are different from other kingdoms in that they are not cells, are extremely small and unable to move, and cannot carry out vital functions without infecting a host cell. Viruses have either nucleic acid or nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid, and sometimes an envelope. To reproduce, viruses enter a host cell and use its cellular machinery to make new viral components which then assemble and exit the cell.
Fungal genomics
This document discusses the progress of fungal genomics. It notes that the sequencing of the yeast S. cerevisiae genome in 1996 revolutionized work in yeast genetics. The Fungal Genome Initiative was launched in 2000 to sequence genomes of fungi throughout the kingdom. To date, high quality draft genomes have been published for 10 fungi. Fungal genomes range in size from 12-40 Mb. Chromosomal genes make up the bulk of the genome. Mitochondrial, plasmid, and virus-like genes also contribute to the fungal phenotype. Transposons are rare in filamentous fungi. The S. cerevisiae genome was discussed as an example, noting its 16 chromosomes, 6183 genes, and circular 2 μm plasmid
Plant viruses
Viruses that infect plants, known as plant viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on plant cells to replicate. They have a variety of genome structures including single and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Plant viruses are spread through both horizontal transmission by vectors like insects, fungi, and nematodes, and vertical transmission from parent to offspring through seeds or grafts. Infection by plant viruses can stunt plant growth and decrease crop yields by inducing symptoms such as mosaic patterns, yellowing, and deformation. While there are no cures for plant viruses, integrated management practices like using virus-free seeds and controlling vectors can help reduce their impact.
Rhabdovirus
RhabdoVirus is a single stranded, linear, negative sense, non-segmented RNA virus that is enveloped and bullet shaped. It multiplies in the cytoplasm. Rabies virus is an example. Rabies virus enters through bites from rabid animals and is carried in the saliva, depositing at the wound site. If untreated, 50% of those exposed will develop rabies as the virus multiplies in muscles, connective tissue and nerves before infecting the central nervous system. Symptoms include headache, fever, sore throat, nervousness, confusion, pain or tingling at the bite site, hallucinations, hydrophobia, paralysis, and eventually coma and death. Diagnosis involves antigen detection
Viriods and prions
Viriods are small circular RNA molecules without a protein coat that infect plants and animals. They replicate by hijacking the host's machinery and can cause diseases like potato spindle tuber disease in plants and Hepatitis D in humans. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases by changing the folding of normal host proteins. Examples include scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease in cattle. They are transmitted through ingestion and cause diseases by triggering apoptosis in the brain.
classification of virus :LHT,HOLMES,BALTIMORE,ICTV
This document discusses several methods for classifying viruses:
1. The Holmes classification from 1948 grouped viruses into 3 categories based on their host organisms.
2. The LHT classification from 1962 categorized viruses based on their physical and chemical properties like nucleic acid composition and capsid structure. It divided viruses into DNA and RNA subgroups.
3. The Baltimore classification from 1971 organized viruses into 7 groups according to their nucleic acid type and replication strategy.
4. The current ICTV classification recognizes 9 orders that group viruses based on genetic and biological properties. It aims to reflect modern understanding of virus relationships and diversity.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
Tobacco mosaic virus
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (Genome organization &their replication) TMV is a plant virus which infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae and cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.
TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS
In this presentation you will be learning about the SPOTTED WILT VIRUSES which is caused in TOMATO crop. And also its mode of establishment into the crop, deficiency symptoms, life cycle, life span of the virus, yield losses in that particular crop and at last its MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.
Chapter 10 Lecture
This document provides an overview of viruses and virology. It discusses the general properties of viruses, including their structure, genomes, hosts, and methods of quantification. It describes the nature of the virion and details of viral structure. It also examines the virus-host relationship and viral replication cycle. Additionally, it covers viral diversity, including bacteriophages, animal viruses, retroviruses, and defective viruses. Finally, it discusses subviral entities such as viroids and prions.
Rhabdo virus
Rhabdoviruses are a family of viruses that contain negative-stranded RNA and infect vertebrates including humans. They are transmitted primarily through animal bites. The most common rhabdovirus that infects humans is the rabies virus. Rabies virus causes an acute viral infection of the central nervous system that is nearly always fatal if post-exposure prophylaxis is not administered.
The science of virology
This document provides an overview of the history and science of virology. It discusses how viral infections have been observed throughout history even before viruses were discovered. The first viruses identified include tobacco mosaic virus in 1892 and foot-and-mouth disease virus in 1898. Early human viruses discovered include the yellow fever virus in 1901 and influenza virus in 1933. Viruses are defined as infectious intracellular parasites that replicate using a host cell's machinery. Viruses come in many shapes and sizes and have been classified using different systems, including the classical Linnaean hierarchy and Baltimore classification based on viral nucleic acid and replication strategy.
History of microbiology
Robert Hooke first observed cells under a microscope in the 1600s and coined the term "cell". Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes. Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established that microorganisms are present everywhere and can contaminate previously sterile environments. Robert Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria in pure culture in the late 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease and identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.
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Nomenclature and classification of viruses
This document discusses virus taxonomy and classification. It provides:
1. An overview of virus classification systems, which are primarily based on phenotypic characteristics like morphology, nucleic acid type, host, and disease symptoms.
2. A history of virus naming conventions from early systems based on host names to current standardized systems like ICTV and Baltimore classifications.
3. Details on the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) which develops agreed-upon virus taxonomy, names, and classifications communicated internationally.
mycoviruses and pathogensis
Mycoviruses are viruses that infect fungi. They were first observed in cultivated mushrooms in the 1940s, causing a disease called La France Disease. Mycovirology is the study of viruses that infect fungi. Most mycoviruses have double-stranded RNA genomes, though some have positive-sense single-stranded RNA. They can infect fungi in all four phyla. While some mycovirus infections are asymptomatic, others can alter fungal phenotypes like reducing growth or sporulation. Transmission occurs through hyphal fusion or spores. Some mycoviruses like those in the families Reoviridae, Hypoviridae, and Totiviridae exclusively infect fungi. Hypovirulence is when a
Viroids
Viroids are small, circular, non-encapsidated RNA molecules that infect plants and cause disease. They consist solely of nucleic acid and replicate autonomously using host cell machinery. Viroids range in size from 250-400 nucleotides and have various pathogenic effects on infected plants such as distorted growth and reduced yields. They replicate through rolling circle mechanisms using host RNA polymerases and can move systemically within the plant through the phloem. While most viroids only infect plants, the hepatitis delta virus is a human pathogen that requires hepatitis B for infection.
Introduction To Virus
Viruses are acellular organisms that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but lack enzymes to synthesize proteins or metabolic machinery. A virus infects a host cell and uses the cell's machinery to produce copies of its genome and proteins which self-assemble into new virus particles. Viruses are distinguished from other parasites by their inability to grow outside of host cells and lack of cellular structure. They have played a major role in human diseases throughout history such as smallpox, measles, and influenza.
Plant virus
The document discusses plant viruses. It begins by outlining learning objectives about plant virus infections, life cycles, transmission, structures, classification, replication, symptoms, identification, and control. It then provides details on the characteristics of plant viruses, including their non-cellular nature and dependence on host cells. The document discusses plant virus transmission methods, proteins, capsids, classifications, replication cycles for different types of viruses, symptoms, and methods of detection, identification, and control.
viral taxonomy (microbiology)
The document discusses two main schemes for classifying viruses: the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) system and the Baltimore classification system. The ICTV system is charged with developing and maintaining a universal virus taxonomy based on phenotypic characteristics. It establishes taxonomic ranks down to the species level. The Baltimore classification system groups viruses into seven categories based on their nucleic acid type and replication method.
Chapter 13 Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that can only multiply within host cells. They contain either DNA or RNA, and have a protein coat called a capsid that may be surrounded by an envelope. To replicate, a virus must invade a host cell, take over its machinery, and use it to produce new viral particles, which then go on to infect more cells. While viruses use living cells to multiply, they are not themselves considered living things.
Satellite viruses, satellite rna and viroid's
Satellite viruses are sub-viral agents that depend on a helper virus for replication. The first reported satellite virus was Tobacco necrosis satellite virus. Satellite viruses contain nucleic acids enclosed in a protein coat and lack genes for replication. Satellite genomes can be single-stranded RNA, DNA, or circular RNA.
Satellite RNAs are small, linear or circular RNA strands found in certain multicomponent virus particles. They do not encode their own coat protein and depend on a helper virus for replication and encapsidation.
Viroids were discovered in 1971 and are small, circular, naked RNA molecules that replicate independently using host polymerases. Well-studied viroids include potato spindle tuber viroid and av
Plant viruses
Plant viruses come in various shapes and sizes but generally contain RNA or DNA as their genetic material within a protein coat. They multiply only within living plant cells and can cause symptoms such as mosaic patterns, leaf curling, stunting, and chlorosis. The tobacco mosaic virus is a well-studied plant virus that is rigid and rod-shaped, containing RNA within a protein coat composed of 2130 subunits. It measures around 300 by 18 nm and can be inactivated by heat at 93 degrees Celsius.
Viruses
Viruses are different from other kingdoms in that they are not cells, are extremely small and unable to move, and cannot carry out vital functions without infecting a host cell. Viruses have either nucleic acid or nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsid, and sometimes an envelope. To reproduce, viruses enter a host cell and use its cellular machinery to make new viral components which then assemble and exit the cell.
Fungal genomics
This document discusses the progress of fungal genomics. It notes that the sequencing of the yeast S. cerevisiae genome in 1996 revolutionized work in yeast genetics. The Fungal Genome Initiative was launched in 2000 to sequence genomes of fungi throughout the kingdom. To date, high quality draft genomes have been published for 10 fungi. Fungal genomes range in size from 12-40 Mb. Chromosomal genes make up the bulk of the genome. Mitochondrial, plasmid, and virus-like genes also contribute to the fungal phenotype. Transposons are rare in filamentous fungi. The S. cerevisiae genome was discussed as an example, noting its 16 chromosomes, 6183 genes, and circular 2 μm plasmid
Plant viruses
Viruses that infect plants, known as plant viruses, are obligate intracellular parasites that depend on plant cells to replicate. They have a variety of genome structures including single and double-stranded DNA and RNA. Plant viruses are spread through both horizontal transmission by vectors like insects, fungi, and nematodes, and vertical transmission from parent to offspring through seeds or grafts. Infection by plant viruses can stunt plant growth and decrease crop yields by inducing symptoms such as mosaic patterns, yellowing, and deformation. While there are no cures for plant viruses, integrated management practices like using virus-free seeds and controlling vectors can help reduce their impact.
Rhabdovirus
RhabdoVirus is a single stranded, linear, negative sense, non-segmented RNA virus that is enveloped and bullet shaped. It multiplies in the cytoplasm. Rabies virus is an example. Rabies virus enters through bites from rabid animals and is carried in the saliva, depositing at the wound site. If untreated, 50% of those exposed will develop rabies as the virus multiplies in muscles, connective tissue and nerves before infecting the central nervous system. Symptoms include headache, fever, sore throat, nervousness, confusion, pain or tingling at the bite site, hallucinations, hydrophobia, paralysis, and eventually coma and death. Diagnosis involves antigen detection
Viriods and prions
Viriods are small circular RNA molecules without a protein coat that infect plants and animals. They replicate by hijacking the host's machinery and can cause diseases like potato spindle tuber disease in plants and Hepatitis D in humans. Prions are infectious protein particles that cause neurodegenerative diseases by changing the folding of normal host proteins. Examples include scrapie in sheep and mad cow disease in cattle. They are transmitted through ingestion and cause diseases by triggering apoptosis in the brain.
classification of virus :LHT,HOLMES,BALTIMORE,ICTV
This document discusses several methods for classifying viruses:
1. The Holmes classification from 1948 grouped viruses into 3 categories based on their host organisms.
2. The LHT classification from 1962 categorized viruses based on their physical and chemical properties like nucleic acid composition and capsid structure. It divided viruses into DNA and RNA subgroups.
3. The Baltimore classification from 1971 organized viruses into 7 groups according to their nucleic acid type and replication strategy.
4. The current ICTV classification recognizes 9 orders that group viruses based on genetic and biological properties. It aims to reflect modern understanding of virus relationships and diversity.
Cauliflower mosaic virus
CaMV Genome organization & their replication, Cauliflower Mosaic Virus belong to Group VII (ds-DNA-RT), Open circular double stranded DNA of 80kb and CaMV replicates by reverse transcription
Tobacco mosaic virus
TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS (Genome organization &their replication) TMV is a plant virus which infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae and cucumbers, and a number of ornamental flowers.
TOMATO SPOTTED WILT VIRUS
In this presentation you will be learning about the SPOTTED WILT VIRUSES which is caused in TOMATO crop. And also its mode of establishment into the crop, deficiency symptoms, life cycle, life span of the virus, yield losses in that particular crop and at last its MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.
Chapter 10 Lecture
This document provides an overview of viruses and virology. It discusses the general properties of viruses, including their structure, genomes, hosts, and methods of quantification. It describes the nature of the virion and details of viral structure. It also examines the virus-host relationship and viral replication cycle. Additionally, it covers viral diversity, including bacteriophages, animal viruses, retroviruses, and defective viruses. Finally, it discusses subviral entities such as viroids and prions.
Rhabdo virus
Rhabdoviruses are a family of viruses that contain negative-stranded RNA and infect vertebrates including humans. They are transmitted primarily through animal bites. The most common rhabdovirus that infects humans is the rabies virus. Rabies virus causes an acute viral infection of the central nervous system that is nearly always fatal if post-exposure prophylaxis is not administered.
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classification of virus :LHT,HOLMES,BALTIMORE,ICTV
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This document provides an overview of the history and science of virology. It discusses how viral infections have been observed throughout history even before viruses were discovered. The first viruses identified include tobacco mosaic virus in 1892 and foot-and-mouth disease virus in 1898. Early human viruses discovered include the yellow fever virus in 1901 and influenza virus in 1933. Viruses are defined as infectious intracellular parasites that replicate using a host cell's machinery. Viruses come in many shapes and sizes and have been classified using different systems, including the classical Linnaean hierarchy and Baltimore classification based on viral nucleic acid and replication strategy.
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Robert Hooke first observed cells under a microscope in the 1600s and coined the term "cell". Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe bacteria and protozoa in the 1670s using single-lens microscopes. Louis Pasteur's experiments in the 1800s definitively disproved the theory of spontaneous generation and established that microorganisms are present everywhere and can contaminate previously sterile environments. Robert Koch developed methods to isolate and grow bacteria in pure culture in the late 1800s, establishing the germ theory of disease and identifying the specific bacteria that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis.
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1) The document discusses the history and evolution of microbiology from its early pioneers like Leeuwenhoek and Pasteur to modern classification.
2) It highlights key discoveries such as Leeuwenhoek first observing microorganisms under a microscope. Pasteur later debunked spontaneous generation and established germ theory of disease.
3) Koch further advanced the field with techniques like staining and culturing bacteria, and formulated Koch's postulates for linking microbes to disease. This helped establish microbiology as a science.
Virology history.pdf
This document outlines the key topics in virology including the nature of viruses, viral taxonomy, replication, pathogenesis, genetics, infection mechanisms, diagnosis, and vaccination. It then summarizes the early history and discoveries in virology, from the first vaccines developed by Pasteur and Jenner, to Ivanovsky's 1892 experiment showing that the infectious agent causing tobacco mosaic disease was able to pass through filters that trapped bacteria. Beijerinck coined the term "virus" and discovery of bacteriophages by Twort and d'Herelle further advanced the field. Rivers later defined viruses as obligate parasites in 1926.
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The bottle filled with a heated infusion and connected with a large spherical bottle and a helical tube. Both were heated and the right tube was closed by melting. The organics remained sterile. Obviously, the germs (molecules or particles) could be destroyed by higher temperature.
INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY - LECTURE 1.pptx
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen with the naked eye. The document introduces key terms and provides a brief history of microbiology, including early theories of spontaneous generation and biogenesis. It describes important early scientists like van Leeuwenhoek, Redi, Spallanzani, and Pasteur and their experiments disproving spontaneous generation. The development of the germ theory of disease by Koch and the classification of microorganisms into domains, kingdoms, and taxa is summarized.
Introduction of Microbiology by Dr. Shujaat Ali (1).pptx
The document provides a history of microbiology, beginning with the discovery of microorganisms in the 1670s using Antonie van Leeuwenhoek's microscope. It discusses early debates around spontaneous generation and the experiments of Francesco Redi, Louis Pasteur, and others proving the theory of biogenesis. Major developments included Robert Koch's postulates identifying specific pathogens, Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease, and Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine. The molecular age saw uses of microbes to study genetics and cellular structure, while Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin launched modern antimicrobials. Current challenges include antibiotic resistance and emerging infectious diseases.
Fundamentals of-microbiology
This document provides an overview of the history and scope of microbiology across 26 lessons. It discusses key events and discoveries such as the earliest use of microscopes in the 1600s, the work of Leeuwenhoek and Hooke who were early pioneers in microscopy. It also summarizes debates around spontaneous generation, experiments disproving this theory by Pasteur and Spallanzani, and the germ theory of disease established by Koch and others. Other important topics covered include the contributions of Jenner, Lister, and Pasteur in vaccination, antiseptic surgery, and pasteurization.
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he culture media are classified in many different ways: Based on the physical state Liquid media Solid media Semisolid media Based on the presence or absence of oxygen Anaerobic media Aerobic media Based on nutritional factors Simple media Synthetic media Complex
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Virus discovery
- 1. VIRUS K.Rajani D.L in Microbiology
- 3. DEFINITION Virus is an infectious agent which replicate only inside the living cells. • Virus is considered as the edge of organisms at the edge of the life. In later discussion we will get complete information regarding this statement.. • The term VIRUS was coined by the scientist Louis Pasteur. • Up to 19th century ending people believed that so many diseases such as smallpox are caused because of the curse of God. • . In 1884 Chamberland invented a filter called Porcelain filter which cannot allow even bacteria to pass through it. K.RAJANI D.L IN MICROBIOLOGY 3
- 4. 4 • This filter in later days called as chamberland filter which became a big tool for the isolation of virus. • In 1892 A scientist Dimitri Ivanovsky stated that there is very small infectious agent which is smaller than bacteria and is passing even through chamberland filter and causing disease to healthy tobacco plant. • In 1898 Another scientist Martinus Beijerinck worked on the same disease causative agent and he called it Contagium Vivum Fluidum means soluble living germ and later he also coined the term VIRUS and the virus causing the mosaic disease in tobacco plant is named as Tobacco Mosaic Virus(TMV). DISCOVERY
- 5. 5 ADD A FOOTER • Martinus Beijerink is later called as Father of Virology. • In the same year Freidrich Loffler& Paul Frosch discovered animal virus using Chamberland filter which is Apthovirus causes Foot and Mouth disease. DISCOVERY
- 6. 6 ADD A FOOTER DISCOVERY • Fredrick Twort and F.d’Herelle discovered bacteriophages(viruses those infects bacteria) individually and they stated that “a highly diluted material having capacity to lyse bacterial colonies is destroying the bacterial colonies and is passing through one colony to other and causing lysis. But after the heating of that filtrate the lytic property is destroyed”. This phenomena is also called as Twort and F.d’Herelle phenomena. • Up to end of 19th century scientist grown virus either in plants or in animals.
- 7. 7 K.RAJANID.L IN MICROBIOLOGY • Mid of the 20th centuryis known as the Golden age for virus discovery. So many of the following viruses are discovered. • Retro viruses • Hepatitis-B virus • Hepatitis-C virus etc. DISCOVERY
- 8. 8 K.RAJANI D.L IN MICROBIOLOGY • But from 1906 so many scientist identified different ways such as tissue cultures, culturing in chick embryo like that. • The images of viruses are introduced to world after the invention of electron microscope. • A scientist W.M.Stanley for the first time stated that TMV is mostly made up of protein. • Some other viruses are discovered by different scientist given below. • Mycoviruses- Hollings • Cyanophages- Safferman and Morris. • Satillitevirus- Kassanis • Viroids- Diener&Raymer • Prion- Prusiner • HIV- Luc Montaginer. DISCOVERY
- 9. THANK YOU! K.RAJANI FOR DETAILED NOTES PLEASE VISIT OUR BLOG KR BIOLOGY NOTES