This document provides a literature review and summary of finite element modeling of polymer nanocomposite adhesives. It reviews 10 papers on experimental and modeling studies of adhesive bonds. The document identifies gaps in research on shear strength estimation and limited exploration of adherend materials. The objective is to develop a 2D finite element model of a single-lap adhesive joint to analyze the effects of nanoparticle-filled adhesive on joint strength. The summary provides essential information on the topic, literature reviewed, research gaps identified and objective of further study.
A composite is a material made from two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Nanocomposites contain one phase with nanoscale features like nanoparticles, nanotubes, or lamellar structures. Good interaction between the nanoparticles and matrix and good dispersion of particles in the matrix improve composite properties. Nanocomposites can be classified based on dimensionality of the nanomaterial or synthesis method and have applications like flame retardancy, high mechanical properties, and gas barrier performance. They are characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM, AFM, and XRD. Polymer/clay nanocomposites are an important type where clay layers exfoliate or intercalate in the polymer matrix.
This document discusses polymer nanocomposites, which combine a polymer matrix with nanoscale inorganic fillers. Polymer nanocomposites can overcome limitations of conventional composites and monolithic polymers by exhibiting improved mechanical, thermal, and optical properties due to the high surface area of nanoparticles. Properties of nanocomposites depend on the matrix polymer, nanoparticle fillers, and their dispersion within the polymer. Potential applications of nanocomposites include use in automobiles, electronics, packaging, and military equipment by exploiting their enhanced strength, thermal and chemical resistance.
Filament winding is a process that creates circular composite products with a hollow core by winding fiber material and resin around a mandrel or core. The fiber is wound in a precise pattern while under tension. The wound part is then cured either at room temperature or in an oven, after which the mandrel is removed, leaving a hollow composite structure. Filament winding is used to create products like storage tanks, pipes, aerospace and vehicle parts, and more.
Fiber Reinforced Composites - An Overview.pptSANTHOSH M.S
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced composites (FRC). It begins with an introduction to FRCs, which are composite materials made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, most commonly glass, carbon, or aramid fibers. The document then covers the classification of FRCs based on matrix type, fiber types, manufacturing processes like hand layup and filament winding, curing processes, potential defects, and mechanical properties testing including tensile, flexural, shear, fatigue, and impact properties. Finally, applications of FRCs are discussed such as use in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.
Glass fiber is a material consisting of extremely fine glass fibers. It is produced through a two-stage process - glass manufacture involving melting raw materials and fiber drawing where the melt is passed through bushings to produce continuous fibers. There are different types of glass fibers based on their composition, including soda-lime, borosilicate, and quartz fibers. Glass fiber has properties like high tensile strength, electrical insulation, and heat and corrosion resistance, making it useful for applications such as thermal and sound insulation, reinforcement of materials, and FRP tanks.
Mechanism of graphene growth by chemical vapour deposition on transition metals Ramachandra SN
This document summarizes the mechanism of graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on transition metals. It discusses how CVD uses transition metal catalysts like copper and nickel, which adsorb hydrocarbon gases and enable the growth of graphene through surface processes. The growth kinetics differ between copper and nickel, with graphene expanding across copper's surface but segregating on nickel. Effective separation and reuse of the metal catalysts is key to making graphene production cost-effective at large scales.
Nanofiber Technology & different techniques. Eliminating the use of solvent MEK. Suitable solvents with different Techniques to produce nanofiber coatings. Applications of nanofiber technology. Market analysis and startup project team build up for the same.
A composite is a material made from two or more constituent materials with distinct properties. Nanocomposites contain one phase with nanoscale features like nanoparticles, nanotubes, or lamellar structures. Good interaction between the nanoparticles and matrix and good dispersion of particles in the matrix improve composite properties. Nanocomposites can be classified based on dimensionality of the nanomaterial or synthesis method and have applications like flame retardancy, high mechanical properties, and gas barrier performance. They are characterized using techniques like TEM, SEM, AFM, and XRD. Polymer/clay nanocomposites are an important type where clay layers exfoliate or intercalate in the polymer matrix.
This document discusses polymer nanocomposites, which combine a polymer matrix with nanoscale inorganic fillers. Polymer nanocomposites can overcome limitations of conventional composites and monolithic polymers by exhibiting improved mechanical, thermal, and optical properties due to the high surface area of nanoparticles. Properties of nanocomposites depend on the matrix polymer, nanoparticle fillers, and their dispersion within the polymer. Potential applications of nanocomposites include use in automobiles, electronics, packaging, and military equipment by exploiting their enhanced strength, thermal and chemical resistance.
Filament winding is a process that creates circular composite products with a hollow core by winding fiber material and resin around a mandrel or core. The fiber is wound in a precise pattern while under tension. The wound part is then cured either at room temperature or in an oven, after which the mandrel is removed, leaving a hollow composite structure. Filament winding is used to create products like storage tanks, pipes, aerospace and vehicle parts, and more.
Fiber Reinforced Composites - An Overview.pptSANTHOSH M.S
This document provides an overview of fiber reinforced composites (FRC). It begins with an introduction to FRCs, which are composite materials made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibers, most commonly glass, carbon, or aramid fibers. The document then covers the classification of FRCs based on matrix type, fiber types, manufacturing processes like hand layup and filament winding, curing processes, potential defects, and mechanical properties testing including tensile, flexural, shear, fatigue, and impact properties. Finally, applications of FRCs are discussed such as use in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries.
Glass fiber is a material consisting of extremely fine glass fibers. It is produced through a two-stage process - glass manufacture involving melting raw materials and fiber drawing where the melt is passed through bushings to produce continuous fibers. There are different types of glass fibers based on their composition, including soda-lime, borosilicate, and quartz fibers. Glass fiber has properties like high tensile strength, electrical insulation, and heat and corrosion resistance, making it useful for applications such as thermal and sound insulation, reinforcement of materials, and FRP tanks.
Mechanism of graphene growth by chemical vapour deposition on transition metals Ramachandra SN
This document summarizes the mechanism of graphene growth by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on transition metals. It discusses how CVD uses transition metal catalysts like copper and nickel, which adsorb hydrocarbon gases and enable the growth of graphene through surface processes. The growth kinetics differ between copper and nickel, with graphene expanding across copper's surface but segregating on nickel. Effective separation and reuse of the metal catalysts is key to making graphene production cost-effective at large scales.
Nanofiber Technology & different techniques. Eliminating the use of solvent MEK. Suitable solvents with different Techniques to produce nanofiber coatings. Applications of nanofiber technology. Market analysis and startup project team build up for the same.
Presentation- Multilayer block copolymer meshes by orthogonal self-assemblyMohit Rajput
The document discusses the development of using block copolymers for lithography as an alternative to traditional photolithography. It provides background on the need to develop new lithography techniques due to the limitations of photolithography in achieving smaller component sizes. The timeline shows that early research in the 1990s was limited but that techniques have improved over time, with recent work able to stack layers of block copolymer wires perpendicular to the layer below without any additional processing steps. The document introduces key concepts such as how block copolymers are made of different polymer blocks that self-assemble into nanoscale domains due to their incompatibility, and how the new technique works by using carbon and silicon-based polymer blocks that form perpendicular cylindrical
This document discusses various methods for producing composites, which are divided into open molding and closed molding. Open molding methods described include hand lay-up, spray-up, and filament winding. Closed molding methods include compression molding, pultrusion, vacuum bag molding, and vacuum infusion processing. Each method is briefly described in terms of its process, molds used, advantages, and typical products produced.
An indepth description of filament winding and its fabrication.The slide has good understandability concepts that can be utilised for simple and effective presentation.
Carbon fiber is a strong, lightweight material made of thin strands of carbon atoms bonded together in crystals. It is used to strengthen materials like resins and ceramics. The document discusses the history, manufacturing, properties and applications of carbon fiber. It outlines that the US and Japan are leading producers, and production has expanded to include nanotube-reinforced polymers. The atomic structure of carbon fiber is similar to graphite. Manufacturing involves using precursor materials like polyacrylonitrile to produce filaments that are then carbonized. Carbon fiber has properties including high strength, light weight, and heat and electrical conductivity.
This document discusses composite materials, including different types like carbon fiber and fiberglass. It provides examples of how these materials are used in various sports equipment and vehicles. The document also outlines several roles involved with composite materials, such as engineers, scientists, technicians, and faculty. It discusses some advantages and disadvantages of composite materials, as well as how they are used in applications like aircraft, golf equipment, cycling, and more.
LONG TERM EFFECTS- APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITESArjun K Gopi
The document discusses the long-term durability of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in demanding applications that subject them to environmental factors over long periods of time. The document examines how physical and chemical aging processes like swelling, plasticization, hydrolysis, and oxidation can degrade the resin and fiber-resin interface, leading to losses in properties like creep and fatigue resistance over time. It also discusses how surface preparation affects the long-term durability of adhesively bonded composite joints.
Pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacture of composite materials with constant cross-section.
It is more widely used in industries where there is a continuous demand of the product
The document discusses various topics related to composite materials including:
1. Composites are made of two or more materials combined to take advantage of distinct properties of each material. Fibers include glass, carbon, and synthetic fibers while matrices include polymer, metal, ceramic, and carbon.
2. Nanocomposites contain at least one constituent with dimensions less than 100 nm which can improve properties at the macroscale. Common nanofillers include clays, carbon nanotubes, and silica.
3. In situ polymerization involves dispersing nanoparticles in a monomer and polymerizing to form a thermoset composite with strong interfaces between the polymer and reinforcement.
The document discusses ring opening polymerization (ROP), which is a chain growth polymerization where cyclic monomers react to form polymer chains by opening their ring structures. There are three main types of ROP - radical, anionic, and cationic - depending on whether the reactive center is a radical, anion, or cation. Examples are given of monomers that can undergo each type of ROP, along with diagrams of the mechanisms. Common applications of ROP include nylon and biopolymers like polysaccharides.
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 6
Introduction to New materials:
6.1 Composites: Basic concepts of composites, Processing of composites, advantages over metallic materials, various types of composites and their applications
6.2 Nano Materials: Introduction, Concepts, synthesis of nanomaterials, examples, applications, and Nanocomposites
6.3 An overview to Smart materials (e.g.: Rheological fluids)
The document discusses unidirectional fiber reinforced composites and their properties. It notes that while these composites are very strong in the fiber direction, they are weak transverse to the fibers due to stress concentrations at the fiber-matrix interface. For applications with loads in unknown or varying directions, laminates with fibers oriented in multiple directions are needed. The document then focuses on short fiber reinforced composites, which can provide isotropic in-plane properties at a lower cost than unidirectional composites. It describes the production of alumina-silica fibers via a sol-gel process and their properties.
Adhesives bond materials together through various mechanisms of adhesion. The main types are non-reactive adhesives like drying, pressure-sensitive, contact and hot melt adhesives and reactive adhesives like multi-part and one-part adhesives. Adhesion occurs through mechanical interlocking, chemical bonds, dispersive interactions or diffusive bonding between adhesive and adherend surfaces. Factors like surface properties, adhesive chemistry and curing influence adhesive strength. While adhesives provide benefits like load distribution and corrosion resistance, disadvantages include curing times and temperature/aging effects. Adhesives have applications in construction, electronics, automotive, aerospace and other industries.
Self-healing materials are smart materials that can intrinsically repair damage leading to longer lifetimes, reduction of inefficiency caused by degradation and material failure.
Applications include shock absorbing materials, paints and anti-corrosion coatings and more recently, conductive self-healing materials for circuits and electronics.
This document discusses different types of thermoset polymer matrices used in composite materials. It describes epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester, and polyimide resins. Epoxy resin is commonly used in aerospace structures due to its good adherence to fibers, curing options, and chemical resistance. However, it has relatively high cost and long curing time. Polyester resin is lower cost but has higher shrinkage and lower strength than epoxy. Vinyl ester resin combines properties of epoxy and polyester resins. Thermoset polyimides offer high temperature resistance but are inherently brittle. The document provides advantages and disadvantages as well as applications for each resin type.
The document discusses nanofibers and their production via electrospinning. It defines nanofibers as fibers with diameters less than 1000 nm and notes their small size compared to human hair. The document then explains the electrospinning process, where a high voltage draws thin fibers from a liquid source. Key aspects reviewed include the Taylor cone formation, bending instability that reduces fiber diameters, and parameters that impact electrospinning. Finally, it outlines early nanofiber production at UPLB involving various polymers like PCL, PVC and PLGA.
In this presentation, you can find the general description of the Polymer Nano-Composites. About the Properties, they incorporate the Composite material.
The processing techniques of Polymer Nano-Composites as well.
Composite Materials: A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. The two constituents of a composite are a reinforcement and a matrix.
Matrix: The continuous phase is the matrix, made of polymer, metal, or ceramic.
Reinforcement: A strong, inert, woven and nonwoven fibrous material incorporated into the matrix to improve its mechanical and physical properties. For example, fibers, whiskers, particulate etc.
Nylon 6 is a semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer synthesized from caprolactam via ring-opening polymerization. It has high tensile strength, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. Common applications include fibers, ropes, bristles, gears, bearings, surgical sutures, and more. Nylon degrades slowly and is used for banners, flags, clothing like jackets, and other outdoor materials due to its durability against UV light and weathering.
This document discusses various types of polymer matrix composites, their processing techniques, and applications. It begins by defining polymer matrix composites and describing different types of matrices, including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Several processing methods for thermoset composites are then outlined, such as hand layup, filament winding, and resin transfer molding. Common thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and film stacking are also mentioned. The document concludes by noting some applications of polymer matrix composites.
The document discusses various techniques for manufacturing composites, including hand layup, pultrusion, resin transfer molding, and injection molding. It provides details on the hand layup process, describing how dry fibers and resins are layered by hand in an open mold. Pultrusion is defined as a continuous process that pulls reinforced fibers through a resin bath and heated die to produce cured, constant cross-section parts. Resin transfer molding involves packing dry fibers into a mold, injecting resin under pressure, and curing the mold to produce complex, net-shape parts in medium volumes. Each technique has advantages for certain applications in industries like aerospace, transportation, and construction.
This document provides a major project synopsis presentation for an experimental and failure analysis of a CFRP-CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced plastic) single lap adhesive joint. The objectives are to fabricate single lap adhesive joint specimens with CFRP and Araldite AW106 adhesive, varying overlap length and adhesive thickness, and perform tensile testing and ANSYS analysis. The methodology involves a literature review, materials purchasing, specimen fabrication, testing, ANSYS analysis, results comparison, and conclusion. Dimensions, material properties, and validated ANSYS models are presented. The analysis shows maximum stresses at the overlap ends and agrees with reference results.
This document summarizes a study on the modal analysis of adhesively bonded joints of different materials. Specifically, it investigates the natural frequencies and mode shapes of single-lap epoxy adhesive joints between aluminum, copper, and steel plates using finite element analysis software. The results show that the natural frequencies are directly proportional to the ratio of the materials' Young's modulus and density. Aluminum and steel joints have similar natural frequencies due to having the same modulus-density ratio, while copper joint frequencies differ since it has a unique ratio. Understanding the dynamic characteristics of bonded joints through modal analysis can aid in vibration-resistant design and control of engineered systems.
Presentation- Multilayer block copolymer meshes by orthogonal self-assemblyMohit Rajput
The document discusses the development of using block copolymers for lithography as an alternative to traditional photolithography. It provides background on the need to develop new lithography techniques due to the limitations of photolithography in achieving smaller component sizes. The timeline shows that early research in the 1990s was limited but that techniques have improved over time, with recent work able to stack layers of block copolymer wires perpendicular to the layer below without any additional processing steps. The document introduces key concepts such as how block copolymers are made of different polymer blocks that self-assemble into nanoscale domains due to their incompatibility, and how the new technique works by using carbon and silicon-based polymer blocks that form perpendicular cylindrical
This document discusses various methods for producing composites, which are divided into open molding and closed molding. Open molding methods described include hand lay-up, spray-up, and filament winding. Closed molding methods include compression molding, pultrusion, vacuum bag molding, and vacuum infusion processing. Each method is briefly described in terms of its process, molds used, advantages, and typical products produced.
An indepth description of filament winding and its fabrication.The slide has good understandability concepts that can be utilised for simple and effective presentation.
Carbon fiber is a strong, lightweight material made of thin strands of carbon atoms bonded together in crystals. It is used to strengthen materials like resins and ceramics. The document discusses the history, manufacturing, properties and applications of carbon fiber. It outlines that the US and Japan are leading producers, and production has expanded to include nanotube-reinforced polymers. The atomic structure of carbon fiber is similar to graphite. Manufacturing involves using precursor materials like polyacrylonitrile to produce filaments that are then carbonized. Carbon fiber has properties including high strength, light weight, and heat and electrical conductivity.
This document discusses composite materials, including different types like carbon fiber and fiberglass. It provides examples of how these materials are used in various sports equipment and vehicles. The document also outlines several roles involved with composite materials, such as engineers, scientists, technicians, and faculty. It discusses some advantages and disadvantages of composite materials, as well as how they are used in applications like aircraft, golf equipment, cycling, and more.
LONG TERM EFFECTS- APPLICATIONS OF COMPOSITESArjun K Gopi
The document discusses the long-term durability of composite materials. It notes that composite materials are increasingly being used in demanding applications that subject them to environmental factors over long periods of time. The document examines how physical and chemical aging processes like swelling, plasticization, hydrolysis, and oxidation can degrade the resin and fiber-resin interface, leading to losses in properties like creep and fatigue resistance over time. It also discusses how surface preparation affects the long-term durability of adhesively bonded composite joints.
Pultrusion is a continuous process for manufacture of composite materials with constant cross-section.
It is more widely used in industries where there is a continuous demand of the product
The document discusses various topics related to composite materials including:
1. Composites are made of two or more materials combined to take advantage of distinct properties of each material. Fibers include glass, carbon, and synthetic fibers while matrices include polymer, metal, ceramic, and carbon.
2. Nanocomposites contain at least one constituent with dimensions less than 100 nm which can improve properties at the macroscale. Common nanofillers include clays, carbon nanotubes, and silica.
3. In situ polymerization involves dispersing nanoparticles in a monomer and polymerizing to form a thermoset composite with strong interfaces between the polymer and reinforcement.
The document discusses ring opening polymerization (ROP), which is a chain growth polymerization where cyclic monomers react to form polymer chains by opening their ring structures. There are three main types of ROP - radical, anionic, and cationic - depending on whether the reactive center is a radical, anion, or cation. Examples are given of monomers that can undergo each type of ROP, along with diagrams of the mechanisms. Common applications of ROP include nylon and biopolymers like polysaccharides.
Mumbai University.
Mechanical Engineering
SEM III
Material Technology
Module 6
Introduction to New materials:
6.1 Composites: Basic concepts of composites, Processing of composites, advantages over metallic materials, various types of composites and their applications
6.2 Nano Materials: Introduction, Concepts, synthesis of nanomaterials, examples, applications, and Nanocomposites
6.3 An overview to Smart materials (e.g.: Rheological fluids)
The document discusses unidirectional fiber reinforced composites and their properties. It notes that while these composites are very strong in the fiber direction, they are weak transverse to the fibers due to stress concentrations at the fiber-matrix interface. For applications with loads in unknown or varying directions, laminates with fibers oriented in multiple directions are needed. The document then focuses on short fiber reinforced composites, which can provide isotropic in-plane properties at a lower cost than unidirectional composites. It describes the production of alumina-silica fibers via a sol-gel process and their properties.
Adhesives bond materials together through various mechanisms of adhesion. The main types are non-reactive adhesives like drying, pressure-sensitive, contact and hot melt adhesives and reactive adhesives like multi-part and one-part adhesives. Adhesion occurs through mechanical interlocking, chemical bonds, dispersive interactions or diffusive bonding between adhesive and adherend surfaces. Factors like surface properties, adhesive chemistry and curing influence adhesive strength. While adhesives provide benefits like load distribution and corrosion resistance, disadvantages include curing times and temperature/aging effects. Adhesives have applications in construction, electronics, automotive, aerospace and other industries.
Self-healing materials are smart materials that can intrinsically repair damage leading to longer lifetimes, reduction of inefficiency caused by degradation and material failure.
Applications include shock absorbing materials, paints and anti-corrosion coatings and more recently, conductive self-healing materials for circuits and electronics.
This document discusses different types of thermoset polymer matrices used in composite materials. It describes epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester, and polyimide resins. Epoxy resin is commonly used in aerospace structures due to its good adherence to fibers, curing options, and chemical resistance. However, it has relatively high cost and long curing time. Polyester resin is lower cost but has higher shrinkage and lower strength than epoxy. Vinyl ester resin combines properties of epoxy and polyester resins. Thermoset polyimides offer high temperature resistance but are inherently brittle. The document provides advantages and disadvantages as well as applications for each resin type.
The document discusses nanofibers and their production via electrospinning. It defines nanofibers as fibers with diameters less than 1000 nm and notes their small size compared to human hair. The document then explains the electrospinning process, where a high voltage draws thin fibers from a liquid source. Key aspects reviewed include the Taylor cone formation, bending instability that reduces fiber diameters, and parameters that impact electrospinning. Finally, it outlines early nanofiber production at UPLB involving various polymers like PCL, PVC and PLGA.
In this presentation, you can find the general description of the Polymer Nano-Composites. About the Properties, they incorporate the Composite material.
The processing techniques of Polymer Nano-Composites as well.
Composite Materials: A composite material can be defined as a combination of two or more materials that results in better properties than those of the individual components used alone. The two constituents of a composite are a reinforcement and a matrix.
Matrix: The continuous phase is the matrix, made of polymer, metal, or ceramic.
Reinforcement: A strong, inert, woven and nonwoven fibrous material incorporated into the matrix to improve its mechanical and physical properties. For example, fibers, whiskers, particulate etc.
Nylon 6 is a semicrystalline thermoplastic polymer synthesized from caprolactam via ring-opening polymerization. It has high tensile strength, elasticity, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. Common applications include fibers, ropes, bristles, gears, bearings, surgical sutures, and more. Nylon degrades slowly and is used for banners, flags, clothing like jackets, and other outdoor materials due to its durability against UV light and weathering.
This document discusses various types of polymer matrix composites, their processing techniques, and applications. It begins by defining polymer matrix composites and describing different types of matrices, including thermoset and thermoplastic polymers. Several processing methods for thermoset composites are then outlined, such as hand layup, filament winding, and resin transfer molding. Common thermoplastic processing techniques like injection molding and film stacking are also mentioned. The document concludes by noting some applications of polymer matrix composites.
The document discusses various techniques for manufacturing composites, including hand layup, pultrusion, resin transfer molding, and injection molding. It provides details on the hand layup process, describing how dry fibers and resins are layered by hand in an open mold. Pultrusion is defined as a continuous process that pulls reinforced fibers through a resin bath and heated die to produce cured, constant cross-section parts. Resin transfer molding involves packing dry fibers into a mold, injecting resin under pressure, and curing the mold to produce complex, net-shape parts in medium volumes. Each technique has advantages for certain applications in industries like aerospace, transportation, and construction.
This document provides a major project synopsis presentation for an experimental and failure analysis of a CFRP-CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced plastic) single lap adhesive joint. The objectives are to fabricate single lap adhesive joint specimens with CFRP and Araldite AW106 adhesive, varying overlap length and adhesive thickness, and perform tensile testing and ANSYS analysis. The methodology involves a literature review, materials purchasing, specimen fabrication, testing, ANSYS analysis, results comparison, and conclusion. Dimensions, material properties, and validated ANSYS models are presented. The analysis shows maximum stresses at the overlap ends and agrees with reference results.
This document summarizes a study on the modal analysis of adhesively bonded joints of different materials. Specifically, it investigates the natural frequencies and mode shapes of single-lap epoxy adhesive joints between aluminum, copper, and steel plates using finite element analysis software. The results show that the natural frequencies are directly proportional to the ratio of the materials' Young's modulus and density. Aluminum and steel joints have similar natural frequencies due to having the same modulus-density ratio, while copper joint frequencies differ since it has a unique ratio. Understanding the dynamic characteristics of bonded joints through modal analysis can aid in vibration-resistant design and control of engineered systems.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document reviews several studies that analyzed bolted joints in composite laminates. It discusses how clamping force and laminate stacking sequence can affect failure mechanisms and strength. The review examines both experimental and modeling/simulation approaches. Studies investigated topics like bearing strength, fatigue characteristics, stress distributions, and the effects of parameters like bolt-hole clearance and clamping loads. Overall, the review indicates that while modeling techniques have improved understanding, further work is still needed to optimize bolted joint design given composites' brittle failure modes.
Modelling and Analysis of Hybrid Composite Joint Using Fem in AnsysIOSR Journals
Abstract: Composite materials are widely used in the various Fields. Due to the high strength they are widely
used in the low weight constructions and also used as a suitable alternative to metals. In various applications
and also for joining various composite parts together, they are fastened together using adhesives or Mechanical
fasteners. Modeling and static analysis of 3-D Models of joints such as bonded, riveted and hybrid. The results
were found in terms of vonmises stress, shear stress, and normal stress for stress distribution. ANSYS FEA tool
has been used for stress distribution characteristics of various configurations of double riveted single lap joint
with three joining methods namely bonded, riveted and hybrid the present study deals with the analysis of single
lap joint subjected to the given tensile load and the stress distribution in the members under various design
conditions are found.
This document summarizes an experimental study comparing the tensile and shear strength of adhesive bonded metal joints to TIG welded joints. Mild steel plates were bonded using three different epoxy adhesives: Bisphenol-A epoxy resin, anaerobic adhesive, and M-seal epoxy compound. The bonded joints and welded joints were tested on a universal testing machine. Results found that the TIG welded joints had the highest strength, around 137 MPa, while the epoxy resin joints were around 68 MPa and the anaerobic adhesive joints were around 53 MPa. A finite element analysis validated the experimental results. The study concluded that adhesive bonded joints can achieve 60
EFFECT OF NANO RUBBER ADDITIONS ON WEAR AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY GL...paperpublications3
Abstract: The use of polymer fiber reinforced composite materials is growing day by day in all types of engineering structures such as aerospace, automotive, aircraft, chemical, constructions etc. because of their tailorable properties. Through these materials are tailorable, improvement in tribological properties is demanded.Keywords:epoxy glass fiber composites, nano nitrile butadiene rubber particles.
IRJET- A Review on Finite Element Modelling and Numerical Study of Precast St...IRJET Journal
This document reviews several studies that used finite element modeling and analysis to study precast structural elements. It summarizes 14 studies that used software like ABAQUS and ANSYS to model precast concrete connections, walls, beams, and slabs. The studies considered different modeling techniques, load cases, material properties, and analyses like nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. They analyzed parameters like stresses, cracks, deformations, load-displacement responses, and effectiveness of different connection designs. In general, the studies demonstrated that finite element modeling is useful for analyzing precast concrete elements and understanding their behavior.
IRJET- Use of Non Destructive Techniques to Analyze Fresh and Hardened State ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that used non-destructive techniques to analyze the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. Specifically, it used electrical methods to characterize the early-age behavior and setting of fresh concrete mixtures. It also used a combination of ultrasonic testing and AC impedance spectroscopy to analyze the distribution and orientation of fibers in hardened concrete beams. The results showed that the electrical methods could detect the influence of admixtures on setting time. AC impedance spectroscopy effectively characterized fiber orientation in beams and found preferential alignment in the direction of concrete flow. However, ultrasonic testing was not sensitive enough to detect fiber orientation differences at low fiber volumes below 1%.
REVIEW STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A LAMINATED COMPOSITE BEAMIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing the static and dynamic behavior of laminated composite beams. It reviews literature on analyzing composite beams through finite element analysis to study the effects of fiber orientation, stacking sequence, and other parameters on the beam's deflections, stresses, and natural frequencies. The document outlines research conducting both numerical simulations and experimental tests on composite beams to model their vibration characteristics. It surveys various studies that use finite element modeling to investigate behaviors like buckling, cracking, and delamination in composite beams made of materials like glass fiber reinforced polymers.
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
A Study of Failure Criteria of Fibrous Composite Material...sudhakargeruganti
This research proposal aims to study the failure criteria of fibrous composite materials. The researcher will evaluate existing composite failure criteria in finite element analysis software and explore modifications to account for large deformations, progressive failure, and stress-strain interactions. Several composite failure theories will be presented and their advantages/limitations in modeling laminate failure will be discussed. Experimental testing will be conducted to validate the analysis results. The research intends to improve understanding and modeling of failure in fibrous composites.
Damping Of Composite Material Structures with Riveted JointsIJMER
Vibration and noise reduction are crucial in maintaining high performance level and
prolonging the useful life of machinery, automobiles, aerodynamic and spacecraft structures. It is
observed that damping in materials occur due to energy release due to micro-slips along frictional
interfaces and due to varying strain regions and interaction between the metals. But it was found
that the damping effect in metals is quite small that it can be neglected. Damping in metals is due to
the micro-slips along frictional interfaces. Composites, however, have better damping properties
than structural metals and cannot be neglected. Typically, the range of composite damping begins
where the best damped metal stops.In the present work, theoretical analysis was done on various
polymer matrix composite (glass fibre polyesters) with riveted joints by varying initial conditions.
Strain energy loss was calculated to calculate the damping in composites. Using FEA model, load
variation w.r.t time was observed and the strain energy loss calculated was utilised in finding the
material damping for Carbon fibre epoxy with riveted joints. Various simulations were performed in
ANSYS and these results were utilised to calculate the loss factor, Rayleigh‘s damping constants
and logarithmic decrement.
To ensure good adhesion between a 200 nm thick silicon dioxide layer and a 4.5 μm thick hardcoat polymeric coating, a better understanding of mechanisms of adhesion at this interface is needed. To reach this purpose, focus is placed on two axes: characterizing mechanical properties of materials composing the system and in parallel, finding an applicable and effective method to quantify adhesion. Small dimension of SiO2 thin film makes it challenging to accurately characterize it. Hence the use of both nano-indentation and AFM to attempt assessment of SiO2 thin film elastic modulus Ef; taking into account limitations and uncertainty associated with each technique. Elastic modulus of SiO2 thin film determined by nano-indentation is roughly 50 GPa on a wafer substrate and 15 GPa on a lens substrate. As for AFM, modulus measured is approximately 56 GPa on a wafer substrate and 22 GPa on a lens substrate. This highlights significant influence of substrate for both techniques. Impact on mechanical properties between SiO2 thin films under different intrinsic stresses was also investigated. Results suggest that higher density of SiO2 thin film leads to higher elastic modulus.
To quantify adhesion, micro-tensile and micro-compression tests were performed. Micro-tensile experiments give ultimate shear strengths of hardcoat-substrate interface ranging from 9 to 14 MPa. Values of energy release rates of SiO2 / Hardcoat, range from 0.1 J/m² to 0.5 J/m², depending on moduli values found on wafer or lens substrate.
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Vikas thesis ppt
1. 1
Finite Element Modelling of
Polymer Nanocomposites as an
Adhesive
Submitted by-
Vikas Mishra
2017CC13
Under the Guidance of-
Dr. D.K. Shukla
Associate Professor
MED,MNNIT Allahabad
Mechanical Engineering Department
Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
Allahabad-211004, INDIA
2. Table of Contents-
• Introduction
• Literature Survey
• Conclusions of Literature Survey
• Research Gaps
• Objectives
• Finite Element Modeling
• Remaining work
2
3. Introduction
• Adhesives are used for joining and assembling of structures. A modern adhesive is a polymer based
material that can be used to join a wide variety of different surfaces together without the need to
create discontinuities in the substrate material.
Types of adhesives
Adhesives
3
Adhesive
By Structure
Thermosetting
Adhesive
Thermoplastic
Adhesive
Elastomeric
Adhesive
By Curing Method
Heat activated curing
adhesives
Light/UV activated
curing adhesives
Moisture activated
curing adhesives
Pressure sensitive
adhesives (PSA)
By Origin
Synthetic
adhesives
Natural adhesives
(glues)
4. • In an adhesive joint, adhesive are applied between two plates known as adherend. If the load is not very
large adhesive joints become very useful in joining metallic or non–metallic dissimilar materials.
• It is possible to produce high strength, durable joints using polymer adhesive without the need for fasteners
such as rivets and screw. Adhesives are used to join metal to metal, composite to composite and metal to
composite component.
Adhesive joints
Types of adhesive joints
(a) Single lap joint (b) Balanced double lap adhesive joint
(c) Unbalanced double lap joint
(d) Scarf joints
Fig 1. Different types of adhesive joint
4
5. Polymer nano composite
• Composite material is a material composed of two or more distinct phases (matrix phase and dispersed
phase) and having bulk properties significantly different form those of any of the constituents.
• Matrix phase-The primary phase, having a continuous character, is called matrix. Matrix is usually
more ductile and less hard phase.
• Dispersed (reinforcing) phase-The second phase is embedded in the matrix in a discontinuous form. This
secondary phase is called dispersed phase. Dispersed phase is usually stronger than the matrix, therefore it
is sometimes called reinforcing phase.
• Polymer nanocomposites consists of polymer matrix that has nanofillers dispersed into it. Nanofillers may
be of different shapes (eg, platelets, fibers, and spheroids), and at least one dimension must be in the range
of 1-50 nm. Nanofillers provide very high interfacial area for better adhesion to polymer matrix.
Fig.2.Types of nano phases
a. Nanoparticles b.Nano tubes c.Nano plates
5
6. Literature Survey-
• The literature Survey performed is divided into following categories-
1. Research paper based on Experimental approach.
I. The effect of nanoparticles on the adhesion of epoxy adhesive by Lanlan Zhai, Guoping Ling,
Jian Li and Youwen Wang.
II. On adhesive properties of Nano-silica/epoxy bonded single-lap joints by He-Le-Zi Zhou, Hong-
Yuan Liu, Huamin Zhou, Yun Zhang, Xiping Gao, Yiu-Wing Mai.
2.Research papers based on finite element modeling.
I. A review of finite element analysis of adhesively bonded joints by Xiao Cong He
II. Simplified finite element modelling of structural adhesive joint by Guofeng Wu and A. D.
Crocombet.
3. Research paper based on finite element modeling and validation
with experiment.
I. Mechanical properties and adhesive behaviour of epoxy-graphene nanocomposites
by C. Saloma, M.G. Prolongoa S.G. Prolongob.
6
7. S.No Title Author Name Material System Finding
Year/Reference no Adherend Adhesive
1. The effect of
nanoparticles on the
adhesion of epoxy
adhesive.
International Journal
of Materials Letters
(2006)
Lanlan Zhai, Guoping
Ling, Jian Li and
Youwen Wang.
The low
carbon
Steel.
Epoxy
adhesive
Nanoparticles
were used
nanoAl2O3,
nanoCaCO3,
nano-SiO2.
Modified by 2% nano-
Al2O3, the strength on
the surface abraded
with 150# was visibly
improved by about 5
times.
2. Dynamic strength of
single lap joints with
similar and dissimilar
adherends.
International Journal
of Adhesion &
Adhesives(2015)
H.Ravi Sankar. Steel(SS304)
Aluminium
(6106)
Araldite 2014 The dynamic strength
under dynamic loading
is higher for stiffer
adherend .
7
8. S.No Title Author Name Material System Finding
Year/Reference no Adherend Adhesive
3. On adhesive
properties of Nano-
silica/epoxy bonded
single-lap joints.
International Journal
of Materials and
Design(2016)
He-Le-Zi Zhou,
Hong-Yuan Liu,
Huamin Zhou, Yun
Zhang, Xiping Gao,
Yiu-Wing Mai
Stainless
steel
plates
Epoxy
Incorporation of 10 and 20 wt.%
of nano-silica into epoxy matrix
improved the adhesive joint
strength by 20%.
4. Mechanical
properties and
adhesive behaviour
of epoxy-graphene
nanocomposites.
International Journal
of Adhesion and
Adhesives (2018)
C. Saloma, M.G.
Prolongoa S.G.
Prolongob.
Epoxy Polymer
matrix filled
with silica
nanoparticles
.
A slight increase of
strength and decrease of
ductility is observed for the
composite compared
to the pure epoxy.
8
9. S.No Title Author Name METHOD Types of Testing Finding
Year/Reference no Modelling
Software
5 A review of finite
element analysis of
adhesively bonded
joints.
International Journal
of Adhesion &
Adhesives(2011)
Xiao Cong He. Using finite
element
modelling on
commercial FEM
software ANSYS.
Finite element analysis
of adhesively bonded
joints is reviewed in
this paper, in terms of
static loading analysis,
environmental
behaviours, fatigue
loading analysis and
dynamic characteristics
of the adhesively
bonded joints.
It is concluded that the FEA
of adhesively bonded joints
will help future applications
of adhesive bonding by
allowing different
parameters to be selected to
give as large a process
window as possible for joint
manufacture.
6. Simplified finite
element modelling of
structural adhesive
joint.
Journal of computer
and structureVol. 61.
No. 2. pp. 383-391.
Guofeng Wu and A. D.
Crocombet
Using finite
element
modelling on
commercial FEM
software ANSYS.
The design analysis
of structural adhesive
joints.
Adhesive stresses from a
relatively coarse mesh can
be used for design purposes
and quadrilateral elements
for adhesive provide reliable
results for a representative
range of material
properties for single and
9
10. S.No Title Author Name METHOD Types of Testing Finding
Year/Reference no Modelling Software
7. Finite element inversion
method for interfacial stress
analysis of composite
single-lap adhesively bonded
joint based on full-field
deformation.
International Journal of
Adhesion and Adhesives
(2017)
Ruixiang Bai,
Shuanghua,
BaoZhenkun
Lei, Cheng Yan,
Xiao Han.
A three-
dimensional FEM
model of a single-
lap joint was
constructed using
the commercial
software ABAQUS.
Shear stress
distributions at the
interface and in the
middle of the adhesive
layer obtained by the
inverse FEM model.
In this paper, an inverse
hybrid method
combining the optical
measurement and FEM
numerical analysis was
proposed to obtain the
stress distribution at the
adhesive layer in a
composite single-lap
adhesively bonded joint.
8. Numerical modelling of
adhesively-bonded double-
lap joints by the
eXtended Finite Element
Method.
Journal of finite elements in
analysis and design.(2017)
T.F. Santos,
R.D.S.G.
Campilhoa.
Using the
commercial
software ABAQUS.
Subjected
to a tensile load, in
order to evaluate their
performance.
The XFEM analysis
revealed that it is
possible to accurately
predict the joints’
strength using the MAXS
and QUADS damage
initiation criteria.10
11. S.No Title Author Name Material System Types of
Testing
Finding
Year/Reference no
Adherend
Adhesive
9. Experimental and FEM
Studies on Mechanical
Properties of Single-
lap Adhesive Joint
with Dissimilar
Adherends Subjected
to Impact Tensile
Loadings.
International Journal
of Adhesion &
Adhesives(2013)
Lijuan Liao, Toshiyuki
Sawa, Chenguang
Huang.
aluminum
(A5052)
steel
(S45C)
epoxy resin Impact
tensile
tests.
It can be concluded
that the strength of
the joint with
dissimilar adherends
is smaller than that
of the joint with
similar adherends.
10. Adhesive joining of
copper using nano-
filler composite.
Journal of Polymer
(2016)
P.K. Ghosh, Avantak
Patel, Kaushal Kumar.
Copper Epoxy
based
nano-
filler
adhesi
ve
Nanoparticles
used were
titanium
dioxide (TiO2)
nanoparticles
Shear
strength
The use of nano-
filler composite
adhesive enhances
lap shear strength
and toughness of
the joint.
11
12. A review of finite element analysis of adhesively bonded joints by Xiao Cong He.
International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives(2011)
• Finite element analysis of adhesively bonded joints is reviewed in this paper, in terms of static loading analysis,
environmental behaviours, fatigue loading analysis and dynamic characteristics of the adhesively bonded joints.
• Fig. 5 shows some typical classifications of adhesively bonded joints, which are commonly found in current
engineering practice.
Fig. 5. Some common engineering adhesive joints 12
13. Static loading analysis-
Environmental conditions-
Moisture effects on adhesively bonded joints and temperature effects on adhesive joints
Fig. 6.a Sketch of a standard SLJ and a SLJ with a
101 preformed angle.
Fig. 6. b Effects of the chamfer height on stress
distribution in the joint
Fig. 7.a Predicted failureloadsfromthe2-Dand3-D MMF
models using the continuum damage model with the
different mesh sizes.
Fig. 7.b Stress–strain curves for sheet steel at 40, +20 and
+90 1C along with the adhesive strain to failure a the corresponding
temperatures.
13
14. • Dynamic Analysis-
• In this paper the research and progress in FEA of adhesively bonded joints are critically reviewed and
current trends in the application of FEA are mentioned. It is concluded that the FEA of adhesively bonded
joints will help future applications of adhesive bonding by allowing different parameters to be selected to give as
large a process window as possible for joint manufacture.
Fig.8 . Location of nodes at the free edge of the single lap-
jointed cantilevered beam
Fig. 9. FRFs predicted by FEA and measured using the test rig (a) FRF for node
60621 & 151 ,(b) FRF for node 2060621 & 153 and (c) FRF for node 4060621 &
155.
14
15. Simplified finite element modelling of structural adhesive joint by Guofeng Wu and A.
D. Crocombet.
• In this paper a simplified finite element modelling approach is presented for the design analysis of structural
adhesive joints, in which either all the substrates (the beam version) or most of the substrates (the hybrid
version) are modelled by means of beam elements and the adhesive is modelled by using four-noded iso
parametric elements.
• The joints investigated here include a single lap joint and a double lap joint.
• A comparison of the stress results between the simplified analyses and detailed full two-dimensional finite
element analyses for all the joints is made by using the commercial engineering analysis system ANSYS.
• Finite element modelling of adhesive joints-
• Applying the beam version of simplified modelling to a joint, all the substrates will be modelled by beam
elements with the two connecting nodes of any element located along the centroid of the element.
• To account for the effects of the local deformation of the substrates and accommodate complete
displacement compatibility along the interfaces of substrates and adhesive, the following modelling
approach is adopted, which is called two-dimensional continuum modelling
15
16. • Single lap joint
Fig. 10. Schematic finite element meshes for a single lap joint
Fig. 11. A single lap joint and the boundary conditions used
for different modelling schemes.
Fig. 11.b Adhesive stress distributions along the bond line of the
single lap joint. 16
17. 17
• Es, and Ys, to represent the Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of substrates, respectively, and Ea, and Ya, for
those of adhesive. It is also assumed that only unit width (1 mm) of the model is considered for all the joints
studied.
• Figure 11a shows the geometric dimensions and loading conditions of the single lap joint studied, the ratio of theYoung’s
modulus Es, for substrates to that for adhesive E,, r = Es/Ea, is the only parameter in this study of the joint. In this example,
Es, = 7OOOOMPa,.!Z, = Es/r is allowed to change, vs, = 0.3, va, = 0.32. Plane stress conditions are assumed.
• 1050 two-dimensional elements are used to mesh the overlap part, in which 1000 elements are for the substrates and
50 elements for adhesive for two dimensional continuum model.
• For the simplified beam model, the whole joint is idealised with 50 two-dimensional elements and 100 beam
elements.
• A fine mesh is adopted (i.e. using nearly square shaped elements) near the two joint ends such that the end effects
can be accurately modelled, and a relatively coarse mesh is used for the most central part.
18. • Double lap joint
• .
Fig.12.A double lap joint and the boundary conditions
used for different modelling schemes
Fig. 13. Adhesive stress distributions along the bond
line of the double lap joint.
18
See Fig12. a for the double lap joint studied. Since the joint is symmetric about the centre of the inner
substrate, only the upper half of the joint needs to be modelled.
19. • In this example, Es = 70000 MPa, Ea, = Es/r is allowed to change, vs, = 0.3, va, = 0.4. Plane strain conditions are
assumed.
• Fig. 12b and c shows the two-dimensional continuum model and the simplified beam model for theupper
half of the double lap joint. Similar to the single lap joint case, 950 two-dimensional elements are adopted
for the two-dimensional continuum model, 100 beam elements and 50 two-dimensional elements are used
for the simplified beam model.
• When Ea. = 2100 (i.e. r = 33.3), Fig. 13 depicts the peel and shear stresses within the adhesive obtained by
simplified beam model (SBM) and two-dimensional continuum model (2CM).
• It is concluded that Simplified finite element models using beam elements for substrates and quadrilateral
elements for adhesive provide reliable results for a representative range of material properties for single and
double lap joints. Adhesive stresses from a relatively coarse mesh can be used for design purposes.
19
20. CONCLUSIONS OF LITERATURE SURVEY
• It is concluded that the FEA of adhesively bonded joints will help future applications of adhesive bonding by
allowing different parameters to be selected to give as large a process window as possible for joint
manufacture.
• It is concluded that Simplified finite element models using beam elements for substrates and quadrilateral
elements for adhesive provide reliable results for a representative range of material properties for single and
double lap joints. Adhesive stresses from a relatively coarse mesh can be used for design purposes.
• It was demonstrated here that incorporating epoxy adhesive with nanoparticles can distinctly increase the
adhesion strength of epoxy adhesive, nanoparticles' kinds and counter faces roughness also had some
influence on the strength of epoxy adhesive.
• It can be concluded that the strength of the joint with dissimilar adherends is smaller than that of the joint
with similar adherends.
20
21. RESEARCH GAPS
• There is very limited work for estimation of shear strength of adhesively bonded metal joints to
best of our knowledge.
• Polymer nano composite is used as an adhesive in very limited researches.
• Very limited variety of adherend material is explored for adhesively bonded metal joints .
21
22. OBJECTIVES
The adhesively bonded single lap joint will be considered for this analysis-
• Two dimensional finite element model of adhesively bonded single lap joint is analyze.
• Morphology of nanoparticles and the effect of nanoparticles on the adhesion of epoxy adhesive.
• Investigate the influence of nanoparticles on shear strength of adhesive using finite element method
on commercial FEM software ANSYS.
• Investigate the influence of different size of nano particle on shear strength of adhesive using finite
element method on commercial FEM software ANSYS.
22
23. Finite Element Modelling
23
Geometric Modelling of single lap joint
Fig.14 Geometry of single lap joint for neat epoxy
adhesive.
Fig.15 Geometry of single lap joint with
nanosphere nanoparticles as inclusion in
adhesive.
The model used for the analysis is made as per ASTM standard D1002 which is used to test the shear
strength of single lap joint experimentally. All dimension is given in the figure .
24. Material model of single lap joint
24
Properties of adherend material, adhesive and nanoparticles considered for FEM analysis are
mentioned in Table I. An average diameter of 35nm, 70nm, 100nm,500nm, 10micro meter was taken
in present FEA.
Description Materials Density(g/cm3)
Young’s Modulus
(GPa)
Poisson’s ratio (ν)
Adherend
Aluminium
alloy
2.7 71 0.35
Adhesive Epoxy 1.17 3.8 0.375
Nanoparticles Alumina 3.7 375 0.23
Table 1. Properties of adherend, adhesive and nanoparticles
25. Adhesive was considered as an isotropic material with nonlinear stress strain curve modelled as multilinear
elastic problem in ANSYS 17. Whereas, the adherend and alumina nanoparticles were considered as linear
isotropic materials . Stress- strain data was obtained from tensile test of bulk adhesive .
25
Fig. 16. Stress- strain curve of neat epoxy
26. Dispersion of Nanoparticle
26
A MATLAB code was written to generate ANSYS APDL script file for generation of randomly
distributed Nano particle in nanocomposite adhesive. It was ensured that the distance between particles
was not less than a diameter of nanoparticle. Number of particles required for the analysis of single lap
joints having 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wt.% of nanosphere.
Fig.17. Dispersion of nanoparticle on adhesive in single lap joint.
27. Element type and meshing
27
Element type
For FEA analysis of single lap joint in ANSYS ,the element type PLANE 82 was considered.
PLANE 82 provides accurate results for mixed (quadrilateral-triangular) automatic meshes and can tolerate
irregular shapes without as much loss of accuracy. The eight node elements have compatible displacement
shapes and are well suited to model curved boundaries. The 8-node element is defined by 8 nodes having two
degrees of freedom at each node. The element has plasticity, creep, swelling, stress stiffening, large deflection,
and large strain capabilities
Fig.18. PLANE82 ,2D 8-node structural solid
28. Meshing of single lap joint
28
Eight noded quadrilateral elements having two degree of freedom at each node was used for meshing
the adherends, adhesive and nanoparticles for multilinear elastic analysis.
Fig. 19 Representative FE mesh of single lap joint with pure epoxy
adhesive
Finite element mesh of single lap joint with pure epoxy adhesive
Finite element mesh of nanocomposites adhesive layer having nanospheres
To achieve proper mesh it was insured that the distance between particles was not less than a diameter
of nanospheres for nanocomposites adhesive having nanospheres.
29. Number of particle required for the analysis of single lap joint having 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.0 wt% of
nanospheres are listed in table 2.
29
Table.2 Number of nanoparticle and number of elements in FE model of
nanocomposites adhesive for diameter 35nm.
Description Wt. % of
Nano-alumina
Number of
particles in
RVE
Number of elements No. of times domain size
reduced
Nanospheres
0.5 209 88290 100
1 420 163986 100
1.5 632 275514 100
2 846 483678 100
30. Table 3 Number of nanoparticle and number of elements in FE model of nanocomposites adhesive for
diameter 70nm.
30
Description
Wt. % of Nano-alumina Number of
particles in RVE
Number of Elements No. of times domain
size reduced
Nanospheres
0.5 52 110930 100
1 105 195954 100
1.5 158 255780 100
2 211 340765 100
Table 4 Number of nanoparticle and number of elements in FE model of nanocomposites adhesive
for diameter 100nm.
Description
Wt. % of Nano-alumina Number of
particles in RVE
Number of Elements No. of times domain
size reduced
Nanospheres
0.5 25 135149 100
1 51 210348 100
1.5 77 310478 100
2 103 423679 100
31. Table 3. Number of nanoparticle and number of elements in FE model of nanocomposites
adhesive for diameter 10 micro meter.
31
Description
Wt. % of
Nano alumina
Number of
particles in
RVE
Number of
Elements
No. of times domain
size reduced
Nanospheres
0.5 25 120403 No reduction
1 51 212546 No reduction
1.5 77 310567 No reduction
2 103 453245 No reduction
Figure 20 Representative FE mesh of adhesive layer having nanospheres
32. Boundary condition
32
The boundary conditions applied on single lap joints are shown in Fig. 4. Left end of joint was
constrained (degree of freedom in all the directions was kept zero i.e. Ux=0, Uy=0). A displacement
“d” was applied on right face of the adherend. Right end of bottom adherend was constrained in y
direction (i.e. Uy=0).
Fig. 21 Boundary condition applied on single lap joint
The displacement applied to the right end of the joint was calculated on the basis of von- Mises theory of failure
i.e. the von-Mises stress in the adhesive was not allowed to exceed the von-Mises stress at the time of failure in
a tensile test of neat epoxy (bulk adhesive). On the basis of von -mises theory of failure the value of
displacement is 0.33mm.
33. Convergence of finite element mesh
33
Fig.22 Convergence of finite element mesh checked for single lap joint with pure epoxy
adhesive by varying the number of elements
From the above graph it can seen that the value started converge after 6324 number of elements. At
this point onwards and afterwards almost remain constant.
36. • Left end of the joint was kept fixed in all the directions i.e. Ux = Uy = 0. The unbounded end of the
second adherend was constrained in y direction (i.e. Uy=0) along its entire length. A force of 380
N was applied on the right end of the joint. A static stress analysis was performed with these
boundary conditions on ANSYS.
36
Fig. 3. Boundary conditions and load application
37. Convergence study
• Convergence of finite element mesh was checked for single lap joint with pure epoxy adhesive by
varying the number of elements and plotting the curve of shear stress in the adhesive at an
overlap length of 25 mm as a function of number of elements.
37
Fig. 4. Variation in shear stress in adhesive as a function of number of elements
in finite element mesh.
NUMBER OF ELEMENT
38. RESULT
Shear stresses in the adhesive layer along the overlap length of lap joint were analyzed
for neat epoxy.
The value of shear stress varies along the overlap length of the adhesive joints. Shear stresses
were maximum at the ends and were minimum at the center of joints.
Overlap length (mm)
39. Remaining work
• T dimensional finite element model of adhesively bonded single lap joint is analyze.
• A MATLAB code will write to generate ANSYS APDL script file for generation of randomly
distributed nanoparticles in nanocomposite adhesives.
• Investigate the influence of nanoparticles on shear strength of adhesive using finite element
method on commercial FEM software ANSYS.
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41. REFERENCES
• A. D. Crocombe, G. F. Wu and D. H. Sinclair, A structural design analysis for adhesive joints Journal of
computer and structureVol. 61. No. 2. pp. 383-391 (1996).
• Lanlan Zhai, Guoping Ling, Jian Li and Youwen Wang, The effect of nanoparticles on the adhesion of epoxy
adhesive,journal of Materials Letters 60 (2006) 3031–3033.
• Xiaocong He, A review of finite element analysis of adhesively bonded joints , International Journal of
Adhesion & Adhesives 31(2011) 248-264..
• Lijuan Liao, Toshiyuki Sawa, Chenguang Huang, Experimental and FEM Studies on Mechanical Properties of
Single-lap Adhesive Joint with Dissimilar Adherends Subjected to Impact Tensile Loadings International
Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives (2013).
• H.Ravi Sankar, Dynamic strength of single lap joints with similar and dissimilar adherends International
Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives 56(2015) 46-52.
• P.K. Ghosh, Avantak Patel, Kaushal Kumar, Adhesive joining of copper using nano-filler composite Journal of
Polymer87 (2016) 159-169.
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42. Cont..
• Ruixiang Bai, Shuanghua, BaoZhenkun Lei, Cheng Yan, Xiao Han ,Finite element inversion method for
interfacial stress analysis of composite single-lap adhesively bonded joint based on full-field deformation
International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives (2017).
• T.F. Santos, R.D.S.G. Campilhoa, Numerical modelling of adhesively-bonded double-lap joints by the
eXtended Finite Element Method Journal of finite elements in analysis and design133(2017) 1-9.
• C. Saloma, M.G. Prolongoa S.G. Prolongob, Mechanical properties and adhesive behaviour of epoxy-
graphene nanocomposites , International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives 84 (2018) 119-125.
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