This document summarizes a study on buckling analysis of cantilever pultruded I-beams using finite element analysis software ANSYS. Four different pultruded I-beam cross sections were modeled and buckling loads were calculated and compared to experimental data. The results showed good agreement with experimental values. A parametric study was also conducted to analyze the effect of fiber orientation and fiber volume fraction on critical buckling loads of the beams under a point load. Global lateral-torsional buckling loads and local flange buckling loads were determined for different fiber angles and volume fractions.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document reviews several studies that analyzed bolted joints in composite laminates. It discusses how clamping force and laminate stacking sequence can affect failure mechanisms and strength. The review examines both experimental and modeling/simulation approaches. Studies investigated topics like bearing strength, fatigue characteristics, stress distributions, and the effects of parameters like bolt-hole clearance and clamping loads. Overall, the review indicates that while modeling techniques have improved understanding, further work is still needed to optimize bolted joint design given composites' brittle failure modes.
The document experimentally investigates the flexural behavior of cold-formed steel sections with triangular web corrugations. Three beam specimens with varying web depths of 200mm, 250mm, and 300mm were tested under two-point loading. The results show that flexural capacity increases with web depth. All beams failed by crushing of the top flange and lateral torsional buckling. Finite element analysis using ANSYS software correlated well with experimental results. The triangular web corrugations improved flexural strength compared to flat webs and prevented failure in the web or shear zones.
Static and Transient Vibrational Analysis of Functionally Graded MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses static and transient vibrational analyses of functionally graded materials (FGMs) using finite element modeling. FGMs are composite materials with continuous variation of material properties, such as a ceramic-metal mixture. The analyses examine deflection, vibration frequencies, and transient response of FGM plates and shells under mechanical and thermal loads. Results show the material gradient and volume fractions significantly impact structural response. Finite element modeling using first-order shear deformation theory is employed to efficiently analyze the functionally graded structures.
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
INTERFACIAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF EXTERNALLY PLATED RC BEAMSIjripublishers Ijri
Strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) beams by bonding steel or fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) on its tension face
has become a popular retrofit method due to its rapid, simple and other advantages. However, debonding along the
Steel-RC beam interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. The interfacial stresses play a significant role
in understanding this premature debonding failure of such repaired structures. This paper presents a careful finite
element investigation into interfacial stresses in the adhesive layer bonding RC beam and soffit plate. Finite element
modelling issues like proper selection of contact between adherents and symmetry conditions are first
discussed, with particular attention on appropriate finite element meshes for the accurate determination of interfacial
stresses. The interfacial stress behaviour at plate end has been analysed for two cases of loading taken one by applying
uniformly distributed load and the other with a two point loading. Two special cases are considered in two point
loading – for the cases when the plate terminates with-in the constant moment region (CMR) and for the case when
plate is extended beyond constant moment region where bending moment is minimal. The interfacial stresses are
increasing with a reduction in adhesive layer thickness where as the stresses are increasing with the increase in soffit
plate thickness. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has shown a significant reduction in interfacial stresses
when compared to steel plate. The interfacial stresses for the plate restricted within the constant moment region are very
high near the plate end leading to flexural debonding compared to the case where plate is extended beyond constant
moment region where bending moment is minimal. The concentration of stresses in the adhesive layer near the plate
end explained the significance in considering their influence in flexural debonding.
Keywords-- Interfacial stresses, flexural debonding, constant moment region, soffit plate, finite element method.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes dynamic finite element models of double-skin composite steel plates subjected to impact loading. A rigid penetrator impacts composite panels made of steel skins separated by a concrete core with shear stud connectors.
2) Results show that the panels have good energy absorption capacity due to the ductility of the lower steel plate and stiffness provided by lower shear studs. Increasing the upper or lower plate thickness, or concentrating more studs in the center, increases the energy absorbed before perforation.
3) The failure patterns are investigated. Under impact, the upper plate initially perforates and moves upward due to inertia effects. The upper studs increase plate stiffness. Concrete failure is more localized than under static
Modal Analysis of Fibre Reinforced Composite Beams with a Transverse Crack U...IJMER
In many structures like high speed machineries, aircrafts and light weight structures
composite beams and beam like structures are main constituent elements. Cracks induced in these
structural elements cause serious failure and monitoring of these cracks is essential. The presence of
these cracks influences the dynamic characteristics of the structural elements. Hence the changes in
natural frequencies and mode shapes have been the subject of interest of many investigations. In the
present work two Fiber- Reinforced Plastic (FRP) materials, Graphite Fibre Reinforced Polyamide
and E-Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer have been selected as beam materials for modal analysis using
ANSYS 13.0. The analysis is carried out for these two beams in different ways. Initially the analysis is
carried out for different orientation of fibres for two beams. Later the effect of dimensions is analyzed
by varying one dimension of the beam at a time by keeping the other two constant. In the next step the
analysis is performed for constant dimensions of each beam for same layer orientation and constant
volume fraction of fibre by introducing transverse cracks of different depths at various positions along
the length of the beam. The results obtained are analyzed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document reviews several studies that analyzed bolted joints in composite laminates. It discusses how clamping force and laminate stacking sequence can affect failure mechanisms and strength. The review examines both experimental and modeling/simulation approaches. Studies investigated topics like bearing strength, fatigue characteristics, stress distributions, and the effects of parameters like bolt-hole clearance and clamping loads. Overall, the review indicates that while modeling techniques have improved understanding, further work is still needed to optimize bolted joint design given composites' brittle failure modes.
The document experimentally investigates the flexural behavior of cold-formed steel sections with triangular web corrugations. Three beam specimens with varying web depths of 200mm, 250mm, and 300mm were tested under two-point loading. The results show that flexural capacity increases with web depth. All beams failed by crushing of the top flange and lateral torsional buckling. Finite element analysis using ANSYS software correlated well with experimental results. The triangular web corrugations improved flexural strength compared to flat webs and prevented failure in the web or shear zones.
Static and Transient Vibrational Analysis of Functionally Graded MaterialIRJET Journal
This document discusses static and transient vibrational analyses of functionally graded materials (FGMs) using finite element modeling. FGMs are composite materials with continuous variation of material properties, such as a ceramic-metal mixture. The analyses examine deflection, vibration frequencies, and transient response of FGM plates and shells under mechanical and thermal loads. Results show the material gradient and volume fractions significantly impact structural response. Finite element modeling using first-order shear deformation theory is employed to efficiently analyze the functionally graded structures.
Effect of width and layers of GFRP strips on deflection of Reinforced Concret...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Effect of Imperfection on Shear Behaviour of Hybrid Plate Girder IJMER
The influence of initial imperfection of plates on the shear resistance of hybrid plate girder
fabricated using slender plate elements is studied. Nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to
compute the ultimate shear strength of hybrid girder. Imperfection analysis was performed by varying
the magnitude of imperfection on web panel of hybrid plate girder to compare the variation in ultimate
shear strength. The study was also done by varying the yield strength and slenderness ratio of web panel.
The result of the study indicates that the ultimate shear strength of hybrid plate girder decreases with
increase in the magnitude of initial imperfection. The effect of imperfection on shear strength was
significantly high for plate girder with low web slenderness ratio and high yield strength of web panel.
The maximum lateral as well as the vertical deflection at ultimate strength state of the model increases
with increase in magnitude of imperfection
INTERFACIAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF EXTERNALLY PLATED RC BEAMSIjripublishers Ijri
Strengthening reinforced concrete (RC) beams by bonding steel or fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) on its tension face
has become a popular retrofit method due to its rapid, simple and other advantages. However, debonding along the
Steel-RC beam interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. The interfacial stresses play a significant role
in understanding this premature debonding failure of such repaired structures. This paper presents a careful finite
element investigation into interfacial stresses in the adhesive layer bonding RC beam and soffit plate. Finite element
modelling issues like proper selection of contact between adherents and symmetry conditions are first
discussed, with particular attention on appropriate finite element meshes for the accurate determination of interfacial
stresses. The interfacial stress behaviour at plate end has been analysed for two cases of loading taken one by applying
uniformly distributed load and the other with a two point loading. Two special cases are considered in two point
loading – for the cases when the plate terminates with-in the constant moment region (CMR) and for the case when
plate is extended beyond constant moment region where bending moment is minimal. The interfacial stresses are
increasing with a reduction in adhesive layer thickness where as the stresses are increasing with the increase in soffit
plate thickness. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has shown a significant reduction in interfacial stresses
when compared to steel plate. The interfacial stresses for the plate restricted within the constant moment region are very
high near the plate end leading to flexural debonding compared to the case where plate is extended beyond constant
moment region where bending moment is minimal. The concentration of stresses in the adhesive layer near the plate
end explained the significance in considering their influence in flexural debonding.
Keywords-- Interfacial stresses, flexural debonding, constant moment region, soffit plate, finite element method.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes dynamic finite element models of double-skin composite steel plates subjected to impact loading. A rigid penetrator impacts composite panels made of steel skins separated by a concrete core with shear stud connectors.
2) Results show that the panels have good energy absorption capacity due to the ductility of the lower steel plate and stiffness provided by lower shear studs. Increasing the upper or lower plate thickness, or concentrating more studs in the center, increases the energy absorbed before perforation.
3) The failure patterns are investigated. Under impact, the upper plate initially perforates and moves upward due to inertia effects. The upper studs increase plate stiffness. Concrete failure is more localized than under static
Modal Analysis of Fibre Reinforced Composite Beams with a Transverse Crack U...IJMER
In many structures like high speed machineries, aircrafts and light weight structures
composite beams and beam like structures are main constituent elements. Cracks induced in these
structural elements cause serious failure and monitoring of these cracks is essential. The presence of
these cracks influences the dynamic characteristics of the structural elements. Hence the changes in
natural frequencies and mode shapes have been the subject of interest of many investigations. In the
present work two Fiber- Reinforced Plastic (FRP) materials, Graphite Fibre Reinforced Polyamide
and E-Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer have been selected as beam materials for modal analysis using
ANSYS 13.0. The analysis is carried out for these two beams in different ways. Initially the analysis is
carried out for different orientation of fibres for two beams. Later the effect of dimensions is analyzed
by varying one dimension of the beam at a time by keeping the other two constant. In the next step the
analysis is performed for constant dimensions of each beam for same layer orientation and constant
volume fraction of fibre by introducing transverse cracks of different depths at various positions along
the length of the beam. The results obtained are analyzed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysing The Composite Structure Of Riverted ,Hybrid And Bonded JointsIJERA Editor
Composite materials have been widely used as structural elements in aircraft structures due to their superior
properties. Aircraft structure is a huge assembly of skins, spars, frames etc. The structure consists of an
assembly of sub-structures properly arranged and connected to form a load transmission path. Such load
transmission path is achieved using joints. Joints constitute the weakest zones in the structure. Failure may occur
due to various reasons such as stress concentrations, excessive deflections etc. or a combination of these.
Therefore, to utilize the full potential of composite materials, the strength and stress distribution in the joints has
to be understood so that suitable configuration can be chosen for various applications
An overview of the major materials used in aeronautical and automotive structures will be given in this section. The mechanical and physical properties of the materials will be highlighted, with an emphasis placed on the stiffness versus density and strength versus density of various materials.
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
Characterization of the Damage Mechanism of Composites against Low Velocity B...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Characterization of the Damage Mechanism of Composites against Low Velocity Ballistic Impact Using Computed Tomography (CT) Techniques by Tarık Baykara in Research & Development in Material Science
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The chapter 9 explains the engineering fundamentals of composite materials and structures. Copyright 2013 Igor Kokcharov, Andrey Burov
Structural Integrity Analysis: Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of MaterialsIgor Kokcharov
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The third chapter explains the engineering tests and fundamentals of mechanical properties of materials.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PIEZOLAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING HSDTP singh
Piezoelectric materials have excellent sensing and actuating capabilities have made them the most practical smart materials to integrate with laminated structures. Integrated structure system can be called a smart structure because of its ability to perform self-diagnosis and quick adaption to environment changes. An analytical procedure has been developed in the work based on higher order shear deformation theory subjected to electromechanical loading for investigating transient characteristics of smart material plates. For analysis two displacement models are to be considered i.e., model-1 accounts for strain in thickness direction is zero whereas in model-2 in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. Navier’s technique has been adopted for obtaining solutions of anti-symmetric cross–ply and angle-ply laminates of both model-1 and model-2 with simply supported boundary conditions. For obtaining transient response of a laminated composite plate attached with piezoelectric layer Newmark’s method has been used. Effect of thickness coordinate of composite laminated plates attached with piezoelectric layer subjected to electromechanical loadings is studied.
This document provides an overview of mechanical and non-destructive testing methods for composite materials. It discusses various mechanical tests including hardness, tensile, compression, impact, and fatigue tests. It also discusses non-destructive testing methods such as visual inspection, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, eddy current, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. The document provides details on procedures and purposes for many of the most common tests used to evaluate composite material properties and identify defects.
Torsional evaluation of Tapered Composite Cone using Finite Element AnalysisIOSR Journals
Composite material is one of the most important and economical material for the various application
due to its favorable properties .Recently many researches are going on the various properties of the these
materials .In this paper an anisotropic behavior of the composite tube is to be modeled and analysis is to be
performed under torsional loading conditions. Torsion is a tricky phenomenon in composite cylinders as the
twist effects and their interactions with composite shells induce complex stress patterns. The objective behind
the study is to understand interaction of conical angle, length of tube and torsional moment .it also includes
comparative analysis of deformation and stresses developed in tapered composite cone due to use of various
materials like steel, orthotropic composite and laminated composite etc. The effect of taper angle, thickness of
the tube and fiber orientations in case of laminated composite is studied by using finite element analysis (ANSYS
software). The finite element analysis is especially versatile and efficient for the analysis of complex structural
behavior of the composite laminated structures. It is found that deformation in case of laminated composite and
deformation in between steel and laminated composite cone. At membrane stresses are observed at the middle of
cone in length direction for three materials.
Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC BeamsP singh
Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.
The document summarizes research testing the effect of steel fiber volume fraction on the flexural strength of high-strength concrete beams. 25 beams were tested with steel fiber volumes from 0.5-4%. Testing showed flexural strength increased with higher fiber volumes. As fiber content increased, the failure mode transitioned from shear to flexure. Load-deflection curves showed higher maximum loads and deflections for beams with more fibers. In conclusion, adding steel fibers increases flexural strength of beams, especially at lower fiber volumes.
When a ductile material with a crack is loaded in
tension, the deformation energy builds up around the crack tip
and it is understood that at a certain critical condition voids are
formed ahead of the crack tip. The crack extension occurs by
coalescence of voids with the crack tip. The “characteristic
distance” (Lc) defined as the distance b/w the crack tip & the void
responsible for eventual coalescence with the crack tip. Nucleation
of these voids is generally associated with the presence of second
phase particles or grain boundaries in the vicinity of the crack tip.
Although approximate, Lc assumes a special significance since it
links the fracture toughness to the microscopic mechanism
considered responsible for ductile fracture. The knowledge of the
“characteristic distance” is also crucial for designing the size of
mesh in the finite element simulations of material crack growth
using damage mechanics principles. There is not much work
(experimental as well as numerical) available in the literature
related to the dependency of “characteristic distance” on the
fracture specimen geometry. The present research work is an
attempt to understand numerically, the geometry dependency of
“characteristic distance” using three-dimensional FEM analysis.
The variation of “characteristic distance” parameter due to the
change of temperature across the fracture specimen thickness was
also studied. The work also studied the variation of “characteristic
distance”, due to the change in fracture specimen thickness.
Finally, the ASTM requirement of fracture specimen thickness
criteria is evaluated for the “characteristic distance” fracture
parameter. “Characteristic distance” is found to vary across the
fracture specimen thickness. It is dependent on fracture specimen
thickness and it converges after a specified thickness of fracture
specimen. “Characteristic distance” value is also dependent on the
temperature of ductile material. In Armco iron material, it is
found to decrease with the increase in temperature.
Experimental evaluation of flexural properties of polymer matrix compositesiaemedu
This document discusses an experimental evaluation of the flexural properties of polymer matrix composites reinforced with glass and carbon fibers. Three-point bending tests were conducted on laminate beams fabricated with bi-woven glass and carbon fibers in epoxy resin. The test results showed that carbon fiber composites had higher flexural strength and stiffness compared to glass fiber composites. Additionally, increasing the laminate thickness from 2mm to 3mm improved the flexural properties. The findings from the experimental tests agreed with theoretical predictions about the superior mechanical properties of carbon fibers relative to other fiber types.
This document summarizes research on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites with varying fiber weight percentages (15-60%). Composites were produced using hand lay-up and tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness. Test results showed the mechanical properties improved with increasing fiber content. Tensile strength increased from 28.25 to 78.83 MPa, flexural strength from 44.65 to 119.23 MPa, and impact energy from 3.50 to 6.50 Joules. Hardness increased from 31.5 to 47 BHN. The composite with 60% fiber content exhibited the best mechanical properties.
Static Analysis of Single Lap Joint of Composite Materialsijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and tensile strength .To improve the tensile strength, the joint is made with material joint. Glass Fiber/Chopped strands mat and Bi-Directional fly / Epoxy composite is fabricated by hand lay-up method. The tensile properties of the material joint are obtained and compared with that of bolted joint. The experimental results shows that the material joint has superior tensile properties than the bolted joint and the Bi-Directional fly composite exhibits superior tensile strength than the chopped strands mat. Finite element analysis also done and compared with the experimental results and found to be similar.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
FRP Laminated Composite Plate with Central Circular Hole: Structural and Buck...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a finite element analysis of thin fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) rectangular composite plates with central circular holes under compressive loading. The analysis examines the effect of plate dimension ratio (L/W), stacking sequence, and hole diameter on the structural characteristics and buckling behavior. The results show that the critical load increases with L/W ratio up to a ratio of 4. The critical load also decreases as the hole diameter increases. The stacking sequence is found to impact the critical load values for different buckling modes. The findings provide insights into how composite plates perform under compression loads.
INTERFACIAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF EXTERNALLY PLATED RC BEAMSIjripublishers Ijri
has become a popular retrofit method due to its rapid, simple and other advantages. However, debonding along the
Steel-RC beam interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. The interfacial stresses play a significant role
in understanding this premature debonding failure of such repaired structures. This paper presents a careful finite
element investigation into interfacial stresses in the adhesive layer bonding RC beam and soffit plate. Finite element
modelling issues like proper selection of contact between adherents and symmetry conditions are first
discussed, with particular attention on appropriate finite element meshes for the accurate determination of interfacial
stresses. The interfacial stress behaviour at plate end has been analysed for two cases of loading taken one by applying
uniformly distributed load and the other with a two point loading. Two special cases are considered in two point
loading – for the cases when the plate terminates with-in the constant moment region (CMR) and for the case when
plate is extended beyond constant moment region where bending moment is minimal. The interfacial stresses are
increasing with a reduction in adhesive layer thickness where as the stresses are increasing with the increase in soffit
plate thickness. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has shown a significant reduction in interfacial stresses
when compared to steel plate. The interfacial stresses for the plate restricted within the constant moment region are very
high near the plate end leading to flexural debonding compared to the case where plate is extended beyond constant
moment region where bending moment is minimal. The concentration of stresses in the adhesive layer near the plate
end explained the significance in considering their influence in flexural debonding.
“Investigation of Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Having I- Cross Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract: - In structural applications, beam is one of the most common structural members that have been
considered in design. This paper is intended to provide tools that ensure better designing options for composite
laminates of I -beam. In this Paper an analytical method & FEM approach calculating axial stiffness , Axial
stress ,Axial strain of flange and web laminates. The results show the stacking sequence and fiber angle
orientation strongly affects strength of composite I-beam.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysing The Composite Structure Of Riverted ,Hybrid And Bonded JointsIJERA Editor
Composite materials have been widely used as structural elements in aircraft structures due to their superior
properties. Aircraft structure is a huge assembly of skins, spars, frames etc. The structure consists of an
assembly of sub-structures properly arranged and connected to form a load transmission path. Such load
transmission path is achieved using joints. Joints constitute the weakest zones in the structure. Failure may occur
due to various reasons such as stress concentrations, excessive deflections etc. or a combination of these.
Therefore, to utilize the full potential of composite materials, the strength and stress distribution in the joints has
to be understood so that suitable configuration can be chosen for various applications
An overview of the major materials used in aeronautical and automotive structures will be given in this section. The mechanical and physical properties of the materials will be highlighted, with an emphasis placed on the stiffness versus density and strength versus density of various materials.
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
Characterization of the Damage Mechanism of Composites against Low Velocity B...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Characterization of the Damage Mechanism of Composites against Low Velocity Ballistic Impact Using Computed Tomography (CT) Techniques by Tarık Baykara in Research & Development in Material Science
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The chapter 9 explains the engineering fundamentals of composite materials and structures. Copyright 2013 Igor Kokcharov, Andrey Burov
Structural Integrity Analysis: Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of MaterialsIgor Kokcharov
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The third chapter explains the engineering tests and fundamentals of mechanical properties of materials.
TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PIEZOLAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES USING HSDTP singh
Piezoelectric materials have excellent sensing and actuating capabilities have made them the most practical smart materials to integrate with laminated structures. Integrated structure system can be called a smart structure because of its ability to perform self-diagnosis and quick adaption to environment changes. An analytical procedure has been developed in the work based on higher order shear deformation theory subjected to electromechanical loading for investigating transient characteristics of smart material plates. For analysis two displacement models are to be considered i.e., model-1 accounts for strain in thickness direction is zero whereas in model-2 in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. Navier’s technique has been adopted for obtaining solutions of anti-symmetric cross–ply and angle-ply laminates of both model-1 and model-2 with simply supported boundary conditions. For obtaining transient response of a laminated composite plate attached with piezoelectric layer Newmark’s method has been used. Effect of thickness coordinate of composite laminated plates attached with piezoelectric layer subjected to electromechanical loadings is studied.
This document provides an overview of mechanical and non-destructive testing methods for composite materials. It discusses various mechanical tests including hardness, tensile, compression, impact, and fatigue tests. It also discusses non-destructive testing methods such as visual inspection, liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, eddy current, ultrasonic, and radiographic testing. The document provides details on procedures and purposes for many of the most common tests used to evaluate composite material properties and identify defects.
Torsional evaluation of Tapered Composite Cone using Finite Element AnalysisIOSR Journals
Composite material is one of the most important and economical material for the various application
due to its favorable properties .Recently many researches are going on the various properties of the these
materials .In this paper an anisotropic behavior of the composite tube is to be modeled and analysis is to be
performed under torsional loading conditions. Torsion is a tricky phenomenon in composite cylinders as the
twist effects and their interactions with composite shells induce complex stress patterns. The objective behind
the study is to understand interaction of conical angle, length of tube and torsional moment .it also includes
comparative analysis of deformation and stresses developed in tapered composite cone due to use of various
materials like steel, orthotropic composite and laminated composite etc. The effect of taper angle, thickness of
the tube and fiber orientations in case of laminated composite is studied by using finite element analysis (ANSYS
software). The finite element analysis is especially versatile and efficient for the analysis of complex structural
behavior of the composite laminated structures. It is found that deformation in case of laminated composite and
deformation in between steel and laminated composite cone. At membrane stresses are observed at the middle of
cone in length direction for three materials.
Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC BeamsP singh
Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.
The document summarizes research testing the effect of steel fiber volume fraction on the flexural strength of high-strength concrete beams. 25 beams were tested with steel fiber volumes from 0.5-4%. Testing showed flexural strength increased with higher fiber volumes. As fiber content increased, the failure mode transitioned from shear to flexure. Load-deflection curves showed higher maximum loads and deflections for beams with more fibers. In conclusion, adding steel fibers increases flexural strength of beams, especially at lower fiber volumes.
When a ductile material with a crack is loaded in
tension, the deformation energy builds up around the crack tip
and it is understood that at a certain critical condition voids are
formed ahead of the crack tip. The crack extension occurs by
coalescence of voids with the crack tip. The “characteristic
distance” (Lc) defined as the distance b/w the crack tip & the void
responsible for eventual coalescence with the crack tip. Nucleation
of these voids is generally associated with the presence of second
phase particles or grain boundaries in the vicinity of the crack tip.
Although approximate, Lc assumes a special significance since it
links the fracture toughness to the microscopic mechanism
considered responsible for ductile fracture. The knowledge of the
“characteristic distance” is also crucial for designing the size of
mesh in the finite element simulations of material crack growth
using damage mechanics principles. There is not much work
(experimental as well as numerical) available in the literature
related to the dependency of “characteristic distance” on the
fracture specimen geometry. The present research work is an
attempt to understand numerically, the geometry dependency of
“characteristic distance” using three-dimensional FEM analysis.
The variation of “characteristic distance” parameter due to the
change of temperature across the fracture specimen thickness was
also studied. The work also studied the variation of “characteristic
distance”, due to the change in fracture specimen thickness.
Finally, the ASTM requirement of fracture specimen thickness
criteria is evaluated for the “characteristic distance” fracture
parameter. “Characteristic distance” is found to vary across the
fracture specimen thickness. It is dependent on fracture specimen
thickness and it converges after a specified thickness of fracture
specimen. “Characteristic distance” value is also dependent on the
temperature of ductile material. In Armco iron material, it is
found to decrease with the increase in temperature.
Experimental evaluation of flexural properties of polymer matrix compositesiaemedu
This document discusses an experimental evaluation of the flexural properties of polymer matrix composites reinforced with glass and carbon fibers. Three-point bending tests were conducted on laminate beams fabricated with bi-woven glass and carbon fibers in epoxy resin. The test results showed that carbon fiber composites had higher flexural strength and stiffness compared to glass fiber composites. Additionally, increasing the laminate thickness from 2mm to 3mm improved the flexural properties. The findings from the experimental tests agreed with theoretical predictions about the superior mechanical properties of carbon fibers relative to other fiber types.
This document summarizes research on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced polyester composites with varying fiber weight percentages (15-60%). Composites were produced using hand lay-up and tested for tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness. Test results showed the mechanical properties improved with increasing fiber content. Tensile strength increased from 28.25 to 78.83 MPa, flexural strength from 44.65 to 119.23 MPa, and impact energy from 3.50 to 6.50 Joules. Hardness increased from 31.5 to 47 BHN. The composite with 60% fiber content exhibited the best mechanical properties.
Static Analysis of Single Lap Joint of Composite Materialsijsrd.com
Mechanically fastened joints are critical parts in composite aircraft structures. The composite structural members are highly used in the following applications such as aerospace, automobiles, marine, architecture etc., In the past decades, adhesive bonding is a practical joint method for joining composite materials which provide low shear and tensile strength .To improve the tensile strength, the joint is made with material joint. Glass Fiber/Chopped strands mat and Bi-Directional fly / Epoxy composite is fabricated by hand lay-up method. The tensile properties of the material joint are obtained and compared with that of bolted joint. The experimental results shows that the material joint has superior tensile properties than the bolted joint and the Bi-Directional fly composite exhibits superior tensile strength than the chopped strands mat. Finite element analysis also done and compared with the experimental results and found to be similar.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
FRP Laminated Composite Plate with Central Circular Hole: Structural and Buck...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a finite element analysis of thin fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) rectangular composite plates with central circular holes under compressive loading. The analysis examines the effect of plate dimension ratio (L/W), stacking sequence, and hole diameter on the structural characteristics and buckling behavior. The results show that the critical load increases with L/W ratio up to a ratio of 4. The critical load also decreases as the hole diameter increases. The stacking sequence is found to impact the critical load values for different buckling modes. The findings provide insights into how composite plates perform under compression loads.
INTERFACIAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF EXTERNALLY PLATED RC BEAMSIjripublishers Ijri
has become a popular retrofit method due to its rapid, simple and other advantages. However, debonding along the
Steel-RC beam interface can lead to premature failure of the structures. The interfacial stresses play a significant role
in understanding this premature debonding failure of such repaired structures. This paper presents a careful finite
element investigation into interfacial stresses in the adhesive layer bonding RC beam and soffit plate. Finite element
modelling issues like proper selection of contact between adherents and symmetry conditions are first
discussed, with particular attention on appropriate finite element meshes for the accurate determination of interfacial
stresses. The interfacial stress behaviour at plate end has been analysed for two cases of loading taken one by applying
uniformly distributed load and the other with a two point loading. Two special cases are considered in two point
loading – for the cases when the plate terminates with-in the constant moment region (CMR) and for the case when
plate is extended beyond constant moment region where bending moment is minimal. The interfacial stresses are
increasing with a reduction in adhesive layer thickness where as the stresses are increasing with the increase in soffit
plate thickness. Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) has shown a significant reduction in interfacial stresses
when compared to steel plate. The interfacial stresses for the plate restricted within the constant moment region are very
high near the plate end leading to flexural debonding compared to the case where plate is extended beyond constant
moment region where bending moment is minimal. The concentration of stresses in the adhesive layer near the plate
end explained the significance in considering their influence in flexural debonding.
“Investigation of Structural Analysis of Composite Beam Having I- Cross Secti...IOSR Journals
Abstract: - In structural applications, beam is one of the most common structural members that have been
considered in design. This paper is intended to provide tools that ensure better designing options for composite
laminates of I -beam. In this Paper an analytical method & FEM approach calculating axial stiffness , Axial
stress ,Axial strain of flange and web laminates. The results show the stacking sequence and fiber angle
orientation strongly affects strength of composite I-beam.
The document analyzes the free vibration of sandwich beam structures using finite element modeling. Three models are created in MSC PATRAN/NASTRAN software: a 1D beam model, 2D shell model, and 3D solid model. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are calculated for beams made of aluminum (AL), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), and an AL-CPVC sandwich construction beam, under different boundary conditions. The finite element results show good agreement with analytical models for the AL and CPVC solid beams, with less than 2% error. However, for the AL-CPVC sandwich beam, the analytical solution over-predicts the natural frequencies, with errors increasing from 27% for the first
REVIEW STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A LAMINATED COMPOSITE BEAMIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing the static and dynamic behavior of laminated composite beams. It reviews literature on analyzing composite beams through finite element analysis to study the effects of fiber orientation, stacking sequence, and other parameters on the beam's deflections, stresses, and natural frequencies. The document outlines research conducting both numerical simulations and experimental tests on composite beams to model their vibration characteristics. It surveys various studies that use finite element modeling to investigate behaviors like buckling, cracking, and delamination in composite beams made of materials like glass fiber reinforced polymers.
Structural Health Monitoring of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Leaf Springpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has gained wide acceptance in the recent years as a means to monitor a structure and provide an early warning of an unsafe condition using real time data. Many researchers have shown that, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite leaf springs can be successfully used for suspension systems. This paper emphasizes on developing the SHM system for E-Glass/Epoxy FRP composite leaf springs based on strain sensing.
Keywords: Structural health monitoring, Fiber reinforced polymer, Strain-gauge sensors, Composite leaf spring, E-Glass/Epoxy.
IRJET- Fea & Experimental Analysis of Three Point Bending Test of Thin Walled...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on analyzing thin-walled circular structures filled with aluminum honeycomb that are subjected to three-point bending tests through finite element analysis and experimental testing. Specifically, the research involves:
1) Creating a 3D model of a circular specimen filled with aluminum honeycomb using CAD software and conducting experimental three-point bending tests on the specimen.
2) Analyzing the specimen through finite element analysis software and comparing the experimental and FEA results.
3) Drawing conclusions on the results and suggesting future work to further study circular thin-walled structures filled with honeycomb materials under three-point bending loads.
Utilization of steel in construction of high performance structures: A ReviewIRJET Journal
This document provides a literature review of research papers related to the analysis of steel structures using different alloys and metals in steel trusses. It summarizes several research papers that studied topics like cold-formed steel, steel beam-column connections, steel truss behavior, and comparisons of steel, concrete and cold-formed steel structures. The research papers used analytical and experimental methods to analyze structural behavior and load-carrying capacity. The results showed that cold-formed steel can provide economic and construction time benefits for buildings compared to other materials.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
At present, composite materials are mostly used in aircraft structural components, because of their excellent properties like lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, high stiffness, and corrosion resistance and less expensive. In this experimental work, the mechanical properties of laminate, this is reinforced with stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum sheet metal, perforated aluminum sheet metal and glass fibers to be laminate and investigated. The stainless steel wire mesh and perforated aluminum metal were sequentially stacked to fabricate, hybrid composites. The aluminum metal sheet is also employed with that sequence to get maximum strength and less weight. The tensile, compressive and flexure tests carried out on the hybrid composite. To investigate the mechanical properties and elastic properties of the metal matrix composite laminate of a material we are using experimental test and theoretical calculation. The experimental work consists of Tensile, compressive and flexural test. The expectation of this project results in the tensile and compressive properties of this hybrid composite it is slightly lesser than carbon fibers but it could facilitate a weight reduction compared with CFRP panels. So this hybrid laminates composite material offering significant weight savings and maximum strength over some other GFRP conventional panels.
Experimental Test of Stainless Steel Wire Mesh and Aluminium Alloy With Glass...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested the mechanical properties of a hybrid composite material made of stainless steel wire mesh, aluminum alloy sheets, glass fibers, and an epoxy matrix. Nine-ply composite laminates were fabricated using compression molding. Tensile, compressive, and flexural tests were conducted on the laminates according to standards. The results found the tensile and compressive properties to be slightly lower than carbon fibers but offered weight savings compared to conventional glass fiber reinforced panels. This hybrid composite material provides significant weight reduction and maximum strength.
This document provides a major project synopsis presentation for an experimental and failure analysis of a CFRP-CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced plastic) single lap adhesive joint. The objectives are to fabricate single lap adhesive joint specimens with CFRP and Araldite AW106 adhesive, varying overlap length and adhesive thickness, and perform tensile testing and ANSYS analysis. The methodology involves a literature review, materials purchasing, specimen fabrication, testing, ANSYS analysis, results comparison, and conclusion. Dimensions, material properties, and validated ANSYS models are presented. The analysis shows maximum stresses at the overlap ends and agrees with reference results.
Optimization of Varying Orientation of Continuous Fiber Direction and Its App...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Optimization of Varying Orientation of Continuous Fiber Direction and Its Applications to New Methods of Additive Manufacturing by Luca De Vivo Nicoloso* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Static structural and dynamic analysis of cracks in composite materialsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on analyzing cracks in composite materials using static and dynamic finite element analysis. It discusses:
1) Modeling a cracked and uncracked composite beam in ANSYS and analyzing their stress distributions and natural frequencies under static and dynamic loading. The cracked beam showed higher stresses and lower natural frequencies.
2) Conducting a case study on modeling and analyzing a cracked bicycle crank made of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. The crank was meshed and its stress fields were analyzed to study the effect of cracks on its strength and failure behavior.
3) The study aims to better understand how cracks influence the static and dynamic characteristics of composite materials like beams and crank arms, which is important for
IRJET-Effect of GFRP Wrapping on Flexural Behaviour of Reinfored Concrete BeamsIRJET Journal
The document discusses an experimental study on strengthening reinforced concrete beams using glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapping. Seven beam specimens were tested - one control beam and six beams wrapped with GFRP sheets with varying numbers of layers and orientations. The GFRP wrapping improved the beams' ultimate load capacity, energy absorption, and ductility compared to the control beam. Beams wrapped with three layers of GFRP in a U-shape or along the bottom showed the highest increase in ultimate load capacity of 42.5% and 25%, respectively, compared to the unwrapped control beam.
Structural Health Monitoring of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Leaf Springpaperpublications3
Abstract: The Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) has gained wide acceptance in the recent years as a means to monitor a structure and provide an early warning of an unsafe condition using real time data. Many researchers have shown that, Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composite leaf springs can be successfully used for suspension systems. This paper emphasizes on developing the SHM system for E-Glass/Epoxy FRP composite leaf springs based on strain sensing.
Comparative Study of Concrete Prisms Confined with G-FRP Wrapping Under Compr...IRJET Journal
- The document presents the results of an experimental study on the compressive behavior of concrete prisms confined with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wrapping.
- The prisms had varying edge details like sharp edges, rounded corners with radii of 13mm and 19mm, and chamfered edges of 13mm and 19mm.
- The results show that GFRP confinement significantly improved the ultimate compressive strength and failure strain of the prisms compared to unconfined prisms. Prisms with rounded corners and chamfered edges performed better than those with sharp edges.
Experimental study on Torsion behavior of Flange beam with GFRPIJSRD
The Study deals with experimental study using glass fiber polymers in civil science. Repairing represents an important aspect of the construction industry and its importance is increasing due to surrounding conditions or geoenvironmental degradations, increased service loads, reduced ability (to hold or do something) due to (old/allowing to get old/getting older), worsening because of poor construction materials and work quality’s and need for seismic-related have demanded the need for repair and rehabilitation of existing structures. Fiber reinforced polymers has been utilized effectively as a part of numerous applications such as low weight, high quality and capacity to last. Numerous past examination chips away at torsion strengthening were centered on strong rectangular RC Beams with distinctive strip designs and diverse sorts of fiber. Distinctive models were produced to torsion test for strengthening of RC beams and effectively utilized for approval of the test works.In the present work test study was done with a specific end goal to have a superior comprehension the conduct of torsion reinforcing of strong RC flanged T-Beam. A RC T-beam is deliberately examined and intended for torsion like a RC rectangular beam; the impact of cement on flange is disregarded by codes. In the present study impact of width in changing so as to oppose torsion is concentrated on flange width of controlled bars. Alternate specification considered is reinforcing and fiber orientations.
Analysing and Comparing the Behaviours of Cylindrical Fatigue Specimens Made ...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes and compares the behaviors of cylindrical fatigue specimens made of nickel-titanium shape memory alloy and steel using finite element analysis in Abaqus. The modal frequencies and deformations were analyzed for the first 20 modes of each material. For both materials, higher order flexions occurred at higher frequencies. Tensile stress was highest in the gauge section and highest for steel due to its higher Young's modulus. The nickel-titanium alloy specimen had a lower maximum frequency, energy, and tensile stress compared to steel. Shape memory alloys are implemented in structures for vibration control and energy dissipation during earthquakes.
Performance Analysis Of Retrofitted Beam Column Joint By Using FEMIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the performance of a retrofitted beam-column joint using finite element modeling (FEM). The researchers modeled an existing beam-column joint in FEM software, assigned material properties, and meshed the model. They then applied loads and analyzed the model results, including stress, strain distribution, and deformation. The joint was then retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and reanalyzed. The FEM results showed that retrofitting with CFRP increased the joint's strength and stiffness and reduced failure under seismic loads. The researchers concluded that CFRP is an effective material for retrofitting existing beam-column joints.
Similar to buckling analysis of cantilever pultruded I-sections using 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑌𝑆 ® (20)
This document describes the establishment of a fibroblast cell line from frozen embryos of Arbor Acre broiler chickens. Key findings include:
1) Fibroblast cells were successfully isolated from fresh and frozen embryos and exhibited typical fibroblast morphology.
2) Cell viability was over 80% after thawing frozen embryos and fibroblasts showed a population doubling time of around 42 hours.
3) Karyotyping showed the cells had a normal diploid chromosome number of 78 for chickens and a high percentage of cells were diploid.
4) Transfection of cells with a fluorescent protein vector showed protein expression and formation of fluorescent colonies over time, indicating the cells could be genetically modified.
This document provides a literature review on work stress of employees. It discusses how stress has been defined and the sources and types of stress. It reviews signs and symptoms of stress and strategies for coping with stress such as undertaking a stress audit, using scientific inputs, and spreading messages about stress management. The literature review section summarizes 12 previous research studies on topics like occupational stress among different professions, the relationship between emotional intelligence and occupational stress, and the impact of supportive leadership in moderating job stress and performance. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of managing stress and having a positive attitude and lifestyle to deal with distress and improve organizational well-being.
This document describes the design and manufacturing of an autonomous cart capable of following a user. The cart uses a Microsoft Kinect sensor to recognize and track users through voice and gesture recognition. An Arduino microcontroller controls the cart's motors to follow the user while avoiding obstacles. Two prototypes were created, with the second using stronger aluminum wheels, an acrylic base, and improved Kinect mounting. The cart aims to autonomously follow a single identified user based on their commands, maintaining distance and navigating obstacles. The document evaluates the cart's stress resistance and ability to meet the objectives of autonomous user following.
This document analyzes India's import demand for petroleum during a period of liberalization from 1981 to 2006. It estimates import demand functions using cointegration and error correction modeling approaches. The empirical results suggest there is a long-run equilibrium relationship between petroleum imports, import prices, income, wholesale prices, import duties, and foreign exchange reserves. The study aims to determine if liberalization policies in India impacted the country's petroleum import demand function.
This document summarizes the design and standardization of a scissor jack to avoid failures in the field. It presents the objectives of modifying the current jack design to improve reliability and reduce costs. It also describes developing a mathematical model for scissor jack design using inputs like vehicle weight and ground clearance. The design process involves modeling the jack in CATIA and developing equations in MATLAB to size components like the power screw, links, and nuts based on applied loads and stresses. Testing procedures are outlined to validate the jack's performance under different load conditions.
This document summarizes several studies on human resource management (HRM) and employee performance in the banking sector in India. It discusses the main challenges faced by banks, including adapting to changing economic conditions and regulations. Several literature reviews are also summarized that examine topics like HRM best practices, leadership styles, job descriptions, quality of worklife, and organizational effectiveness in banks. Case studies are presented on innovative HRM practices at State Bank of India, including performance appraisal, training programs, and organization development initiatives.
This document describes a proposed system for an automatic energy meter reading system using an ARM7 microcontroller and GSM technology. The system would automatically send meter readings and load information daily to the electricity provider via SMS. It would also allow the provider to remotely control load disconnection if payment is not made. This would make the meter reading process more efficient and accurate compared to manual readings, while also preventing electricity theft.
This document discusses processing private K-nearest neighbor (KNN) queries over untrusted cloud data. It proposes a framework that uses privacy homomorphism to securely process queries while preserving the privacy of both the data owner and the client submitting queries. The framework divides query processing into node traversal and distance computation steps. It encrypts the data index and uses the cloud to decrypt distances during computation, while preventing any party from accessing the actual query or result distances. The framework allows private querying without revealing sensitive information to the cloud or data owner.
This document reviews techniques for emotion recognition from facial expressions. It begins by outlining the general steps of emotion recognition systems as face detection, feature extraction, and classification. Popular techniques discussed include principal component analysis (PCA), local binary patterns (LBP), active appearance models, and Haar classifiers. PCA and LBP were found to provide higher recognition rates. The paper also reviews the Facial Action Coding System and compares the performance of different techniques based on recognition rate. In conclusion, PCA is identified as having the highest recognition rate and performance for emotion recognition.
- The document describes a proposed zigbee-based electronic menu ordering system using an ARM7 microcontroller.
- The system has two sections - a handheld customer section and a main section. The customer section allows selecting menu items via touchscreen and sends the order wirelessly to the main section using zigbee.
- The main section receives orders from multiple customer sections via zigbee, displays orders on an LCD, and sends the data to a PC for billing purposes. The goal is to develop a low-cost wireless ordering system for small restaurants.
This document summarizes a numerical study of microchannels with internal fins for cooling electronic equipment. Three types of microchannels were studied: square channels with conventional and cross fins, and rectangular channels with conventional fins. Constant heat flux boundary conditions and laminar flow were assumed. Results for average local Nusselt number distribution along the channel length were obtained as a function of fin height ratio. An optimum fin height ratio that maximized heat transfer was found for each microchannel type. Grid independence testing was performed to select the appropriate mesh for the numerical simulations.
This document summarizes a research paper on using k-means clustering to analyze big data. It begins with an introduction to big data and its characteristics. It then discusses related work on big data storage, mining, and analytics. The HACE theorem for defining big data is presented. The k-means clustering algorithm is explained as an efficient method for partitioning big data into groups. The proposed system uses k-means clustering followed by data mining and classification modules. Experimental results on two datasets show that the recursive k-means approach finds clusters closer to the actual number than the iterative approach. In conclusion, clustering is effective for handling big data attributes like heterogeneity and complexity, and k-means distribution helps distribute data into appropriate clusters.
The document discusses video streaming and content sharing between Android mobile devices and PCs using a peer-to-peer approach without servers. It presents an application that allows live video captured on a mobile device to be streamed and viewed on a nearby PC in real-time over WiFi. Content like images and text can also be shared between devices. The application has uses for social sharing, cooperative work, and assisting elderly/impaired users. It analyzes related works on mobile video streaming and discusses the system design.
Carbon fiber is an important material used to make lightweight and strong composite materials. It has high strength and stiffness but is also very lightweight. Carbon fiber composites are used in applications like aerospace structures, wind turbines, sports equipment, and transportation. The manufacturing process of carbon fiber involves spinning a precursor material like polyacrylonitrile (PAN) or pitch into fibers, then stabilizing and carbonizing the fibers at high temperatures to form carbon crystals within tightly bonded atomic structures. The carbon fibers are also treated and coated to improve adhesion with matrix resins and handleability. The resulting carbon fiber composites have advantages like high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and design flexibility.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of weld angles on butt weld joint strength. Specimens were made with V-groove weld geometries at included angles of 450, 500, 550, and 600 degrees. Tensile and fatigue tests were conducted on the specimens. The results showed that tensile strength and fatigue life increased with increasing included angle, with 600 degrees performing best. Tensile strength increased up to 76.64% and fatigue life up to 46.15% for the 600 degree angle compared to 450 degrees. Ultrasonic and magnetic testing found no defects in the welds. Therefore, the 600 degree angle provided better strength performance than the 450 degree commonly used.
This document proposes an improved steganography approach using color-guided channels in digital images. It begins with an introduction to steganography and discusses how it can be used to hide secret data or messages within cover objects like images, video, or audio files. The proposed method embeds data into a color image's RGB channels. It first converts the secret message to a binary bit stream and compresses it using run length encoding. The data is then embedded directly into the LSBs of some channels and indirectly into other channels by encoding counts. This approach aims to improve the visual quality of the stego image and have higher embedding capacity compared to existing methods.
1) This document discusses several research papers related to continuous data acquisition algorithms for smart grids using cloud-based technologies and smart meters.
2) It summarizes papers on cloud-based smart metering systems that use standardized communication between smart meters and servers stored in the cloud to optimize energy consumption. Another paper proposes a data collection algorithm that uses energy maps and clustering to reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
3) A third paper discusses utilities using satellites to remotely collect meter data in real-time for accuracy. A final paper presents an algorithm for smart building power consumption scheduling that uses smart meters and dynamic pricing to incentivize shifting usage to low-cost time periods.
This document discusses failure analysis of bearing cups in drive shaft assemblies. It aims to find a cost-effective solution to eliminate bearing cup cracking during assembly of universal joints. Various heat treatment processes are considered and carbonitriding is identified as the optimal process. It reduces bearing cup failure and manufacturing costs compared to other options like case hardening. A systematic methodology is applied, including understanding the current problem, analysis using wear testing and FEA, and implementing and confirming the effects of carbonitriding as a corrective measure.
This document describes the design of a test bench to test the performance of a gearbox. The test bench will allow testing of shift performance, leakage, noise, and shift force in driving and dragging conditions. The test bench design includes a fixture to hold the gearbox, a clamping arrangement, a gear shifting mechanism, and an oil dispensing, extraction and filtration unit. The main components are designed, including motors, shafts, couplings, bearings, timing belts, and the gearbox fixture. The fixture design includes resting blocks, pads and plates to support the gearbox at an angle. A pneumatic clamping cylinder is selected to fix the gearbox. A pneumatic tandem cylinder is used for the gear shifting mechanism
This study aimed to correlate knee height with body height and develop regression equations to estimate body height from knee height measurements in subjects from North India. The study measured the body height and knee height of 1000 healthy subjects aged 18 and older. Knee height was found to be positively correlated with body height. Regression analyses were used to generate equations to estimate body height based on knee height, with separate equations for males and females that also included age as a predictor variable. The equations were intended to provide a more accurate estimation of body height that is less affected by age-related changes.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
buckling analysis of cantilever pultruded I-sections using 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑌𝑆 ®
1. Vol-1 Issue-2 2015 IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396
1146 www.ijariie.com 71
Buckling analysis of cantilever pultruded
I-sections using 𝐴𝑁𝑆𝑌𝑆®
Kunj J. Patel1
, Satyen D. Ramani2
,
1
M.E. student, Civil Engineering Department, SAL institute of technology and engineering research,
Gujarat, India.
2
Asst. Professor, SAL institute of technology and engineering research, Gujarat, India.
ABSTRACT
For steel beam buckling analysis is a critical area of study to determine overall section capacity subjected to
bending. Pultruded I-beams are manufactured using fiber and matrix composite lamina hence is usually orthotropic
compared to conventional steel I-beams. Many researchers have studied the buckling characteristics of simply
supported pultruded FRP beams for various types of loadings. In this paper an attempt has been made to study the
buckling characteristics of cantilever beam subjected to point load at free end for WF(wide flange) & NF(narrow
flange) section. The validation has been made with experimental data. Further the parametric study has been
carried out to study the effect of fiber orientation along with fiber volume fraction on critical buckling loads.
Keyword: - Pultruded I-beams, Fiber orientation, buckling characteristics, fiber volume fraction.
1. INTRODUCTION:-
By decades the use of composite material is increased. By good knowledge of the fundamental properties of
composites the rise of composites can be explained.FRP profiles have been used over more over past few years, due
to high ratio of strength to weight. In the construction industry, recent applications have shown the structural and
cost efficiency of FRP structural shapes, such as thin-walled open sections made through so-called pultrusion
process. FRP beam and column offers great benefits in placement of composites with the help of lighter machine
and initial haulage. It also offers the less schedule of maintenance and offer easy attachment of fittings, with FRP
structures being engineered for a long service life. The physical and chemical properties of the composites make
them a very attractive material option for selection particularly in more corrosive environments where traditional
materials are known to deteriorate. To realize these benefits, the world of FRP requires demystifying, and the
selection of these products made more easily understood. Pultruded profiles for commercial and structural
applications which are produced by many manufacture the world. Most manufacturers produce custom profiles for
commercial applications. A number of industry groups represent and loosely coordinate the activities of pultrusion
manufacturers. Leading groups are the Pultrusion Industry Council of the European Pultrusion Technology
Association (EPTA) and the American Composites Manufacturers Association (ACMA). Commonly produced
pultruded profiles are usually available as wide-flange, I, rectangular tube, channel, square tube, plate materials and
angle profiles. Standard profiles range from width to approximately 12 in. (300 mm) and 2 in. (50 mm) in height and
have material thicknesses of two in. (6 to 13 mm).At this time there is no proper guidelines for the design of framed
structures using either pultruded structural profiles as there are for concrete structures strengthened with FRP
strengthening systems or reinforced with FRP rebar. However, two design manuals are developed: The Euro comp
Design Code and Handbook (Euro comp, 1996) and The Structural Plastics Design Manual (ASCE, 1984).
2. LITERATURE STUDY:-
M.M.Alinia, A.Dibaie, et al [1] studied buckling behavior of I-beams. The typical plated columns, one is 1m height
and second is 4m height having similar section properties are considered. The web and flange width are assumed to
be 1000mm and 300mm. The web and flange thickness is carried out 5mm and 30mm. During parametric studies for
web and flange slenderness ratio, thickness is varied. Selections of flange and web thickness are as per limits
defined in AISC360.The ABAQUS software is used in incremental nonlinear large displacement push over analysis.
2. Vol-1 Issue-2 2015 IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396
1146 www.ijariie.com 72
The nonlinear push over analysis is carried out by utilizing the modified Risk method, allowing for both softening
and stiffness hardening of plated structures.The structural elements are taken as four nodes doubly curved shell
element S4R in ABAQUS. This element accounts for large rotation and finite membrane strains. The S4R element
has three rotational and three translation of freedom at each node.it is based on isoperimetric formulation and uses
one integration point on its mid-surface to form the element internal force vector. The reduced integrated
formulation is used to reduce time and provide accurate results.
Ever J. barbero & Ioannis G. Raftoyiannis et al [2] has studied pultruded I-beams subjected to various loading
conditions and their elastic buckling modes. The lateral and distortional buckling coupling to appear in thin-walled
cross verify to their predict bending-twisting coupling and shear effects are accounted. The effect of volume fraction
and fiber orientation in the matrix is taken into account for parametric study. The buckling strength determine as
overall strength of the member. The energy criterion for equilibrium of structure is used for theory approach. The
solution of the problem is attempted by Rayleigh-Ritz method. The pre buckling solution is derived using laminated
beam theory. Coupling of local and lateral buckling modes always occurs due to the low stiffness of the material in
the perpendicular direction to the beam axis. For high depth-width ratio, lateral buckling is the governing mode of
failure. For low height-depth ratio coupled local and distortional buckling results in a reduced section. The simply
supported beams with free warping in both the ends and having concentrated load at the centroid is considered in the
specific cases, the theoretical formulation and the solution methodology can be easily applied for any boundary
conditions.
Rami Haj-Ali, HakanKilic et al [3] has invested Coupon tests and they are used to calibrate 3D micromechanical
models and to verify their prediction for the non-linear elastic behaviour of pultruded FRP composites. The material
system is made from E-glass/vinyl ester composite plate with both continuous filament mat (CFM) layers and glass
roving layers. Tension, shear and compression tests were performed, using off-axis coupons cut with different
roving reinforcement orientation. The overall linear elastic properties are identified along with the nonlinear stress-
strain behaviour under in-plane multi-axial tension and compression loading. The tests were carried out of coupons
with off-axis angles: 0’, 15’, 30’, 45’, 60’ and 90’, where each test was carried out three to five times. Finite element
analysis is used to examine geometry condition end-clamping condition and axis orientation. Lower initial elastic
modulus and softer nonlinear stress-strain responses observed in the tension compared to those in compression for
all axis orientation. The nonlinear behaviour can be attributed to the relatively low overall fiber volume fraction in
pultruded composites and manufacturing defects such as micro cracks and voids. End coupling effect for the tested
geometry is small at the centre and allows extracting the non-linear stress-strain response of anisotropic material.
Shear tests are used to calibrate the in situ nonlinear elastic properties of the matrix. The material has a lower initial
stiffness and lower ultimate tensile stress in tension compared to the corresponding values of compression tests,
regardless of thickness and angles approaching angle of 90’. Good scalability of material and geometry appear to
exist between the ¼ and ½ in. thickness coupons tension and compression of axis (45’) tests can be used to
determine the initial shear modulus of FRP pultruded material.
Lawrence C. Bank, et al [4] has considered the shear stiffness of pultruded FRP beam.. A new material stiffness
property called shear modulus is taken into account for the shear deformation effects. Results of an experimental
program conducted to obtain the section shear modulus for variety of FRP beams. The analysis of a rigid portal
frame structure is presented to demonstrate the influence of the beam section stiffness properties on frame deflection
and forces. The stiffness property can be obtained for standard putruded beams using test methodology that gives
beam flexure modulus. Using the stiffness properties designers can take account for the effect of shear deformation.
J. Lee, S.-E. Kim, K. Hong et al [5] has studied lateral buckling of a laminated composite I-section beam. General
analytical model applicable to the lateral buckling of section subjected to various loading types is developed. The
model is based on classical lamination theory. It accounts for the material coupling for arbitrary laminate stacking
sequence and various boundary conditions. The effect of the location of applied load on buckling capacity is also
included. A finite element model and a displacement model is developed to predict buckling modes and critical
loads of a thin walled composite beam with boundary conditions. Numerical results are obtained under, uniformly
distributed load; pure bending and central point load with angle-ply laminates. The effects of location of applied
load, types of loads and orientation of fiber are studied. Lateral buckling capacity of beams with transverse loads is
affected by the fiber orientation as well as location of loads. The maximum buckling loads occurs near 45’ fiber
angle for all cases of span to height ratio. For beam under pure bending with off-axis fiber orientation, orthotropic
closed-form solution is not appropriate for lateral buckling loads due to existence of coupling stiffness.
3. Vol-1 Issue-2 2015 IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396
1146 www.ijariie.com 73
Pizhong Qiao, Julio F. Davalos, Jialai Wang et al [6] has carried out an analytical study of local buckling of
discrete laminated panels or plates FRP structural shapes. Flanges of FRP shapes are modelled as discrete panels
subjected to uniform axial loads. Two cases with different boundary conditions and elastic restraints of composite
plates are studied. Using the regression analysis simplified expressions for predictions of plate buckling stress
resultants are formulated in terms of coefficients of boundary elastic restraints. The effects of restraint at the flange
web connection are considered. The theoretical predictions show good agreement with experimental data and FEM
eigen value analysis for local buckling of FRP columns. The present formulation can be applied to several cases to
determine buckling capacities.
Fig-1: Pultruded profiles: I, wide flange, angle, tube, and channel
3. VALIDATION STUDY:-
3.1 Material Geometry & properties:-
In this study, two wide flange profiles WF 0.1 x 0.1 x 0.006m (4x4x1/4”), WF 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.0095m (6 x6 x3/8”),
and two narrow flange profiles NF 0.1 X 0.2 X 0.0095m (4x8x3/8”), NF 0.07 X0.15 X 0.0095m (3x6x3/8”) of FRP
I-beams, which were manufactured by the pultrusion process and provided by Creative Pultrusions, Inc., Alum
Bank, PA, are taken. The 60% E-glass fibers and 40% polyester resin is used in pultrusion process.The results of
critical buckling loads for all profiles are compared to the experimental data from research work carried out by
Luyang shan et al [7]. The lamina properties of section are given as follows.
Table -1: Material Lamina properties
Exx 1.14 x 1010
Pa
Eyy 4.47 x 1010
Pa
Ezz 1.14 x 1010
Pa
NUxy 0.272
NUyz 0.272
NUxz 0.046
Gxy 4.20 X 109
Pa
Gyz 4.20 X 109
Pa
Gxz 4.20 X 109
Pa
3.2 Modelling in ANSYS:-
Each profile is modelled as cantilever beam with end condition (Ux=Uy=Uz=0) at all nodes of the flange and web at
one end to simulate the experimental setup[7].Vertical node at mid height of web is applied and eigen buckling
analysis is carried out.Fy=10 is applied as an initialization load for eigen buckling. Modelling is done using shell
4. Vol-1 Issue-2 2015 IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396
1146 www.ijariie.com 74
181, special element which facilitates the laminate analysis with orthotropic and anisotropic lamina stacking
arrangement material. For the analysis the beam length is taken 3m.Global lateral torsional buckling is observed as a
critical buckling mode.corrosponding loads for 1st
mode of lateral torsional buckling for each of four section
analysed is than compared with experimental data value obtained by Luyang Shan et al[7].
3.3 Critical buckling load (Pcr):-
Fig-2: Critical buckling load comparison
Table -2: Critical buckling load comparison between ANSYS and study done by Luyang Shan
Pcr (N)
WF 0.1m X 0.1m X0.006m Luyang shan 1436
ANSYS 1435
WF0.15mX0.15mX0.0095m Luyang shan 8624
ANSYS 8858
I 0.07mX0.15mX 0.0095m Luyang shan 2174
ANSYS 2000
I 0.10m X0.2mX 0.0095 m Luyang shan 4503
ANSYS 4200
Table-2 shows the comparision of critical buckling load from ANSYS & Luyang Shan. it can be concluded that the
results are very well in the compliance range with experiment.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
I 0.10X0.10 WF 0.15X0.15 I 0.07X0.15 I 0.10X0.20
Pcr(N) luyang shan
ANSYS
5. Vol-1 Issue-2 2015 IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396
1146 www.ijariie.com 75
4. FIBER ORIENTATION STUDY:-
One narrow flange section (NF 0.1 x 0.2 0.0095 m) and one wide flange section (WF 0.15 x 0.15 x 0.0095 m)
having different fiber volume fraction are taken as cantilever beam for study. Vertical 1 N load is applied on the
middle node of web at free end. Material properties are taken as described in Table-1. The effect of different fiber
orientation for different fiber volume fraction for cantilever beam is studied. Further in the study, all the possible
buckling modes are examined to find the critical load values corresponds to global lateral torsional buckling mode
(ltb) & local flange buckling mode (lfb). Critical load corresponds to lateral torsional buckling is denoted as P0 &
local flange buckling load is denoted as PL. Buckled shape for a typical cantilever I-beam subjected to point load at
free tip is shown for both case ltb and lfb in Fig-3.
Fig-3: Global and local buckling modes
Table -3: Critical buckling loads for different fiber angles for cantilever beam (NF-profile)
Fiber volume Fraction = 15%
Fiber Angle P0(N) PL(N)
P0/PL
15’ 1614 12706 0.127027
30’ 1526.6 14330 0.106532
45’ 1404.4 15650 0.089738
60’ 1286.7 14286 0.090067
75’ 1190.1 12581 0.094595
10. Vol-1 Issue-2 2015 IJARIIE-ISSN (O)-2395-4396
1146 www.ijariie.com 80
5. RESULTS & CONCLUSION:-
The increase in PL can be explained due to increase of in plane shear resistence as the fiber angle increses. The
minimum inplane buckling resistance is obtained for fiber orientation (45’/0’/+45’). Fig 5 & 7 shows the variation
P0/PL with respect to fiber orientation which suggests that for (-45’/0’/+45’),the P0/PL is minimum. From the
strength aspect the value of P0/PL should be minimum for optionized utilization of section strength.For fibr
orientation being constant, the increase in fiber volume leads to increase of both P0 and PL which is in due
cmpliance of other literature studies.[3,5].
Hence it can be concluded that for cantilever pultruded I-beam, the fiber orientation can be improve local flange
buckling capacity but will not improve global lateral torsional buckling capacity.
REFERENCES:-
[1] M.M.Alinia, A.Dibaie, “Buckling and failure characteristics of slender web I-column girders under interactive
compression and shear”, comp. meth. Civil Eng. Vol.3, 1(2012) 15.
[2] Ever J. barbero & Ioannis G. Raftoyiannis, “Lateral and distortional buckling of pultruded I-beams.”,
ELSEVIER science limited composite structures 27 (1994) 261-268
[3] Rami Haj-Ali, HakanKilic, “Non-linear behaviour of pultruded FRP composites.”, ELSEVIER science limited,
Composites: Part B 33 (2002)173-191.
[4] Lawrence C. Bank, “Properties of Pultruded Fiber Reinforced Plastic Structural members”, Transportation
research record 1223.
[5] J. Lee, S.-E. Kim, K. Hong, “Lateral buckling of I-section composites beams”, Elsevier Science Ltd.,
Engineering Structures 24 (2002) 955-964.
[6] Pizhong Qiao, Julio F. Davalos, Jialai Wang, “Local buckling of composite FRP shapes by discrete plate
analysis”, journal of structural engineering, vol.127, no. 3, march, 2001.
[7] Luyang Shan, “Explicit buckling analysis of Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP) composite structures”,Washinton
state university,May,2007.