This document discusses dust as a major air pollutant and occupational health risk in India. It notes that while gaseous pollutants receive more attention, dust levels often exceed standards and pose serious respiratory health risks, especially for workers. Monitoring of dust levels and worker exposures is limited in India. Many respiratory illnesses reported in workers are diagnosed generally and not linked to occupational dust exposure, despite dust-caused diseases being underreported. Improved monitoring, diagnosis of occupational illnesses, and awareness of workers' rights are needed to address dust-related health problems faced by Indian workers.
IRJET- Review on Occupational Health Diseases in the Textile IndustriesIRJET Journal
This document reviews occupational health diseases in the textile industry. It discusses several respiratory disorders that are common among textile workers due to exposure to cotton dust, including byssinosis, diffuse lung disease, chronic cough, breathing discomfort, and chronic bronchitis. The review also covers toxic liver disease due to chemical exposure and noise-induced hearing loss. Several studies cited found high rates of these diseases among textile workers compared to non-exposed individuals. Proper preventative measures and increased awareness of occupational hazards are needed to reduce health risks for workers in the textile industry.
Air Based Hazards ...
This topic comes under Hazards and Safety Management.....
This is useful for M.Pharm (Pharaceutical Quality Assurance) Students who studying in First year sem II....
This Presentation Contain following...
#Definition of Air Pollution
#Classification of Air Pollutant
#Sources of Air Pollution
#Man made sources
#Industrial sources
#Classification of Pollutants
#Effects of air pollution on plants
#Air pollution controlling equipments
#Case study
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D. V. Mahuli Sir
Industrial Hazards and Their Safety Measure in Textile IndustryAzmir Latif Beg
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Textile industries involve diverse operations including fiber synthesis, weaving, manufacturing, dyeing and finishing. Textile operations have been studied extensively and found numerous health and safety issues associated with the textile industry.
Hazards in Textile processing IndustriesDhruv Saxena
The document discusses various hazards present in textile processing industries. It identifies four main industrial hazards: fire, explosion, toxic release, and environmental damage. It then describes specific hazards from chemicals, dusts, and other exposures present in different textile operations like dyeing, bleaching, sizing, printing, and finishing. The document emphasizes the need for proper ventilation, bulk container redesign, work practices, personal protective equipment, and waste treatment to reduce worker exposures and environmental impacts from textile industry hazards.
The document discusses harmful substances in the workplace. It defines harmful substances and outlines some of the common harmful effects they can cause such as cancer, lung disease, and dermatitis. It then provides examples of incidents where employers were fined for failures relating to harmful substances, and outlines UK legislation governing harmful substances including the Health and Safety at Work Act, COSHH regulations, and CHIPS regulations. Finally, it describes the eight steps for reducing risks from harmful substances as outlined in the COSHH regulations.
This document discusses the application of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) technology in various food processing and storage facility environments. It begins by listing common facility types where UVGI can be used, then provides details on how UVGI works to destroy microorganisms through damaging their DNA. The document emphasizes that UVGI is a safe and effective solution for controlling airborne diseases and contaminants in these settings, as recommended by regulatory agencies. It also outlines specific benefits for facilities and processes involving food production, storage and handling.
The document discusses indoor air quality (IAQ) in a dental environment. It notes that dental work and materials can expose dentists, staff, and patients to airborne contaminants like microorganisms, mercury, and disinfectants. Maintaining proper IAQ is important for health. Key factors that impact IAQ include clinical procedures, materials used, ventilation, and surface decontamination. The EPA recommends technologies like HEPA filters, UV lights, ionization, photocatalytic oxidation, and electrostatic filters to effectively sterilize air and maintain a healthy dental environment.
The textile industry work environment poses several health hazards and risks to workers. Workers are exposed to high noise levels, dust, and heat. They use many chemicals in fabric processing that can cause respiratory issues if inhaled. Physical hazards include repetitive motions that can cause musculoskeletal disorders. Ergonomic issues like prolonged sitting and poor machine arrangements also put workers at risk of injuries. Control measures for these hazards include noise reduction techniques, local exhaust ventilation, protective equipment, job rotation, and adjustable workstations.
IRJET- Review on Occupational Health Diseases in the Textile IndustriesIRJET Journal
This document reviews occupational health diseases in the textile industry. It discusses several respiratory disorders that are common among textile workers due to exposure to cotton dust, including byssinosis, diffuse lung disease, chronic cough, breathing discomfort, and chronic bronchitis. The review also covers toxic liver disease due to chemical exposure and noise-induced hearing loss. Several studies cited found high rates of these diseases among textile workers compared to non-exposed individuals. Proper preventative measures and increased awareness of occupational hazards are needed to reduce health risks for workers in the textile industry.
Air Based Hazards ...
This topic comes under Hazards and Safety Management.....
This is useful for M.Pharm (Pharaceutical Quality Assurance) Students who studying in First year sem II....
This Presentation Contain following...
#Definition of Air Pollution
#Classification of Air Pollutant
#Sources of Air Pollution
#Man made sources
#Industrial sources
#Classification of Pollutants
#Effects of air pollution on plants
#Air pollution controlling equipments
#Case study
#Conclusion
#References
Thanks For Help and Guidance of Mr. D. V. Mahuli Sir
Industrial Hazards and Their Safety Measure in Textile IndustryAzmir Latif Beg
Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Textile industries involve diverse operations including fiber synthesis, weaving, manufacturing, dyeing and finishing. Textile operations have been studied extensively and found numerous health and safety issues associated with the textile industry.
Hazards in Textile processing IndustriesDhruv Saxena
The document discusses various hazards present in textile processing industries. It identifies four main industrial hazards: fire, explosion, toxic release, and environmental damage. It then describes specific hazards from chemicals, dusts, and other exposures present in different textile operations like dyeing, bleaching, sizing, printing, and finishing. The document emphasizes the need for proper ventilation, bulk container redesign, work practices, personal protective equipment, and waste treatment to reduce worker exposures and environmental impacts from textile industry hazards.
The document discusses harmful substances in the workplace. It defines harmful substances and outlines some of the common harmful effects they can cause such as cancer, lung disease, and dermatitis. It then provides examples of incidents where employers were fined for failures relating to harmful substances, and outlines UK legislation governing harmful substances including the Health and Safety at Work Act, COSHH regulations, and CHIPS regulations. Finally, it describes the eight steps for reducing risks from harmful substances as outlined in the COSHH regulations.
This document discusses the application of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) technology in various food processing and storage facility environments. It begins by listing common facility types where UVGI can be used, then provides details on how UVGI works to destroy microorganisms through damaging their DNA. The document emphasizes that UVGI is a safe and effective solution for controlling airborne diseases and contaminants in these settings, as recommended by regulatory agencies. It also outlines specific benefits for facilities and processes involving food production, storage and handling.
The document discusses indoor air quality (IAQ) in a dental environment. It notes that dental work and materials can expose dentists, staff, and patients to airborne contaminants like microorganisms, mercury, and disinfectants. Maintaining proper IAQ is important for health. Key factors that impact IAQ include clinical procedures, materials used, ventilation, and surface decontamination. The EPA recommends technologies like HEPA filters, UV lights, ionization, photocatalytic oxidation, and electrostatic filters to effectively sterilize air and maintain a healthy dental environment.
The textile industry work environment poses several health hazards and risks to workers. Workers are exposed to high noise levels, dust, and heat. They use many chemicals in fabric processing that can cause respiratory issues if inhaled. Physical hazards include repetitive motions that can cause musculoskeletal disorders. Ergonomic issues like prolonged sitting and poor machine arrangements also put workers at risk of injuries. Control measures for these hazards include noise reduction techniques, local exhaust ventilation, protective equipment, job rotation, and adjustable workstations.
Health hazard of textile sfinishing workersmona verma
The document discusses health hazards in the textile finishing industry and their remedies. It notes that textile processing involves many subprocesses using various chemicals that pose health risks to workers. It categorizes hazards as chemical, physical, biological, psychological, and ergonomic. Specific chemical hazards mentioned include oxidizing agents, reducing agents, corrosives, irritants, and flammables used in processes like bleaching, dyeing, and finishing. Prolonged exposure can cause respiratory problems, burns, allergic reactions, and neurological effects. Solutions proposed include controlling chemicals, temperatures, noise levels, and improving workstation design and shift lengths.
This document discusses indoor air quality (IAQ) in clinical environments. It outlines two categories of contaminated environmental surfaces - clinical contact surfaces and housekeeping surfaces. It emphasizes the importance of proper environmental decontamination and explains how aerosols can transmit pathogens. The document then discusses various IAQ contaminants like microorganisms, mercury, and disinfectants. It proposes five EPA-recommended technologies to resolve IAQ problems - MERV filters, germicidal UV lights, electrostatic filters, bi-polar ionization, and photo-catalytic oxidation using titanium dioxide. Finally, it presents Soma Medical's $3,550 IAQ solution protocol that implements all five technologies.
The document discusses three key factors - invisible particles, irritant gases, and infectious microbes (the "3 I's") - that can affect indoor environmental quality in classrooms and impact student attendance. It provides examples of specific contaminants that fall under each factor and their potential health effects. It also discusses strategies for improving classroom air quality, such as filtration systems, ventilation standards, and cleaning procedures.
1. The document discusses various types of air pollution including indoor and outdoor pollution. Indoor pollution is caused by burning fuels indoors for cooking and heating, while outdoor pollution comes from vehicle exhaust and industry emissions.
2. Specific types of outdoor air pollution discussed include smog, particulate matter, greenhouse gases, and natural sources like volcanic eruptions. Smog is formed from vehicle and industry emissions and can cause respiratory issues. Particulate matter comes from diesel exhaust and burning wood.
3. The document provides examples of historical smog events that caused many deaths, such as the 1952 London smog and 1966 New York City smog. Reducing indoor air pollution involves avoiding smoking indoors, proper ventilation
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PAPR SYSTEM FOR POWDER COATINGvivatechijri
The project defines the problem faced by the workers in powder coating industries. Powder coating is
a process by which electrostatically charged powder is applied on to an earthed object. The health effects that a
worker may experience following exposure to a hazardous chemical can become apparent after a short period of
time, and includes headaches, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, burns to skin and eyes an irritation to the nose,
throat and lungs. Long term health effects include asthma, dermatitis, kidney or liver damage, cancer and central
nervous system. The solution for the factors affecting the worker’s health and life, should provide the proper
protective equipment. Our design approach provides proper ventilated respiratory system to the person wearing
personal protective equipment, with air purification by providing the filters which will purify the air pumped
inside the kit.
Fire and explosions pose serious hazards in industrial settings. Three key elements are required for combustion - a fuel source, oxygen, and an ignition source. Major industrial accidents over recent decades involving fires, explosions, and chemical releases have caused numerous deaths and injuries as well as economic and environmental damage. Effective safety management including hazard identification, worker training, equipment inspections, and emergency response planning can help reduce risks. Prevention strategies include eliminating ignition sources, proper chemical storage, ventilation, and use of fire suppression systems.
This document discusses industrial hazards and safety measures. It begins by defining hazards and industrial hazards. There are several types of industrial hazards including chemical, physical, and biological hazards. Chemical hazards can include fire, explosion, reactivity, and toxic hazards. Physical hazards include ergonomics, heat, radiation, noise, and vibration. Biological hazards mainly consist of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The document outlines a hierarchy of hazard control methods including eliminating hazards, substituting hazards, isolating hazards, using engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment.
Industrial safety in the pharmaceutical industry aims to reduce risks from hazards like toxic chemicals, fires, dust, and machinery. Chemical hazards include irritants, asphyxiants, narcotics, and carcinogens. Fires can be caused by defects in equipment, smoking, or gas leaks. Dust is generated during processes like grinding, mixing, and packaging. Machinery hazards involve moving parts that may snag or crush workers. Proper ventilation, protective equipment, training, and emergency plans are needed to prevent accidents and protect workers from these various industrial hazards.
Occupational hygiene involves recognizing, evaluating, and controlling health hazards in the workplace to prevent ill health. It deals with chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic hazards through risk assessment, exposure monitoring, and advising on control measures such as engineering solutions, work practices, personal protective equipment, supervision, maintenance, procedures, auditing, testing, health surveillance, information, training, and housekeeping. Common hazards addressed include mineral oils, VOCs, benzene, hydrogen sulfide, asbestos, noise, vibration, heat/cold stress, Legionella, zoonoses, anthrax, and ergonomic issues related to manual handling and repetitive work.
ProService Indoor Air Quality profile for hotelsMohamed Ramadan
Indoor Air Quality Management:
Air duct cleaning.
Air duct disinfection.
Air coils cleaning.
Air coils disinfection.
Air handling systems cleaning.
Air handling systems disinfection .
Evaluation of dental technicians awareness of health and safety rule in denta...Fathie Kundie
This study evaluated the awareness of health and safety rules among 87 dental technicians working in public and private dental laboratories in 11 Libyan cities. A questionnaire assessed cleanliness, workspace conditions, air quality, lighting, safety of gas/electric lines, and presence of safety equipment and personal protective equipment. Results showed most technicians agreed their workspaces were clean but over half disagreed they had enough space or good air quality. Less than half of laboratories had adequate dust suction, fire extinguishers, or first aid kits. While most technicians used gloves, lab coats and masks, few used earplugs. The study concludes technicians were aware of personal safety but less aware of the importance of laboratory safety equipment for their health. It recommends dental technicians follow
This document provides an industry code of practice for safe working in confined spaces in Malaysia. It was published by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) to provide guidance to employers and workers. The code outlines requirements for developing a confined space entry program, including establishing permit systems, conducting atmospheric testing, providing rescue services, training workers, and defining responsibilities of various roles. It aims to prevent accidents and protect worker health and safety when working in confined spaces.
The textile industry in India faces significant challenges from technological obsolescence and environmental problems. Many textile mills still use outdated machinery and processes that are decades old, resulting in low production efficiency and capacity utilization. This technological obsolescence has contributed to India's small 3% share of the global textile market. The textile industry also generates extensive pollution from its effluents, emissions, and wastes, harming water sources, soil, air quality, and human health. Upgrading textile mill technology and improving environmental practices are needed to make the industry more viable and competitive on a global scale.
A new hope for protection from adverse healthECRD2015
This document summarizes the prevalence and health risks of silica exposure in India. Some key points:
- Silica is widely distributed in soil and the earth's crust. Many occupational and non-occupational exposures exist through industries, mining, construction, agriculture, and windblown dust.
- High levels of silica exposure are common in many parts of India and can cause respiratory diseases like bronchitis, pneumoconiosis, and silicosis. These diseases often go undiagnosed and are difficult to treat.
- Modern medicine has not found effective treatments for silica-induced diseases. However, an Ayurvedic formulation called Kamadgiri was found to significantly reduce cough and
Significance of patient occupations and oral diseases. The environment is one of the many determinants of
human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.[1]Occupational environment’ means the sum of external
conditions and influences, that prevail at the place of work
and which have a bearing on the health of the working population.[1]
The interaction of the individual with the physical, chemical and
biological agents of the workplace place a great bearing on his physical and psychological health.
The environment is one among the many determinants of
the human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is really the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1 Course Learni.docxaryan532920
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain key industrial hygiene concepts such as routes of entry and hierarchy of controls.
5.1 Describe how chemical properties affect the different routes of exposure.
5.2 Describe how chemicals can enter the body through the dermal route.
6. Examine different types of industrial hazards commonly addressed by the industrial hygienist.
6.1 Identify chemical and biological hazards in occupational settings.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 6:
Gases and Vapors, pp. 113–119
Chapter 7:
Aerosols, pp. 137–144
Chapter 10:
Dermal Hazards, pp. 213–225
Chapter 15:
Biological Hazards, pp. 349–361
Click here to view a PowerPoint presentation to learn more information regarding chemical and biological
hazards.
Click here to access the PDF version of the PowerPoint presentation.
Unit Lesson
An important part of the industrial hygienist’s job is to recognize hazards in the workplace. Occupational
hazards can be divided into three basic categories: chemical, biological, and physical. We will be studying
chemical and biological hazards during this unit. Recognizing chemical hazards requires the industrial
hygienist to have at least a basic understanding of chemistry and biology, including the sub-science
of microbiology.
Chemical hazards are typically divided into two categories based on their chemical state. The two categories
are vapors/gases and aerosols. In the occupational setting, it is more common that the terms particle or
particulate are used. It is fairly easy to understand the differences between gases/vapors and aerosols. What
may be more difficult is to understand the difference between a gas and a vapor.
The difference between a gas and a vapor depends on the state of the chemical at normal (sometimes called
standard) temperature and pressure (NTP or STP). A gas is in the gaseous state at NTP, while a vapor is in
the liquid state at NTP with some vapors being produced. The concentration of the vapors being produced
depends on the vapor pressure of the chemical. Gases have vapor pressures that are high enough that they
do not exist as a liquid at NTP. The higher the vapor pressure is for a chemical, the more likely a vapor will be
produced. One important thing to remember is that vapor pressure is temperature dependent. As the
temperature increases, the vapor pressure of a chemical will also increase, increasing the volatility of the
compound. This can be very important for an industrial hygienist in recognizing chemical hazards. Thus, if the
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Recognition of Chemical and Biological Hazards
Commonly Present in Industrial Settings
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MOS/MOS6301/16G/UnitIV_PowerPoint_Presentation.ppsx
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergen ...
Work place diseases and injuries are common prevalence in industries of Pakistan. The present study aimed at evaluating occupational health and safety (OH&S) conditions and risks posed to textile workers. Environmental and noise level monitoring at selected textile industry was carried out for three months. Hazard identification and risk evaluation was performed using OH&S audit checklist and questionnaire survey. Monitoring results showed relatively higher noise level in stitching unit. PM10 at ‘Grey’ inspection and ‘Cutting’ sections while temperature at ‘singeing’, ‘De-sizing’ and ‘stitching’ units exceeded the prescribed limits. Audiometric testing identified hearing losses among workers diagnosed with hearing disabilities. The frequency for testing hearing loss in left and right ears was set at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz. Significant risks of exposure to cotton dust, chemicals, increasing noise level and minor physical injuries at the work site were identified.
Cement production releases particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and heavy metals into the air which can cause various health issues. The Ashaka Cement Industry in Gombe, Nigeria is studied for its environmental and physiological effects. Long term exposure to dust from the cement factory can affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems, and increase the risk of lung diseases, cancer and pneumonia. Solutions proposed include implementing ventilation, protective equipment, medical monitoring, afforestation and increasing smokestack height.
This document discusses air pollution and methods for sampling air quality. It defines air pollution as undesirable atmospheric substances including gases and particulate matter from sources like industries, vehicles and waste. There are two main sampling methods - continuous and time-averaged. Samples are then analyzed using physical, chemical and biological methods to determine concentration levels over time. Sampling locations and equipment depend on the study objectives. Regular monitoring measures substances like sulfur dioxide weekly to assess national ambient air quality.
Manchester Offices + Workspace Update - 5plus Architects Place North West
The document discusses how technological advancements and changing work patterns are outpacing the development of physical workspaces. It notes that jobs are being displaced by automation while new types of jobs are being created. The key drivers for change in the workplace are identified as technology, economic value and return on investment, long-term adaptability and sustainability, focus on people's experience and wellbeing, and driving creativity and productivity. Metrics related to health, such as absenteeism, performance, and sleep, are presented. Finally, the document discusses ensuring buildings are effective, sustainable, and adaptable to contribute positively to society into the future.
Health hazard of textile sfinishing workersmona verma
The document discusses health hazards in the textile finishing industry and their remedies. It notes that textile processing involves many subprocesses using various chemicals that pose health risks to workers. It categorizes hazards as chemical, physical, biological, psychological, and ergonomic. Specific chemical hazards mentioned include oxidizing agents, reducing agents, corrosives, irritants, and flammables used in processes like bleaching, dyeing, and finishing. Prolonged exposure can cause respiratory problems, burns, allergic reactions, and neurological effects. Solutions proposed include controlling chemicals, temperatures, noise levels, and improving workstation design and shift lengths.
This document discusses indoor air quality (IAQ) in clinical environments. It outlines two categories of contaminated environmental surfaces - clinical contact surfaces and housekeeping surfaces. It emphasizes the importance of proper environmental decontamination and explains how aerosols can transmit pathogens. The document then discusses various IAQ contaminants like microorganisms, mercury, and disinfectants. It proposes five EPA-recommended technologies to resolve IAQ problems - MERV filters, germicidal UV lights, electrostatic filters, bi-polar ionization, and photo-catalytic oxidation using titanium dioxide. Finally, it presents Soma Medical's $3,550 IAQ solution protocol that implements all five technologies.
The document discusses three key factors - invisible particles, irritant gases, and infectious microbes (the "3 I's") - that can affect indoor environmental quality in classrooms and impact student attendance. It provides examples of specific contaminants that fall under each factor and their potential health effects. It also discusses strategies for improving classroom air quality, such as filtration systems, ventilation standards, and cleaning procedures.
1. The document discusses various types of air pollution including indoor and outdoor pollution. Indoor pollution is caused by burning fuels indoors for cooking and heating, while outdoor pollution comes from vehicle exhaust and industry emissions.
2. Specific types of outdoor air pollution discussed include smog, particulate matter, greenhouse gases, and natural sources like volcanic eruptions. Smog is formed from vehicle and industry emissions and can cause respiratory issues. Particulate matter comes from diesel exhaust and burning wood.
3. The document provides examples of historical smog events that caused many deaths, such as the 1952 London smog and 1966 New York City smog. Reducing indoor air pollution involves avoiding smoking indoors, proper ventilation
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PAPR SYSTEM FOR POWDER COATINGvivatechijri
The project defines the problem faced by the workers in powder coating industries. Powder coating is
a process by which electrostatically charged powder is applied on to an earthed object. The health effects that a
worker may experience following exposure to a hazardous chemical can become apparent after a short period of
time, and includes headaches, nausea or vomiting, dizziness, burns to skin and eyes an irritation to the nose,
throat and lungs. Long term health effects include asthma, dermatitis, kidney or liver damage, cancer and central
nervous system. The solution for the factors affecting the worker’s health and life, should provide the proper
protective equipment. Our design approach provides proper ventilated respiratory system to the person wearing
personal protective equipment, with air purification by providing the filters which will purify the air pumped
inside the kit.
Fire and explosions pose serious hazards in industrial settings. Three key elements are required for combustion - a fuel source, oxygen, and an ignition source. Major industrial accidents over recent decades involving fires, explosions, and chemical releases have caused numerous deaths and injuries as well as economic and environmental damage. Effective safety management including hazard identification, worker training, equipment inspections, and emergency response planning can help reduce risks. Prevention strategies include eliminating ignition sources, proper chemical storage, ventilation, and use of fire suppression systems.
This document discusses industrial hazards and safety measures. It begins by defining hazards and industrial hazards. There are several types of industrial hazards including chemical, physical, and biological hazards. Chemical hazards can include fire, explosion, reactivity, and toxic hazards. Physical hazards include ergonomics, heat, radiation, noise, and vibration. Biological hazards mainly consist of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. The document outlines a hierarchy of hazard control methods including eliminating hazards, substituting hazards, isolating hazards, using engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment.
Industrial safety in the pharmaceutical industry aims to reduce risks from hazards like toxic chemicals, fires, dust, and machinery. Chemical hazards include irritants, asphyxiants, narcotics, and carcinogens. Fires can be caused by defects in equipment, smoking, or gas leaks. Dust is generated during processes like grinding, mixing, and packaging. Machinery hazards involve moving parts that may snag or crush workers. Proper ventilation, protective equipment, training, and emergency plans are needed to prevent accidents and protect workers from these various industrial hazards.
Occupational hygiene involves recognizing, evaluating, and controlling health hazards in the workplace to prevent ill health. It deals with chemical, physical, biological, and ergonomic hazards through risk assessment, exposure monitoring, and advising on control measures such as engineering solutions, work practices, personal protective equipment, supervision, maintenance, procedures, auditing, testing, health surveillance, information, training, and housekeeping. Common hazards addressed include mineral oils, VOCs, benzene, hydrogen sulfide, asbestos, noise, vibration, heat/cold stress, Legionella, zoonoses, anthrax, and ergonomic issues related to manual handling and repetitive work.
ProService Indoor Air Quality profile for hotelsMohamed Ramadan
Indoor Air Quality Management:
Air duct cleaning.
Air duct disinfection.
Air coils cleaning.
Air coils disinfection.
Air handling systems cleaning.
Air handling systems disinfection .
Evaluation of dental technicians awareness of health and safety rule in denta...Fathie Kundie
This study evaluated the awareness of health and safety rules among 87 dental technicians working in public and private dental laboratories in 11 Libyan cities. A questionnaire assessed cleanliness, workspace conditions, air quality, lighting, safety of gas/electric lines, and presence of safety equipment and personal protective equipment. Results showed most technicians agreed their workspaces were clean but over half disagreed they had enough space or good air quality. Less than half of laboratories had adequate dust suction, fire extinguishers, or first aid kits. While most technicians used gloves, lab coats and masks, few used earplugs. The study concludes technicians were aware of personal safety but less aware of the importance of laboratory safety equipment for their health. It recommends dental technicians follow
This document provides an industry code of practice for safe working in confined spaces in Malaysia. It was published by the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) to provide guidance to employers and workers. The code outlines requirements for developing a confined space entry program, including establishing permit systems, conducting atmospheric testing, providing rescue services, training workers, and defining responsibilities of various roles. It aims to prevent accidents and protect worker health and safety when working in confined spaces.
The textile industry in India faces significant challenges from technological obsolescence and environmental problems. Many textile mills still use outdated machinery and processes that are decades old, resulting in low production efficiency and capacity utilization. This technological obsolescence has contributed to India's small 3% share of the global textile market. The textile industry also generates extensive pollution from its effluents, emissions, and wastes, harming water sources, soil, air quality, and human health. Upgrading textile mill technology and improving environmental practices are needed to make the industry more viable and competitive on a global scale.
A new hope for protection from adverse healthECRD2015
This document summarizes the prevalence and health risks of silica exposure in India. Some key points:
- Silica is widely distributed in soil and the earth's crust. Many occupational and non-occupational exposures exist through industries, mining, construction, agriculture, and windblown dust.
- High levels of silica exposure are common in many parts of India and can cause respiratory diseases like bronchitis, pneumoconiosis, and silicosis. These diseases often go undiagnosed and are difficult to treat.
- Modern medicine has not found effective treatments for silica-induced diseases. However, an Ayurvedic formulation called Kamadgiri was found to significantly reduce cough and
Significance of patient occupations and oral diseases. The environment is one of the many determinants of
human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.[1]Occupational environment’ means the sum of external
conditions and influences, that prevail at the place of work
and which have a bearing on the health of the working population.[1]
The interaction of the individual with the physical, chemical and
biological agents of the workplace place a great bearing on his physical and psychological health.
The environment is one among the many determinants of
the human health. The key to man’s health lies largely in his
environment, and the study of the disease is really the study
of man and his environment.
Hippocrates was the first person who related the environment and the disease. Later the concept of disease and environment association was revived by Pettenkofer.
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1 Course Learni.docxaryan532920
MOS 6301, Advanced Industrial Hygiene 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
5. Explain key industrial hygiene concepts such as routes of entry and hierarchy of controls.
5.1 Describe how chemical properties affect the different routes of exposure.
5.2 Describe how chemicals can enter the body through the dermal route.
6. Examine different types of industrial hazards commonly addressed by the industrial hygienist.
6.1 Identify chemical and biological hazards in occupational settings.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 6:
Gases and Vapors, pp. 113–119
Chapter 7:
Aerosols, pp. 137–144
Chapter 10:
Dermal Hazards, pp. 213–225
Chapter 15:
Biological Hazards, pp. 349–361
Click here to view a PowerPoint presentation to learn more information regarding chemical and biological
hazards.
Click here to access the PDF version of the PowerPoint presentation.
Unit Lesson
An important part of the industrial hygienist’s job is to recognize hazards in the workplace. Occupational
hazards can be divided into three basic categories: chemical, biological, and physical. We will be studying
chemical and biological hazards during this unit. Recognizing chemical hazards requires the industrial
hygienist to have at least a basic understanding of chemistry and biology, including the sub-science
of microbiology.
Chemical hazards are typically divided into two categories based on their chemical state. The two categories
are vapors/gases and aerosols. In the occupational setting, it is more common that the terms particle or
particulate are used. It is fairly easy to understand the differences between gases/vapors and aerosols. What
may be more difficult is to understand the difference between a gas and a vapor.
The difference between a gas and a vapor depends on the state of the chemical at normal (sometimes called
standard) temperature and pressure (NTP or STP). A gas is in the gaseous state at NTP, while a vapor is in
the liquid state at NTP with some vapors being produced. The concentration of the vapors being produced
depends on the vapor pressure of the chemical. Gases have vapor pressures that are high enough that they
do not exist as a liquid at NTP. The higher the vapor pressure is for a chemical, the more likely a vapor will be
produced. One important thing to remember is that vapor pressure is temperature dependent. As the
temperature increases, the vapor pressure of a chemical will also increase, increasing the volatility of the
compound. This can be very important for an industrial hygienist in recognizing chemical hazards. Thus, if the
UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE
Recognition of Chemical and Biological Hazards
Commonly Present in Industrial Settings
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergency_Services/MOS/MOS6301/16G/UnitIV_PowerPoint_Presentation.ppsx
https://online.columbiasouthern.edu/CSU_Content/Courses/Emergen ...
Work place diseases and injuries are common prevalence in industries of Pakistan. The present study aimed at evaluating occupational health and safety (OH&S) conditions and risks posed to textile workers. Environmental and noise level monitoring at selected textile industry was carried out for three months. Hazard identification and risk evaluation was performed using OH&S audit checklist and questionnaire survey. Monitoring results showed relatively higher noise level in stitching unit. PM10 at ‘Grey’ inspection and ‘Cutting’ sections while temperature at ‘singeing’, ‘De-sizing’ and ‘stitching’ units exceeded the prescribed limits. Audiometric testing identified hearing losses among workers diagnosed with hearing disabilities. The frequency for testing hearing loss in left and right ears was set at 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz and 4000 Hz. Significant risks of exposure to cotton dust, chemicals, increasing noise level and minor physical injuries at the work site were identified.
Cement production releases particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and heavy metals into the air which can cause various health issues. The Ashaka Cement Industry in Gombe, Nigeria is studied for its environmental and physiological effects. Long term exposure to dust from the cement factory can affect the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems, and increase the risk of lung diseases, cancer and pneumonia. Solutions proposed include implementing ventilation, protective equipment, medical monitoring, afforestation and increasing smokestack height.
This document discusses air pollution and methods for sampling air quality. It defines air pollution as undesirable atmospheric substances including gases and particulate matter from sources like industries, vehicles and waste. There are two main sampling methods - continuous and time-averaged. Samples are then analyzed using physical, chemical and biological methods to determine concentration levels over time. Sampling locations and equipment depend on the study objectives. Regular monitoring measures substances like sulfur dioxide weekly to assess national ambient air quality.
Manchester Offices + Workspace Update - 5plus Architects Place North West
The document discusses how technological advancements and changing work patterns are outpacing the development of physical workspaces. It notes that jobs are being displaced by automation while new types of jobs are being created. The key drivers for change in the workplace are identified as technology, economic value and return on investment, long-term adaptability and sustainability, focus on people's experience and wellbeing, and driving creativity and productivity. Metrics related to health, such as absenteeism, performance, and sleep, are presented. Finally, the document discusses ensuring buildings are effective, sustainable, and adaptable to contribute positively to society into the future.
This document discusses the link between tuberculosis (TB) and environmental factors. It notes that while clinical solutions like drugs and vaccines are emphasized, TB incidence is not falling rapidly enough. To better address long-term trends, social and environmental interventions must also be delivered, such as improvements to housing, energy access, and education. These sectors need to work together with health to help control TB on a broader level. The environment plays an overlooked role in TB transmission that could be mitigated through multi-sectoral public health strategies.
Heavy metal-contamination-in-solid-aerosols-and-top-soils-of-faisalabad-envio...Ijcem Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing heavy metal contamination in solid aerosols and top soils in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to analyze samples of solid aerosols and soils from 50 sites for levels of cadmium, copper, zinc and lead. The study found elevated levels of cadmium and lead in solid aerosols, and all four metals in soils, with concentrations highest in industrial and commercial areas. Statistical analysis showed significant variability between sites. The authors conclude that various industries are contributing heavy metals to the local environment and negatively impacting human health.
This study examined working conditions, occupational safety, and respiratory health symptoms among 800 workers in 47 cotton factories in Pakistan. The highest levels of cotton dust and poorest occupational safety ratings were found in weaving sections. Workers in weaving reported the highest prevalence (20-40%) of respiratory symptoms like cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. While endotoxin levels were highest in spinning sections where humidity is high. Overall, the study found poor working conditions and a need for improved occupational health and safety, especially focused on small weaving factories.
The document discusses biases associated with using PM10 and PM2.5 samplers to measure particulate matter concentrations. Specifically, it notes that sampler measurements are impacted by the interaction between particle size distributions in the air and sampler performance characteristics. Samplers cannot accurately measure virtual cut concentrations of particles below certain sizes, as some smaller particles may not be collected while some larger particles may be. This can lead to unequal regulation of industries emitting particles of different sizes but with the same measured concentrations. To achieve equal regulation, measurements would need to be based on actual particle sizes rather than sampler measurements.
This document discusses occupational health and safety. It defines occupational health as promoting workers' physical, mental, and social well-being. Occupational health hazards are classified as physical, chemical, biological, psychological, and mechanical. Examples of physical hazards include heat, cold, light, noise, vibration, and ultraviolet radiation. The document also discusses safety measures that can be taken, including medical examinations, engineering controls, and legislation. The role of nurses is to educate workers and protect them from occupational health hazards.
Fundamental Principle Of Dental
I.A.Q.( Indoor Air Quality). Environmental Surfaces Contaminated patient care items and surfaces pose different degrees of risk for infection
transmission based on their location and potential to transmit pathogens. With regards to environmental surfaces, the latest precautionary dental guidelines also provide a better
understanding of how to discriminate between the two categories of environmental surfaces: clinical contact surfaces and housekeeping surfaces.
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, effects, and prevention. It begins by defining air pollution as the presence of substances in the air that can harm health, vegetation, or property. Major sources of air pollution include automobiles, industries, domestic sources, and miscellaneous activities. Air pollutants can be primary (directly emitted) or secondary (formed from chemical reactions in the air). Examples given are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, lead, and particulate matter. Air pollution negatively impacts human health, animal health, the environment, and social/economic aspects. Prevention of further air pollution is needed through containment, replacement, dilution of pollutants, legislation, and international cooperation.
This document discusses air pollution, its sources, classification, and impacts on human health and the environment. It provides the following key points:
- Air pollution kills an estimated 7 million people worldwide each year. Many cities in India, including Delhi, are among the most polluted in the world.
- Both natural sources like dust storms and volcanoes as well as anthropogenic sources like vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and biomass burning contribute to air pollution.
- Major air pollutants are particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, and lead. Exposure can cause respiratory and cardiovascular issues.
- National standards have been established in India to monitor six criteria pollut
Recent cases of casualty of workers in rubber latex factories due to hydrogen sulfide call for urgent
attention to better understanding, prevention of damages in working and living in risky environments,
and promotion of public and labor awareness. Specific responsible organization here is the subcontractor
of latex factories. H2
S characteristics, sources and symptoms from exposure are emphasized. Proper
practice should be followed strictly along with better cooperation among experts for the main objective
in saving lives and greater safety in living and working.
The document discusses pollution caused by the garment industry in Bangladesh. It identifies three main types of pollution: water, air, and land pollution. Water pollution occurs when untreated wastewater from garment factories is disposed of in water bodies, contaminating the water with chemicals. Air pollution results from emissions from boilers, generators and other equipment used in factories. Land pollution happens from pesticides and fertilizers used in cotton farming as well as hazardous solid waste disposed of on land. The garment industry is a major contributor to environmental degradation through pollution if not properly managed and regulated.
Workplace safety scenario in bangladeshM S Siddiqui
The buyers and western civil societies are concerned of garments sector but there is hardly any attention to other sector like agricultural, industrial and service sectors and we should give due attention to safeguard all the sectors of employments both formal and informal.
This document provides information about using a spectrophotometer for quantitative analysis. It discusses how spectrophotometers work based on the Beer-Lambert law relating absorbance of light to analyte concentration. The key components of a spectrophotometer are described including the light source, wavelength selector, sample cuvette, detector, and readout device. General procedures are outlined for preparing standard solutions to generate a calibration curve and determining concentrations of unknown samples.
Quality assurance and quality control programs are necessary to ensure the validity and reliability of analytical environmental data. Several studies have shown large variations in results for identical samples analyzed by different laboratories. AQC programs establish procedures for sample collection, analysis, calibration, quality control checks, and data reporting. Key aspects include standard methods, analyst training, instrument maintenance, calibration verification, internal quality control samples, and inter-laboratory sample exchanges to check for accuracy. Control charts can be used to monitor results and identify any loss of statistical control that could indicate errors have been introduced. Both precision and accuracy are important to consider when evaluating results.
This document provides information on basic chemistry concepts including:
- Tables listing properties of common elements and radicals that environmental chemists encounter.
- Molecular formulas and weights are calculated by balancing positive and negative charges of ions.
- Titrimetric analysis involves determining the volume of a standard solution needed to completely react with an unknown substance. Indicators cause a visual change when the reaction is complete.
- Significant figures are used to report measurement results without ambiguity. Only digits certain from measurement are considered significant.
Measurement of Respirable Suspended Pm10 ParticlesECRD IN
This document provides a detailed method for measuring respirable particulate matter (PM10) in ambient air using a cyclone flow technique. Key steps include:
1) Drawing air through a size-selective inlet and filter to collect particles under 10 micrometers.
2) Weighing the filter before and after to determine the mass of collected particles.
3) Calculating the PM10 concentration by dividing the weight gain by the sampled air volume.
4) Specifying equipment such as the high volume air sampler, cyclone inlet, and controlled environment for filter weighing.
Measurement of Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)ECRD IN
This document discusses pH and methods of measuring pH. It begins with an overview of pH and what it measures. It then describes the pH scale and how pH values are calculated from hydrogen ion concentration. Various pH indicators and their color changes in different pH ranges are presented in a table. The document mainly focuses on using a pH meter with glass electrodes to accurately measure pH. It provides details on operating, calibrating, and storing measurements with a pH meter. Buffer solutions used for calibration are also described.
Determination of Suspended PM in AtmosphereECRD IN
This document provides guidance on determining suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere using a high volume sampling method. It describes the key components of the method including drawing air through a size-selective inlet and filter at a rate of 1132 L/min to collect particulate matter. The mass of particles collected on the filter is determined by weighing the filter before and after sampling. The document also discusses potential sources of error and interference and provides details on equipment, reagents, calibration procedures, and field sampling steps.
The document discusses basic statistical concepts used to analyze environmental data. It provides an example of a frequency distribution based on 44 replicate analyses of water hardness. The data are classified into ranges and the number of values in each range are used to calculate the frequency. Central tendencies like the mean, median, and mode are defined. Standard deviation is described as a measure of how data points are clustered around the mean. The concept of normal distribution is introduced. Precision is defined as the reproducibility of results and accuracy as the closeness to the accepted value. Methods to calculate and express precision both absolutely and relatively are presented. The propagation of errors when results involve sums, differences, products and quotients is demonstrated through examples.
This document discusses air pollution sources and characteristics. It describes how air pollutants can come from both natural and human-made processes. Common air pollutants like particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and lead are discussed along with their major sources like combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, industries, vehicles, and other processes. The health effects of several criteria pollutants are also summarized.
This document discusses the origin and effects of air pollution. It begins by defining air pollution and describing the natural composition of clean air. It then discusses the classification and sources of air pollutants, focusing on sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon containing compounds as well as particulate matter. The main sources of these pollutants are the combustion of fossil fuels, industrial processes, transportation, and other human activities. Finally, it outlines some of the key effects of air pollution, including impacts on atmospheric properties, materials, vegetation, and human health. Air pollution has been shown to reduce visibility, influence climate conditions, corrode materials, damage plants, and negatively impact respiratory and cardiovascular health.
This document discusses how meteorological conditions influence the transport and dispersion of air pollutants. It covers topics such as wind patterns from macro to micro scales; lapse rates and their relationship to atmospheric stability; types of inversions like subsidence and radiation inversions; and the maximum mixing depth which determines the vertical extent of pollutant dispersion. Diagrams are included to illustrate concepts like wind profiles, wind roses, stability conditions, and mixing depths.
Dust-Caused Respiratory Occupational DiseasesECRD IN
This document summarizes the findings of a health survey conducted in Rajgangpur, India near an industrial area. The survey examined 280 individuals, including industrial workers, housewives, and others. It found that respiratory issues were extremely common among workers at a refractory plant, with only 11% of those working over 8 years showing no symptoms. Spirometry tests also indicated decreasing lung function corresponding to longer exposure. The preliminary findings suggest a serious problem of dust-caused occupational respiratory diseases affecting the refractory plant workers. Regular stringent monitoring of work environments and annual medical exams for all workers are recommended.
This document provides guidelines for air quality monitoring, covering topics such as introduction to air quality, basic statistics, meteorology and its relationship to air quality, air quality monitoring techniques, and developing strategies for managing air quality in Indian cities. It includes 8 chapters that discuss composition of air and sources of pollution, statistical analysis of air quality data, factors influencing pollution dispersion like wind and stability, bioindicators, passive and active sampling methods, and considerations for monitoring programs.
Approach & Strategy to Meet new Ambient Air Quality StandardsECRD IN
This document discusses India's approach and strategy to meet new ambient air quality standards from 2009. It provides background on current air quality concerns, monitoring efforts, and sources of pollution. Key points include:
- India has 53 non-attainment cities where vehicular emissions and industry are the dominant pollution sources.
- 43 areas are critically polluted primarily by power plants, refineries, and other heavy industries.
- Rural indoor air is polluted by biomass fuel use, while outdoor pollution comes from dust and biomass burning.
- Monitoring is conducted by the Central Pollution Control Board and state agencies, but more monitoring sites are needed.
- Epidemiological studies show associations between air pollution and increased
The document describes the EC9830 Gas Filter Correlation Carbon Monoxide (CO) Analyzer which uses NDIR (Non-Dispersive Infrared) technology to monitor CO levels in ambient air. It operates by measuring CO absorption of infrared radiation at specific wavelengths near 4.7 microns using an optical bench with a 5-meter folded path-length. The gas filter correlation wheel facilitates interference rejection while ensuring only CO-sensitive wavelengths are measured. Specifications include a range of 0-50 ppm or 200 ppm, resolution of 0.01 ppm, and precision of 0.1 ppm.
Appropriate Instruments & techniques for Complying with Air Quality StandardsECRD IN
This document discusses appropriate instruments and techniques for complying with new ambient air quality monitoring standards. It provides details on various methods for monitoring key air pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides, particulate matter and more. The Improved West and Gaeke method and Ultraviolet Fluorescence are described as techniques for measuring SO2 levels using absorptive and fluorescent properties. Site selection, quality control measures, and guidelines from pollution control organizations are also summarized.
Techniques of Measurement of Organic PollutantsECRD IN
The document discusses techniques for measuring organic pollutants like benzene and benzo(a)pyrene as well as metals in ambient air. It covers sampling and analytical techniques for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) using methods like gas chromatography. It also discusses the standards for ambient air quality and interventions to control air pollution.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses methods for monitoring gaseous pollutants like SO2, NOx, NH3, and ozone. It describes wet chemical methods using attachments like the APM411 and APM411TE. For ozone specifically, it outlines the UV absorption method using ozone analyzers like the EC9810, which measures ozone levels in air samples using UV light absorption at 254 nm. Proper siting of monitoring stations is also discussed to avoid plant life and keep sample lines short.
Filter Extraction of Heavy Metal & Benzo PyreneECRD IN
This document provides information on analytical methods for measuring various air pollutants including heavy metals, benzo(a)pyrene, and ozone. It describes sample preparation and extraction methods, parameters for gas chromatography and fluorescence analysis, and procedures for generating and measuring arsine gas to determine arsenic concentration. Calibration methods are outlined for analyzing benzene, benzo(a)pyrene, and ozone. The document also provides equations for calculating pollutant concentrations from analytical measurements.
Maintenance of High Volume Dust Repairable SamplerECRD IN
The document provides guidelines for maintaining a high volume respirable dust sampler. It recommends keeping a log book to record blower servicing. Carbon brushes should be replaced in pairs when they are 5mm long to avoid delays. The blower should be cleaned every 1000 hours of operation with alcohol or solvent, never water. The commutator, bearings, and other parts should be inspected periodically and greased or cleaned as needed. Water in the manometer should be replaced every two weeks and the tank flushed quarterly. The cyclone and inlet pipe should be cleaned every three months. 'O' rings, gaskets, and PVC pipes should be replaced every six months to one year. Hardware should be tightened and
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Climate Change All over the World .pptxsairaanwer024
Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity
ENVIRONMENT~ Renewable Energy Sources and their future prospects.tiwarimanvi3129
This presentation is for us to know that how our Environment need Attention for protection of our natural resources which are depleted day by day that's why we need to take time and shift our attention to renewable energy sources instead of non-renewable sources which are better and Eco-friendly for our environment. these renewable energy sources are so helpful for our planet and for every living organism which depends on environment.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.EpconLP
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies. With over 4000 installations worldwide, EPCON has been pioneering new techniques since 1977 that have become industry standards now. Founded in 1977, Epcon has grown from a one-man operation to a global leader in developing and manufacturing innovative air pollution control technology and industrial heating equipment.
Epcon is One of the World's leading Manufacturing Companies.
View point
1. Dust-Caused
Respiratory Occupa-
tional Diseases In
India
* Dr. G.D. Agrawal.
In the month of May, PRIA in collaboration with
Gramodaya Vishwa Vidyalaya and Sundergarh
Industrial Mayioor Union, conducted a study
on the occupational and environmental health
status of the population living in the vicinity of
OrissaCement Limited. The study was conplet-
ed with the help of 11 doctors and 4 environmen-
tal engineers. The report will appear in the
subsequent issue of the bulletin.
Dusl-Tlte Most Critical Air
Pollutant in India:
Whileexcessiveemissionofgaseousair-pollut-
ants like S 0 2 , NOx , C 0 2 , HC, CFC etc. in
highly industrialised countries of the west have
resulted in environmental problems like acid
rain and ozone-layer-depletion and created ap-
prehensions of global warming and adverse
climate changes, much less attention has been
paid during receni ears to the silent and slow,
but continuous arid potent killer that is in air-
bomedusts. Even inourown country episodes
like the MIC leak at Bhopal, the oleum tank
failure at Delhi andgas-leak of Ammonia.Chlo-
rine, CO. etc. attract so much public attention
thai air-pollution in public mind, appears syn-
onymous with gasseous air-pollution and gas
leaks. Air-bomedusts, or Suspended Paniculate
Mattel (SPM)arealmostalwaysignored.Thus
when the expert committees considers the dis-
coloration and pitting of Taj Mahal marble
exterior surface, they stress on S 0 2 and other
gaseous pollutants and ignore the role of the high
suspended particulate matter (SPM) present,
which could be seriously involved both in
discoloration and pittinr of marble surface.
They are definitely involved in, as major con-
tributors to, respiratory diseases in India.
With significant amounts of monitoring
data now becoming available in India, it is an
obvious fact that SPM is the air pollutant of
greatest concern (probably the only air
pollutantofrcalconcern)inambientair-quality
in India. This would become clear from
Table-1 giving range of ambient air-pollutant
concentrations observed at different locations
in India during 1991. While S 0 2 and NQx
concentrations at all locations were most of
times well below the Indian (and even WHO)
prescribed levels, the concentrations of SPM
(orair-bomedust) almost always exceeded even
the liberal Indian standards, what to say of the
W H O limits. This was particularly true for the
northern Indian plains, at least partly due to the
warm, dry and windy climate, denuded
vegetation and friable, dusty soils. The poor
condition of roads and poor dust control prac-
tice in mining and industry are bound to play a
major role also as shown by the much higher
SPM values in case of Barauni, Kanpur,
Nimbahera.Bokajan, Delhi,et'
Suspended Particulate Matter, SPM, as
monitored by the EPA design High Volume
Sampler includes all air-bome particles of 0.5 to
100 microns particles size. Allofthesearenot
relevant from the point of view of respiratory
diseases, since particles above 10 microns size
are not able to enter human breath. Because of
their larger weight, they do not get sucked up
with the normal breathing velocities. That is
why now separate limits are prescribed for the
respirable dust particles finer than 10 microns
size, called PM10 in western parlors. In fact
even particles between 5 and 10 microns in size
get retained in upper respiratory tract of hu-
mans and only those finer than 5 microns reach
the lungs. Thus Mine-Safety officials normally
consider only the fraction finer than 5 micron as
respirable and of concern. Of thisalso, itisonly
particles in the range 1-5 microns size that are
likely to get lodged, retained and accumulated in
the lungs, the finest ones getting exhaled with
expiration. The actual health .mage or
diseases caused by these particles lodging in the
lungs or in the respiratory tract shall very much
depend on their nature and composition.
Presence of asbestos, silica, heavy metals, fi-
brous materials, allergens etc. shall very much
increasetheirdiseasecausingpotential. Tables
2A and 2B give an idea of the differences in
composition of SPM in two industrial localities.
Obviously it is not merely the SPM concentra-
tions as measured by the standard High Volume
Sampler that would indicate the human health-
risk but the measurement of SPM along with the
respirable fractions as also the nature and com-
position of the SPM.
2. > T A B L E 1 .
AIR QUALITY STA TUS A T SELECTED LOCA TIONS IN INDIA (1991)
Notes :
(i). All concentrations are in microgram 3
/m air.
(ii). Values based on CPCB/NEERI/En virotech Data
S.No. Location SCL N O S P M Respirator)' Particulates
( PM10)
W.H.O Limits 60 60 100
Indian Limits 80 80 200
(forresidential area)
75
(proposed)
1. Ahmedabad 10-60 25-100 200-500 50-180
2. Barauni 10-65 20-90 100-750 12-120
3. Baira;; 3-12 6-18 50-150 ND
(Mizoram)
4. Bokajann 4-12 6-20 200-650 ND
(Assam)
5. Bombay 10-60 25-100 200400 ND
6. Calcutta 20-80 20-90 100-450 ND
7. Cochin 20-80 20-90 100-250 30-135
8. Delhi 20-100 3U.-120 350-600 70-220
9. Haldia 15-80 20-90 150-600 ND
10. Kanpur 15-50 25-100 200-650 60-165
11. Kumarghat 5-20 8-35 100-200 ND
(Tripura)
12. Madras 5-30 15-70 100-200 40-125
13. Nagpur 10-50 15-70 150-350 20-95
14. Nimbahera . 5-15 8-25 200-650 30-145
15. Patna 5-40 8-70 200-700 N D
16. Vadodara 15-70 30-100 250-450 ND
'Workers'-The Community at
Maximum Risk
It isobvious that workers in mining, industry or
even agriculture get exposed to much higher
concentrations of dust as they work in areas
where thesedusts are generated. Drilling, blast-
ing, excavating and material handling operations
in mining, stone-crushing, grinding, milling,
sieving, mixing and many such operations in
industries and winnowing in agriculture release
large amounts of dust. The workers are the ones
to face the full blast and fury of the pollutants
so released.
Occupational diseases attracted wide at-
tention of medical and industrial safety person-
nel in western countries, where industrial and
labour laws and the well-accepted "tnrls"-
principle resulted in heavy compensation,, irds
in favor of affected workers. Under pressure of
such legal and compensation proceedings, in-
tensive researches were carried out, TLV for
various pollutants evolved, extensive shop-
floor-environmentmonitoringand regular health
check-ups of workers introduced and efficient
and effective pollution-control and worker
protection measures devised. In our own
country the workers are by-and-large ignorant
of the health implicationsof the dust, and even
when they are actually suffering, of the nature
orcauseoftheirdisease. They are not aware of
their legal rights and are poorly organised to
generate effective pressures. Professionals,
including doctors and lawyers prefer to lake the
easiercourseof keeping alooforsiding with the
pai' 1
hat can pay better fees and pay fast. The
most at fault is our legal system that docs not
accept the "torts" principle and is extremely
reluctant lograntcompensations. It is (heaggre-
gate result of these Conditions that one finds
only rare cases of dust-caused occupational
diseases such as asbestosis, silicosis, byssino-
sis, pneumoconiosis, coal-miners lung disease
etc. reported or recorded in India. With so little
and poor monitoring ofshop-floorenvironmeni
or individual worker-exposure, and so-poor
over-al I management of dust in work-areas, as is
openly seen in all mines, crushers, mills and
other work areas, we still proudly claim that
these dreaded occupational diseases arc well
under control in our country1
Mi miioring of shop-floor environment or
of worker-exposure is extremely rare in India
Steel Plants, large Cement Plants etc. do not
practice it. This author has also had only limited
opportunities of monitoring shop-floor envi-
ronment. But such monitoring in wide variety
of units has alwaysand invariably yielded dust/
pollutant concentrations, at many times the
permissibleconcentrationv Obviously the staff
and monitoring infrastructure of the Factory
Inspectorates in different stales and those of the
Ministry of Labour are too miniscule to idem:
'
or indicate the severity of the situation. Period-
ical, notified in advance, and short-term checks,
as are currently carried out by regulatory
agencies, can be easily manipulated and man-
aged. To be effective, the monitoring has lobe
regular, near-continuous and much more strin-
gent. Only such intensive and extensive mon-
itoring of work-places and of workers-expo-
sures shall reveal the real risk to the health of the
v. orker.
Diagnosis and Management of
Respiratory Ailments of Workers
in India.
As mentioned above, respiratory occupational
diseases are rare to be reported or recorded in
India. However this does not mean lhat respi-
ratory diseases are lesscommon amongst work-
ers in India. Thus of the total cases reported at
ESI Hospitals over India during 1989, as many
as 36% were of respiratory ailments which was
more than 28% o; physical in juries, 26% of the
entericdisordersand 10% forothermiscellane-
ous diseases. This is quite different from the
situation in general Indian communities where
enteric diseases and vecior-bome disease nor-
mally outnumber respiratory diseases or inju
ries. Unfortunately the respiratory ailments arc
diagnosed by the common names of cough,
bronchitis, Asthma, TB etc which entirely
mask the occupational source/cause of the ail-
ment. One would like to believes that this in-
3. adcqnate(andcven faulty)diagnosis ismoredue
to an easy-going approach and inadequate train-
ing in occupational diseases than any deliberate
action on part of the doctors concerned.
In line with the above general approach
workers reporting with respiratory symptoms
at ESI or other clinics are given general and
symptomatic treatment including sulfa-dmgs
;nd antibiotics which would not be prescribed
if they werediagnosed to be suffering fromdust-
caused diseases. Often the patient does get
some relief, particularly from expectorant drugs
and starts reporting intermittently and repeat-
edly for respiratory symptoms like breathless-
ness, chest-pain, cough, expectoration etc. When
tilings look to be prolonging and beconii..g
aggravated, chest X-rays arc taken, and the
capacity caused by accumulation of dust in
lungs or the fibrosis generated byit,isdiagnosed
as indicative of TB. The worker is then put on
ATT or otheranti-tuberculosisdrugs and often
admitted to a TB-ward. With his great! re-
duced resistance and lodged in a TB-ward. ihe
worker become a TB patient even if he initially
was not. Obviously ATT can not cure the dust
- caused pulmonary diseases of the worker. He
continues to grow weaker until he dies of TB
and/or other infections, none of which had an
occupational source. So we have noasbestosis,
silicosis, pneumoconiosis, byssinosis or other
dust-caused respiratory occupational diseases,
but we have a lot of TB incidence around our
mines and industries. A,id TB is not an occu-
pational disease, it is caused by poor general
sanitation and is not notifiable or compensable.
To understand the realities of the situation
and verify the above apprehensions, an inten-
sive survey was carried out at Rajgangpur, l)t
Sundergarh near Rourkela in Orissa, whicn is
briefly narrated below:
Preliminary Findings of the
Rajgangpur Health Survey.
The health survey at Rajgangpur, involved in-
tensive medical examination of 280 persons
including industrial workers, housewives and
general citizens by ateamof 11 qualified doctors
(2 faculty members and 9 students of M.D. at
lie Post Graduate Institution of Continuing
Education in Ayurveda,Chitrakoot) along with
4environmentalscientistsallfromGramodaya
VishwaVidyaIayaChitrakoot,Satna,M.P. The
survey was coordinated by PR' A which has
been in the fore-front to scientifically examine
the occupational health scene in India and to
campaign for workers h'.' illh and well-being.
Local mobilization and arrangements were made
by Sundergarh Industrial Mazdoor Union
(SIMU) a constituent of CITU at Rajgangpur.
Orissa. The survey was carried out during May
9-12,1994 and detailed compilation and an
sis shall take time. Preliminary findings are
reported in brief below.
Preliminary status of prevalence of respi-
ratory ailments is shown in Table-3. A look at
the table immediately revealstherelationshipof
respiratory health at Rajgangpur with occupa-
'ion and 'he extremely alarming situation of
OCLRetuctory workers. While all categories
of examinees not having OCL Refractory work-
history had 50-60% of the subjects free of
respiratory symptoms, even in case of category
C where the subjects had been with OCLR for
less than 8 years, the fraction of such no-
respiratory -ailment examinees fell to around
Wk and this fraction was only 11% for those
who had Ixtii with OCI ,R for more than 8 yeai -
It appears that the respiratory tract of a person
started getting adversely affected within a few
years of his joining OCLR and soon he was on
the road to no return. Soon after 8-10 years
working with OCLR the respiratory tract had
been degraded enough for the subject to be
suspected of, or d iagnosed as, a case of TB and
be put on ATT. This author believes that all or
almost all the examinees at Rajgangpur showing
respiratory symptoms were really at various
stages of dust caused respiratory diseases-oc-
cupational healthcasesincaseof OCLR work-
ers and environmental health sufferers in case of
others. Whether this author is correct in his
belief should be clearer when detailed interpre-
tation of this survey is completed and further
confirmatory research has been done.
Observations of spirometer tests which
were alsoconducted on allexamineat Rajgangpur
also support the above findin As given in the
last columns of Table 3, the average PEF and
average FEV/FVC values were both highest in
case of OSM workers and fell significantly in
case of OCLR workers with his years of expo-
sure to OCLR environment clearly indicating
theeffectofoccupationalexposures.That these
values were low in the case of housewives and
students/children categories was due to poor
general health of examines and some of them not
being able to properly use the spirometer. Also
after all they live in the same polluted environ-
ment.
Conclusions and Recommendations
(i) The status of respiratory occupational
diseases at OCLR is really f
rightening.
The situation at many mines, stone-
crushers and other dust laden work
environments may lie similar or worse.
(ii) Regular, near-continuous and stringent
monitoring should be urgently enforced
for work-environm nts where dusts are
generated.
(iii) Thorough annual medical-check-ups of
all workers(whethcr regular/daily wag-
es/ad-hoc-contract )at mines/industries
be enforced.
(vi) To create specialised professionals, de-
gree Courses in M.D (Occupational
Health) be started.
(v) IntensiveresearchandtrainingelTc.nslv
taken up for study of occupation.;!
health problems in India.
On basis of tlieir work-history the 282 subjects examined at Rajgangpur
can be classified as below:
Working at OCL Refractory for over 15 years : %
Working at OCL Refractory for 8-15 years : 36
Working at O C L Refractory for below 8 years : 28
Working at Orissa Spinning Mills (OSM) : 29
Working at other industrial/Mining Units : 30
Working at offices, shops, businesses etc. 12
Housewives : 27
Students/Children 24
4. T A B L E 2 A —
HEAVY METAL IN AMBIENT AIR SPM'
NEAR A CEMENT FACTORY
Copper, Cu 500-4160 mg/kgofSPM
Cobalt, Co 5 0 - 95 — d a —
Nickle,Ni 75- 180 - c b -
Lead, Pb 230- 430 —<b—
Zinc, 7.n Above 8000 - c b —
Chromium, Cr 150- 880 - < b -
Manganese, Mn 220 - 590 — d a —
Lithium, Li Below 20 —d>—
Arsenic, As Below 5 -do—
Cadmium,Cd Below 1 — c b —
T A B L E 3 A
SPIROMETER RESULTS
Cat. Examined
Subject by
Work History
Total
No. of
Subject
Average
PEF
Average
FEU,/FVC
A OCLR over 15 yrs. 96 327 78%
B OCLR-8 to 15 yrs. 36 422 89%
C OCLR-8yrs. 28 452 92%
D OSM 29 536 93%
F. Other Industries 30 486 92%
F ' Office/Shops 12 460 93%
G HouseWives 27 365 91%
H Students/Children
Total No. of Subjects
Examined
24
282
303 88%
T A B L E 2B
NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF
AMBIENT-AIR SPM
NEAR AN INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX
Range of Ambient air SPM : 36-650ug/m3
Respirable (PM10) Fraction : 10-30%
Volatile Fraction/Loss 15-45%
•Benzene Soluble Fraction : 8 - 3 4 %
Lead in Ambient - air 0.1-2.3ug/m3
Vanadium in Ambient-air : 0.3-5.9ug/m3
T A B L E 3B
PERCENTS OF EXAMINEES HAVING RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS
Category Suspected or
Subject by
Work History
Other Severe
No. of
Subject
Moderate
Respiratory
No Respiratory
FEU,/FVC
A 31.5 14.5 42.5 11.5
B 22.5 11.0 55.5 11.0
C 7.0 3-5 58.0 31.5
D 3.5 3 i 31.0 62.0
E 6.5 3.5 33.5 56.5
F 8.0 — 50.0 42.0
G 3.75 3.75 37.5 55.0
H 4.0 12.5 25.0 58.5
*The author is eminent environmental scientist, and presently honorary teacher in Gramodaya Vishwa Vidvalaya,
Chitrakoot, Satna, Madhya Pradesh