The textile industry involves various processes that expose workers to health and safety hazards. Workers are exposed to loud noise, dust, and heat throughout production. Chemicals used can pollute wastewater and breathing in cotton dust can cause respiratory illnesses. Physical hazards include ergonomic risks from repetitive motions and prolonged sitting that can cause injuries over time. Proper safety equipment, ventilation, limits on exposure time, and process modifications are needed to protect workers from risks in the textile industry.

2.  Texitile industry is the mechanical facility
that convert filament, fibre or yarn that can
be made into fablic or cloth and the resulting
material. Fablic can be knitted, bonded,
felted and tufted fablic.

3.  The work environment in the textile mills is
dominatly hamful/ dangerarous due to noise,
dust, and heat. The production uses a vast
quatity of water and variety of chemicals.
These generate liquid waste containing
substantial pollutants in the form of organic
and suspended matter, such as fibres and
grease (UNEP, 1991).

4.  Fild work have been shown that, in both
countries and most countries and and most
production stage, noise level are beyond the
legal limit of 80dB.
 Floor are usualy dirty, the pre spinning stage
extemely dust and the finishing stage toxic
with highly concentrated odours.

5.  Preparatory process-preparation of yarn.
 Spining- yarn manufacture.
 -measurements.
 -associate job titles.
 Knitting- fablic manufacture.
 Finishing- processing of textile.
 Packaging

6.  Raw material used in the texitile production
are fibres, either obtained from natural
source (eg wool) or produced from chemical
substance (eg nylon and polyester). Fibres
include yards, films, sheets, foams, fur or
lether.

7.  Chemicals used are textile auxilaries,
enzymes, bleaching chemicals, disizing
chemicals, dyeing chemicals, stabilizer,
softeners, leveling agent along with
anhydrous acids, tertaric acid, maleic acid,
dyes, fumaric acid, alpha amylase.

8.  Hazard is any substance or agent that can
cause potential health effect and it can be
biological, chemical, physical substance.
 During textile processing the worker are
exposed to various hazards and risks, hazards
are classified into chemical, physical,
ergonomic and computer hazards.

9.  Physical hazard, for example heat, dust,
noise, physical characteristics of material.
 Chemical hazards, for example chemicals
used in fabric processing. Eg Sulphuric acid.
 Ergonomics. For example increased
repetitious, seated for long period of time,
poor arrangement of the machine, lifting
large load, squatting position,
 Psychosocial factor ergonomics include
boring, stress, low pay, lack of recognition,
production pressure and repetitious task.

10. HAZAR
DS
P R O C E S S
Prepara
tion of
yarn
Spinnin
g
Knitting Finishin
g
Packagi
ng.
Chemic
al
No No Yes Yes Yes
Physical Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Ergono
mics
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Psychos
ocial
Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Dust Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

11.  Air pollutants such as dusts, gases, fumes
and vapour that are inherent in the material
are produced in the process and can be
inhaled or affect the skin, in addition to
chemical hazards of dyes, paints, acids,
alkalis, moth proofing agents be
contaminated with biological then can cause
disease.

12.  The physical characteristics of materials may
affects the user. Rough, thorny or abrasive
material can cut or abrade skin, glass, fibres
or stiff grases or ratten can penetrate the
skin and cause infections or rashes.
 Much of fibres or fabric work is done while
the worker is seated for prolonged periods,
and involves repetitious motion of arms,
wrists, hands and fingers, and often the
entile body.

13.  This may produce pain and eventual
repetitive strain injuries. Weavers for
example, can develope back problems,
cerpal tunnel syndrome, skeletal
deformation from weaving in squatting
position on older types of looms(particulary
in young children), hand and threading and
tying knots, and eyestrain from poor lighting.
Many of the same problems can occur in
other fibre crafts involving sewing, tying
knots and so forth.

14.  Needle work crafts can also involve hazard of
needle pricks. Lifting of large paper making
screen containing water saturated pulp can
cause possible back injuries due to weight of
the water and pulp.

15.  Computer are used for a variety of purpose
including painting, displaying, scanned
photographic image, producing graphic for
printing during fablic manufacture.

16.  Due to repititive task and uncomfortably
arranged components. This result to
predominants complaints, discomfort in the
wrists, arms, shoulders and neck, and vision
problems.
 Most of complains are of a minor nature but
disabling injuries such a chronic tendinitis or
carpal tunner syndrome are possible.

17.  Short term exposure to cotton dust has
caused bronchitis and acute byssionosis (also
known as “brown lung” or “Monday morning
fever”)
 Chronic exposure has caused lung airway
obstraction (which reduce ventilatory
capacity) and lead to disability and
premature death.

18.  Among workers exposed to cotton dust,
cigarette smokers have an increased risk of
developing byssinosis. However the risk of
developing byssinosis appear to be reduced
for workers who are exposed to dust from
washed cotton.

19.  For short term exposure (acute), exposure to
cotton dust can produce a feeling of chest
tightness, coughing, wheezing, phlegm,
weakness, fever, chills, and breathing
difficult (dyspnea). The symptoms can
disappear following removal from exposure
(during brief periods away from work) and
can reappear following expossure.

20.  Long term (chronic). Exposure to cotton dust
can cause permanent and disabling breathing
difficulties that include chronic bronchitis
with emphysema.

21.  This can be through designing or fine turning
the products. Users should take a break away
from the screen periodically. Short break are
more effective than long breaks every couple
of hours.
 Proper arrangement of components and the
user design solution for correct posture and
visual comfort are the key methods.
 Computer work station components should
be easy to adjust for the variety of task
people involved.

22.  Eye strain may be prevented by taking
periodic visual breaks, preventing glare and
reflection and placing the top of the monitor
so that it is eye level.
 Other exposure include some kind of
radiation effects are possible ultraviolet,
visible, infrared, radio frequency and
microwave radiation emissions but no heath
effect aready indentified.

23.  Noise is defined as sound without any
agreeable music/ unwanted/ undesirable
sound due to continuously running machines
and generally exceeds the permissible level
of 80dB. Effects of noise depend on
frequency, intensity, nature of noise and
duration of exposure.

24.  Effects include masking normal conversation,
temporally hearing loss, injury to the ear
structure, permanent hearing loss.
 Noise controll is divided in two types that are
active control and passive control.

25.  This is through controll the noise from the
machine due to its unwanted vibration in
various levels of frequence and material to
material friction. This is done through
machine balance, material selection and
machine overhauling.
 Machine balance: by balancing the machine
they are divided into two types that is hard
bearing and soft bearing.

26.  The difference between them however is in
the suspension and not the bearing. In hard
bearing machine, balancing is done at
frequence lower than the reasonancy
frequence of the suspension. In soft bearing
machine balancing is done at a frequency
higher than the reasonance frequency of the
suspension.

27.  Proper material selection.
 This is for vibrating parts and which parts
material to material frictions takes place as
an example of metalic gear arrangement.
That is metallic gear arrangement produces
more noise compare to polymeric gear. For
controlling noise the polymeric gears are
more suitable rather metallic one.

28.  Overhauling. This involves the controll of
noise at source. This include periodic
lublication is required in the zone of gears to
gear arrangement, ball bearing and other
rotational parts.

29.  This is control after emission of noise.
Emitted noise can be controlled by two ways;
one is by making casing around the noise
source and another is hearing protection.
 The casing material include dumping
material, barrier material and absorptive
material at the gearbox.
 Dumping reduce the vibration level in a
vibrating system through transformation into
another form of energy.

30.  Barrier material reduce the amplitude of
sound waves propargating in a certain
direction.(they interfere with sound waves)
 Absorption material reduce the accoustic
energy of sound waves passes through the
material. They commonly used to often the
acoustic environment of an enclosed volume
by reducing the amlitude of reflected sound
waves.

31.  If those fail rotation of workers, reduction of
exposure hours, use of protective equipment
like eye plugs, ear muffs and helmet.

32.  During carding operation, mixing and blowing
operations, bale breaking, manufacturing of
cotton yard, and handling of cotton seed in
the extractraction of cotton seed oil the dust
is controlled through process enclosure, local
exhaust ventilation, personal protective
equipment.
 During cotton balling operations and weaving
of textile containing cotton yarn, dust is
controlled through general dilution and
ventilation.

33.  During raw cotton ginning, back pressing and
havesting dust is controlled through local
exhaust ventilation, personal protective
equipment.

34.  Proper labeling and provision of material
safety data sheet(MSDS) greet awareness.
(pre education), protective equipment like
groves and masks, ensure that all areas
where chemicals are handled are easily
cleanable with walls and floor which are
sound and smooth, establish procedures for
cleaning and dealing with spillages.

35.  Ergonomics is a science concerned with the
‘fit’ between people and their work. It puts
people first, taking account of their
capabilities and limitations. Ergonomics aims
to make sure that tasks, equipment,
information and the environment suit each
worker, in textile industry the worker are
seated for prolonged periods, and repetitious
motion of arms, wrists, hands and fingers,
and often the entile body. This may produce
pain and eventual repetitive strain injuries

36.  Practicing shifts.
 Raised platforms to help operators reach
badly located controls.
 Provide height adjustable chairs so individual
operator can work at their preferred work
height.
 Proper orientation of machine to prevent
squatting posture.

37.  Boring, repetitive task, production pressure,
stress, low pay, lack of recognition, angry,
frustrated contribute to aggressive behavior,
sabotage, poor physical and mental health
and general lack of safety.
 Control measure is through good link and
communication between the employee and
employer on the complain raised.

38.  Ergonomic Evolution blog.mht.
 Job and stress and heart disease, summer
1993 scientific solution.
 ICOH-Iternational commission on
occupational Health and Medicine. 22-24
march 2010 or website,
http//www.icohweb.org/site-new/ico-home
page.asp.
 S.E.Smith “what does secretary do?.
 Encyclopedia of occupational health and
safety, industries and health by Jeane mager
stellman, International labour office.

39.  Noise control in textile machineries .mht.
 COSHH essentials easy steps to controll chemicals
HSG 193.
 “An introduction to textile terms”, retneved august
6, 2006.
 A Summary of Health Hazard Evaluations: Issues
Related to Occupational Exposure to Isocyanates,
1989 to 2002. US Department of Health and Human
Services (DHHS), National Institute for Occupational
Safety and Health (NIOSH) Publication No. 2004-116,
(2004, January), 1 MB PDF, 42 pages.
 Levy, B.S, and Wegman, D.H (eds): Occupational
Heath: Recognizing and preventing work-related
Disease little, Brown and Company, Boston, 1983.