The document discusses Grimm's Law and Verner's Law, two important sound changes that occurred in Proto-Germanic. Grimm's Law describes how Proto-Indo-European voiceless stops became voiceless spirants, and voiced stops became voiced spirants or unaspirated stops in Proto-Germanic. Verner's Law provides an exception, explaining that Proto-Indo-European stops became fricatives if they were word-initial or preceded by an accented syllable, but remained stops otherwise. Together these laws help explain differences between related words in Germanic and other Indo-European languages.

1. The Germanic Sound Shift (Grimm’s Law) PIE Germanic Voiceless stops: p,t,k Voiceless spirants: f,þ,χ Voiced aspirated stops: bh, dh, gh Voiced spirants: (becoming) the voiced unaspirated stops b, d, g in certain phonetic environments in the historical daughter languages) Voiced unaspirated stops: b, d, g Voiceless unaspirated stops: p, t, k

2. Example: PIE voiceless stops p, t, k became the Proto-Germanic corresponding voiceless spirants f, þ, χ: Latin Gothic pecu faíhu “cattle” três þreis “three” cornû haúrn “horn” (Gothic h equals χ)

3. Exceptions to the rule: Verner’s Law Latin Gothic septem sibun “seven” centum hund “hundred” dux (OE heretoga) “duke” As noted by Karl Verner (1875) was the crucial factor of accent in combination with surrounding sounds: On the basis of evidence from PIE languages such as Sanskrit and Greek, Verner was able to show that all the words in PIE *p had changed in Germanic to f either had that *p as the first sound in the word, or >>

4. Verner’s Law (con’t) >> had the accent on the syllable immediately preceding *p, as in the examples below: IE *pətér > Gothic fadar “father” IE *népôt > ON nefi “nefi” On the other hand, those *p’s that eventually became German b where those that had NOT stood in initial position and that had not had the accent on the immediately preceding syllable, as in the example below: IE *sep(t)m > Gothic sibun “seven” IE *upéri > OHG ubar “over”