This document discusses three vascular disorders of the retina: retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, and retinopathy of prematurity. Retinal vein occlusion is characterized by edema and hemorrhages due to occlusion of retinal veins. It can be central or branch retinal vein occlusion. Retinal artery occlusion results in sudden vision loss due to thrombosis or embolism of retinal arteries. Retinopathy of prematurity is a vasoproliferative retinopathy in premature infants that interferes with normal vascularization and can lead to retinal detachment in its most severe stages.

1. Vascular Disorders OfVascular Disorders Of
RetinaRetina
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Retinopathy Of Prematurity
Prepared By:
Zain Saleh
Roll No: 97

2. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion

3. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
• Definition:
o It is a common vascular disorder characterized by retinal
vein occlusion resulting in edema and hemorrhages on
retina in the affected region with potential blinding
complications
• Types:
o Central retinal vein occlusion
o Branch Retinal vein occlusion
• Etiology and Risk Factors:
o Age of age of above 50 years
o Systemic diseases like hyperlipidemia, Diabetes, Chronic
Renal Failure
o Chronic Open Angle Glaucoma

4. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
• Clinical Presentation:
o Sudden painless loss of vision
o Persistent decreased central vision
• Clinical Examination:
o Visual Acuity- Severe visual loss, up to 20/200
o Intra Ocular Pressure- Raised
o Fundus Examination- dilated, tortuous veins, retinal and
macular edema, flame shaped hemorrhages, and cotton
wool spots

5. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
( Central Retinal Vein Occlusion)

6. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
(Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion)

7. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
• Investigations:
o Fluorescein Angiography
o ECG
o Blood CP
o ESR
o Blood Glucose level
• Complications:
o Chronic Macular Edema
o Conversion from Non-Ischemic to Ischemic type
o Retinal Neovascularization
o Neovascular Glaucoma

8. Retinal Vein OcclusionRetinal Vein Occlusion
• Treatment:
o Macular Laser Photocoagulation
o Intra Vitreal injections anti-VEGF and steroids
o Intra Vitreal triamcinolone injections

9. Retinal Artery OcclusionRetinal Artery Occlusion

10. Retinal Artery OcclusionRetinal Artery Occlusion
• Definition:
o Vascular disorder of retina resulting in sudden painless loss
of vision, with antecedent transient visual loss
• Types:
o Central Retinal Artery Occlusion
o Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
• Etiology:
o Thrombosis due to atherosclerosis
o Embolism
o Raised Intra Ocular Pressure
o Giant Cell Arteritis
o Angiospasm- Retinal Migraine

11. Retinal Artery OcclusionRetinal Artery Occlusion
• Clinical Presentation:
o Sudden painless severe loss of vision
o Repeated transient episodes of decreased vision or
blindness
• Clinical Examination:
o Visual Acuity-Severely reduced, between counting finger
and light perception
o Direct Pupillary Light Reflex- Absent
o Fundus Examination- Whitish appearance of retina, thin
retinal arteries, segmented blood column in retinal vessels,
cherry red spot at macula, pale appearance of optic disc

12. Retinal Artery OcclusionRetinal Artery Occlusion
(Central Retinal Artery Occlusion)

13. Retinal Artery OcclusionRetinal Artery Occlusion
(Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion)

14. Retinal Artery OcclusionRetinal Artery Occlusion
• Treatment:
o Intraocular pressure lowered immediately by anterior
chamber paracentasis or I.V Acetazolamide
o Inhaled oxygen and carbon dioxide mixture to improve
oxygen delivery to retina
o Thrombolytic therapy

15. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity

16. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity
• Definition:
o It is a bilateral vasoproliferative retinopathy occurring in
premature infants with low birth weight and exposed to
high concentration of oxygen
• Etiology and Risk Factors:
o Low birth weight
o Exposure to high concentrations of oxygen
o Premature birth
• Pathology:
o Interference with normal vascularization process

17. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity
Stage 1- Changes at junction of vascular
and avascular retina as demarcation line

18. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity
Stage 2- Formation of distinct ridge

19. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity
Stage 3- Extra retinal fibrovascular proliferation

20. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity
Stage 4- Severe retinal detachment

21. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity
Stage 5- Total retinal detachment seen as whitish mass
(leukocoria) behind iris

22. Retinopathy Of PrematurityRetinopathy Of Prematurity
• Treatment:
o Peripheral retinal laser in stage 2
o Ablation of avascular retina in stage 3
o Vitreotomy in stage 4 & 5