The document discusses various routing protocols within mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), highlighting the differences between proactive and reactive protocols. It details specific protocols, such as DSR, AODV, and TORA, noting their characteristics and performance metrics like routing overhead and packet delivery ratio. The analysis indicates that AODV performs well across different network sizes, while DSR struggles in larger networks, emphasizing the need for careful selection of routing protocols based on specific scenarios.

1. JYOTHISH.O.S
201224
S4 MCA
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2. PERFORMANCE STUDIES ON THE
VARIOUS ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN
AD-HOC NETWORKS
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3. INTRODUCTION
In the last couple of years ,the use of Wireless
networks has become more and more popular.
There exists 3 types mobile wireless networks:
 Infrastructure n/w
 Ad-hoc n/w
 Hybrid n/w
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4. Infrastructure n/w consists of wireless mobile
nodes and one or more bridges,which connect
wireless n/w to wired n/w.These bridges are
called base staions.
Ad-hoc n/w consist no base stations,no fixed
routers and no centralized administration.All
node move randomly and are connecting
dynamically each other.
Hybrid n/w combines both aspect described
before.It makes use of any available base stations
while also support infrastructure less
communication.
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5. Evolution of MANET
A MobileAdHoc Network is a collection of
wireless mobile nodes forming temporary n/w
without any fixed infrastructure where all nodes
are free to move and configure themselves.In
MANET ,each node acts both as a router and a
host even the topology of n/w may also change
rapidly.
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6. ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Routing is a process of finding a path from a
source to destination on the n/w.
The Routing protocols fall into 2 general
categories:
 Proactive Routing protocols
 Reactive routing Protocols
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7. Proactive Routing Protocols
 Table driven Routing Protocols
 The protocols are table driven and will actively
determine the layout of the n/w.
 The protocols include WRP, FSR,ZRP
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8. Reactive Routing Protocol
 On Demand routing protocol
 Popular routing category
 It is new routing philosophy and relatively large
network topologies.
 The design follows the idea only sending
routing packets when communication is
requested.
 Protocols include DSR,AODV,TORA
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9.  DSR(DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING)
 On- Demand routing protocol
 Every mobile node in the n/w needs to main a
route cache where it catches source routes that it
has learned.
 When Host want sent a packet ,it first checks for
a source route to destination. If it found sender
use this route.Otherwise the source initiates
route discovery process.
 Route Discovery and route maintains are the
major parts of routing protocol.
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10.  AODV(Ad hoc on Demand distance vector)
 It creates the routers on a demand basis,as
opposed to maintain a complete list of routes
for each destination.
 AODV consist of
The sending node will initiate a path
discovery process.A route request message
(RREQ) is broadcasted to all neighbours.The
forwording process is continued until
destination is found or intermediate node
knows destination.And also ensure maintance
Routes.
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11. Advantages of AODV
 Unicast and Multicast packet transmission
 It also respond very quickly to the
topological changes.
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12. TORA(Temporally orderd routing protocols)
 Multipath routing
 The protocol can simultaneously support both on
demand routing and proactive routing per destination
basis.
 It is an adaptive routing protocol for multi hop
networks.
WRP(Wireless routing protocol)
 Distance vector routing protocol designed for ad-hoc
n/w.
 WRP modifies and enhances distance vector routing .
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13. PERFORMANCE METRICS
• Routing overhead
how many packets for route discovery
and route maintained need to sent .
• Throughput
the total number of bits forwarded to higher
layers per second.
• Media access delay
the time takes to access media for starting the
packet transmission.
• Packet delivery ratio
Ratio b/w incoming and received data
packets.
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14. In this research paper, an effort has been made to
concentrate on the working of various Pro-active and
Reactive protocols
• The performance was almost always evaluated as a
function of mobility rate and speed without
considering the network size
• DSR performs very poor in larger networks, as it
shows extreme high delays and delivers less than
30% of all packets in a network of 200 nodes
• The performance of AODV was very good in all
network sizes, even though the routing overhead is
higher than in DSR..Control packets are generated
only as needed.
• WRP and FSR, especially, were the main
beneficiaries of the group movement model.
• we cannot take a conclusion for ZRP due to the
missing IERP packets

15. Conclusion
o Every protocol has its advantages and disadvantages
in different scenarios. The choice of a routing
protocol should be made carefully after considering
every aspect we provided in this section (and
possibly more). In future work we must add certain
routing protocols with multistrategy and multi-efficient
(i.e. highly real time traffic control, less delay
in acquiring route, etc.).
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16.  References
 [1] Ashwani Kush ; Phalguni Gupta ; Ram Kumar ;
:Performance Comparison of Wireless Routing Protocols,
Journal of the CSI, Vol.35 No.2, April-June 2005
 [2] AnneAaron; JieWeng; :Performance Comparison of
Ad-hoc Routing Protocols for Networks with Node Energy
Constraints , availableathttp://ivms.stanford.edu
 [3] Charles Perkins; Elizabeth Royer; Samir Das; Mahesh
Marina;: Performance of two on-demand Routing
Protocols for Ad-hocNetworks, IEEE Personal
Communications, February 2001, pp. 16-28.
 [4] Perkins, C.; Royer, E.B.; Das, .S; :Ad hoc On-Demand
Distance Vector (AODV) Routing - Internet Draft”, RFC
3561, IETFNetworkWorking Group, July 2003.
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