This document provides an overview of routing protocols in ad hoc networks. It begins with an abstract describing the objectives of surveying and comparing different classes of ad hoc routing protocols. The document then outlines the topics to be covered, including the characteristics, applications, and types of ad hoc routing protocols. Several representative routing protocols are described in detail, including table-driven, hybrid, source-initiated, location-aware, multipath, hierarchical, multicast, and power-aware protocols. The document concludes by discussing future work related to improving reusability and security of ad hoc routing protocols.

1. Routing protocols in ad hoc
networks: A survey
Presented By:
Mr. JOGESWAR TRIPATHY
M.Tech In Dept. Of CSIT
From S’O’A University, Bhubaneswar6/23/19
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2. Abstract
 The main objective of this paper is to create a taxonomy of the ad hoc
routing protocols.
 It also survey and compare the representative examples for each class
of protocols.
 Here authors wants to uncover the requirements considered by the
different protocols , the resource limitations under which they operate
and the design decisions made by the authors.
 Here authors also provides the sweet spot deployment scenarios and
performance metric combinations of the protocols where they out
perform their competitors for which it make easy to choose the routing
protocols.
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3. Outline
 Introduction
 Characteristics of ad hoc networks
 Applications of ad hoc networks
 Types of routing
 Protocols in details
 Conclusion
 Future work
 References
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4. Introduction
 The principle behind ad hoc networking is multi-hop relaying in which
messages are sent from the source to the destination by relaying through
the intermediate hops (nodes).
 In multi-hop wireless networks, communication between two end nodes is
carried out through a number of intermediate nodes whose function is to
relay information from one point to another. A static string topology is an
example of such network:
 It is useful when infrastructure not available, impractical, or expensive
 Here Information is transmitted in a store-and forward manner using
multi hop routing.
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5. Introduction (Contd.)
 Mobility and traffic are two significant factors affecting protocol
performance. In current simulation,
 Mobility Pattern: usually, uniformly and randomly chosen
destinations (random waypoint model)
 Traffic Pattern: usually, uniformly and randomly chosen
communicating nodes
 Impact of mobility on ad hoc routing protocols is expected to be
significant
 The following figure represents different wireless networks.
 Infrastructure: cellular wireless networks
 Ad hoc: wireless sensor networks
 Hybrid: mesh networks
Cellular Wireless
Networks Wireless Mesh
Networks
Hybrid
Wireless
Network
s
Wireless Sensor
Networks
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6. Characteristics of ad hoc networks
 Dynamic topologies: Network topology may change dynamically as the
nodes are free to move.
 Bandwidth-constrained, variable capacity links: Realized throughput of
wireless communication is less than the radio’s maximum transmission
rate. Collision occurs frequently.
 Energy-constrained operation: Some nodes in the ad hoc network may
rely on batteries or other exhaustible means for their energy.
 Limited physical security: More prone to physical security threats than
fixed cable networks.
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7. Applications of ad hoc networks
 Network Extension: In this application area , the networking infrastructure exists, but with
insufficient coverage. Hence ad hoc network is used to extend the internet connectivity
beyond the reach of the access points.
 Local interconnection networks: This applications include point to point messaging and
audio and video conferencing.
 Ubiquitous computing: This is strongly influenced by the physical location and proximity
devices which are close to each other are more likely to communicate the remote devices . As
ad hoc network are good match for proximity based communication .E.g. – TV set-top box is
controlled from a smartphone.
 Urban Sensing: This application area exploits the sensing and computation capabilities of
smartphones, together with the wide range of their deployment in urban areas
 Vehicular Networking: This area covers the applications where one of the communication
partner is a vehicle. t is used for emerging intelligent transport systems.
 Personal area networks: It is a most popular technology formed by Bluetooth devices which
needs to establish a short range communication with infrastructure elements.
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8. Types of routing
 Table-driven (proactive)
 Up-to-date routing information maintained
 Routing overhead independent of route usage
 Source-initiated (demand-driven / reactive)
Routes maintained only for routes in use
Explicit route discovery mechanism
 Hybrid Protocols
Combination of proactive and reactive
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9. Types of routing(Contd.)
Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
Table driven Source-initiated
on-demand
DSDV
WRP
AODV
DSR
TORA
ABR
SSR
Reactive
Proactive
Hybrid
ZRP
Hybrid
OLSR
CGSR
Power-
aware
Geographical
Multicast
Multicast
Hierarchical
Multi path
Location aware
GPSR
DRM
LAR
SMR HSR
CEDAR
DGR
GAMER
DEAR
MHEDSR
NTBR
DCMP
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10. Protocols in details
 Table Driven Routing Protocols:
 In table-driven protocols, each node maintain up-to-
date routing information to all the nodes in the network
 These routing protocols differ in the method by which the topology
change information is distributed across the network and the number
of necessary routing-related tables.
 some of the existing table-driven ad hoc routing protocols are :
DSDV(Dynamic Destination-Sequenced Distance-Vector Routing
Protocol)
WRP (The Wireless Routing Protocol)
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11. Protocols in details(Contd.)
 Hybrid Routing Protocols:
 Proactive mechanism of node discovery within a node’s immediate
neighborhood while inter-zone communication is carried out by using
reactive approaches .
 Each node individually creates its own neighborhood which it calls a
routing zone.
 The zone is defined as a collection of nodes whose minimum distance in
hops from the node in question is no greater than a value that is called
the “zone radius” .
 Note that routing zones of nodes might overlap heavily .
E.g.- ZRP(Zone Routing Protocol)
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12. Protocols in details(Contd.)
 Source Initiated Protocol:
 Route is created only when the source requests a route to a destination
 Route discovery process
 Route maintenance
 Reactive Protocols acquire routing information only when it is actually needed. The
Advantage is that due to the high uncertainty in the position of the nodes,
however, the reactive protocols are much suited and perform better for ad-hoc
networks.
 The Disadvantages of reactive protocols include high latency time in route finding
and excessive flooding leading to network clogging. Some of the Reactive Routing
Protocols are:
ABR (Associativity Based Routing)
AODV (Ad hoc on-demand Distance Vector)
DSR (Dynamic Source Routing)
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13. Protocols in details(Contd.)
 Location Aware Routing Protocol:
 Location-aware routing schemes in mobile ad hoc networks assume that the
individual nodes are aware of the locations of all the nodes within the
network.
 It utilizes location information to minimize the search space for route
discovery towards the destination node.
 Here, there are two flooding region in LAR protocol, i.e. the expected zone
and request zone.
 When source node wants to send packet to destination node, first source
node should get the position of destination node by using location services
which is used to get position of node.
 If the source node has no information about the speed and the direction of
the destination node, the entire network is considered as the expected zone.
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14. Protocols in details(Contd.)
 Multi path Routing Protocol:
 Instead of only a single path, it can be useful to compute multiple
paths between a given source/destination pair.
 Multiple paths can be disjoint or braided.
 It can be Used simultaneously, alternatively or randomly.
 Multipath routing protocols create multiple routes from source to
destination
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15. Protocols in details(Contd.)
 Hierarchical Routing Protocol:
 Hierarchical ad hoc routing protocols build a hierarchy of
nodes, typically through clustering techniques .
 Nodes at the higher levels of the hierarchy provide special
services, improving the scalability and the efficiency of
routing .
 Creation of cluster
 Election of cluster head
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16. Protocols in details(Contd.)
 Multicast Routing Protocol:
 Distribute a packet to all reachable nodes (broadcast) or to a somehow
(explicitly) denoted subgroup (multicast)
 Basic options:
 Source-based tree: Construct a tree (one for each source) to reach all
addressees
 Minimize total cost (= sum of link weights) of the tree
 Minimize maximum cost to each destination
Shared, core-based trees
 Use only a single tree for all sources
 Every source sends packets to the tree where they are distributed
 Mesh
 Trees are only 1-connected ! use meshes to provide higher redundancy and
thus robustness in mobile environments
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17. Protocols in details(Contd.)
 Geographical Multicast Routing Protocol:
 It construct virtual coordinates that preserve enough
neighborhood information to be useful in geographic routing but do
not require actual position determination.
 Use polar coordinates from a center point.
 Assign “virtual angle range” to neighbors of a node, bigger radius .
 Angles are recursively redistributed to children nodes.
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18. Protocols in details(Contd.)
 Power-aware Routing Protocols:
 Create a efficient route between source node and destination node
 Active :
- Transmission power control
- Load distribution
Inactive period
- Sleep mode or simply turns it off when there is no data to
transmit or receive
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19. Conclusion and Future work
 In this paper several representative protocols are reviewed and compared ,
while different classes of protocols operate under different scenarios, but
they usually share the common goal to reduce control packet overhead,
maximized throughput and minimize end-to-end delay.
 The main differentiating factor between the protocols is the ways of finding
and/or maintaining the routes between source and destination pairs.
 It will be more helpful for choosing the appropriate routing protocol .
 It can be make more reusable and deployable by using security issues in
future.
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20. THANK YOU!!
???
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21. References
[1] J.-D. Abdulai, M. Ould-Khaoua, L. Mackenzie, Adjusted probabilistic route
discovery in mobile ad hoc networks, Computers and Electrical Engineering
35 (1) (2009) 168–182.
[2] P. Papadimitratos and Z.J. Haas, “Secure Link State Routing for Mobile Ad
Hoc Networks,” Proc. IEEE Workshop on Security and Assurance in Ad Hoc
Networks, IEEE Press, 2003, pp. 27–31.
[3] D.B. Johnson, “Routing in Ad Hoc Networks of Mobile Hosts,” Proc. IEEE
Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications (WMCSA’94),
IEEE Press, 1994, pp. 158–163.
[4] Suraj Sharma, Deepak Puthal, Sabah Tazeen, Mukesh Prasad, Albert Y.
Zomaya, "MSGR: A Mode-Switched Grid-Based Sustainable Routing Protocol
for Wireless Sensor Networks", Access IEEE, vol. 5, pp. 19864-19875, 2017.
[5] Sobinder Singh, Abhishek Swaroop, Ajay Kumar, Anamika, "A survey on
techniques to achive energy efficiency in cloud computing", Computing
Communication and Automation (ICCCA) 2016 International Conference on,
pp. 1281-1285, 2016.
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