Ad Hoc wireless network that without any central controlling authority, which is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on a continual basis, so nodes cooperate to route a packet. The purpose of the routing protocols is to discover rapid changes of the topology in such a way that intermediate nodes can act as routers to forward packets on behalf of the communicating pair .

1. COMPARISON OF ROUTING
PROTOCOLS FOR AD HOC
WIRELESS NETWORK WITH
MEDICAL DATA
Prepared by:
ISMAIL H-MOFTAH ELDABAR
Supervised by:
Professor Zakaria Suliman Zubi

2.  Ad Hoc wireless network that without any central controlling
authority, which is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically
and arbitrarily located in such a manner that the interconnections
between nodes are capable of changing on a continual basis, so nodes
cooperate to route a packet.
 Limited bandwidth of throughput and low delay in high density nodes
are tow characteristics of Ad Hoc wireless network.
 The purpose of the routing protocols is to discover rapid changes of
the topology in such a way that intermediate nodes can act as routers
to forward packets on behalf of the communicating pair .
 Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and
bandwidth consumption. In configuration, topology management
issues are even more important in the context of Ad Hoc wireless
networks.
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3. What is the wireless network?
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4. What is the wireless network?
Ad Hoc Wireless network is used in many applications such as healthcare,
military, environmental, home automation, farming, surveillance security and
traffic control. It normally consists of hundreds or thousands of nodes each
capable to work as router, processing, and transmitting environmental
information.
However, an Ad Hoc Wireless network consists of nodes which could also
have a fixed location or randomly deployed to monitor the environment, certain
physical phenomena or to detect and track certain objects in an area of work.
Ad Hoc Wireless networks are useful in the wide world which has static
network structure that required by infrastructure network.
In Ad Hoc Wireless network any communication between nodes always
requires routing over multi-hop paths between the source node and the
destination node to self-organize and form a network over different links. 12/15/13
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4

5. Infrastructure Mode using a central device, called a wireless access point. All
wireless nodes can be connect to Ethernet network through this access point.
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6. Ad Hoc Mode is a collection of mobile nodes in communication without using
infrastructure.
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7. Obstacles,
Noise,
Interference and
 Fading.
which will reduce throughput and increase time delay for the data flow.
 The links typically have less bandwidth than a wired network.
Each node in an Ad Hoc wireless network node functions as both a host and
a router, and the control of the network is circulated among the nodes.
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8. Find the most suitable Ad Hoc routing protocol for the designed network.
Evaluate three most popularly used routing protocols.
 Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV),
 Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and
 Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA).
 Build a network connected to a server via a wireless in OpNet simulater.
The evaluation will be conducted in terms of throughput and delay of these
protocols.
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9. Study
Protocol
(Hsu J.Bhatia 2003)
Performance of mobile
ad hoc networking
routing protocols in
realistic scenarios
(Vahid 2006)
Performance
Comparison of
Routing Protocols for
Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks
Simulator
Metrics
Conclusion
AODV,OLSR, QualNet
DSR and ZRP
Packet delivery
ratio, latency
and jitter of
data packets
AODV is overall
better as
compared to
other.
DSDV,
TORA, DSR
and AODV
Weighted Path
Optimality,
Network’s Load
Deviation,
Average end-toend delay,
Jitter.
DSDV is best in
Path Optimality,
DSDV and AODV
in delay, DSR in
load balancing
and DSDV in
jitter.
Ns-2
CBR traffic
source,
movement
model
based on
pause time
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10. Study
Protocol
Simulator
Metrics
Conclusion
(Rahman 2010)
A Simulation Based
Performance
Comparison of
Routing Protocol on
Mobile Ad-hoc
Network
(Anuj K 2010)
Performance
analysis of AODV,
DSR & TORA
Routing Protocols
AODV,
DYMO, ZRP
and OLSR
Qualnet 4.5
CBR traffic
source, two-ray
propagation
path loss model,
mobility based
on pause time
NS-2
Packet
Delivery
Fraction,
Average Endto-end delay,
Jitter and
Throughput
average Endto-End delay
and packet
delivery ratio
DYMO best in PDF,
OLSR and ZRP
good in average
end to end delay,
ZRP better than
others in
throughput
TORA is suitable
for operation in
large mobile
networks having
dense population
of nodes.
AODV, DSR
and TORA
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11. (Classification of Ad Hoc routing protocols (Nadia 2009
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12. 12
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13. AODV uses three control messages to obtain and maintain routes:
Route Request (RREQ)
Route Reply (RREP)
Route Request (RREQ ) and Route Replay (RREP( message (Jian Wu 2007)
Route Error (RERR)
If a node is unable to forward packet, it generates a RERR
message. When the originator node receives the RERR, it initiates
a new route discovery for the given route.
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14. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
HELLO
TC - Topology Control
MID - Multiple Interface Declaration
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( MPR and normal flooding (Mohamed 2011
multipoint relays (MPRs)
to minimize the number of
control messages flooding
in the network.
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15. Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)
Re-establishing route on failure link 5-7.
The new reference level is node5
Height of each node updated a result of message
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16. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)
OLSR employs multipoint relays (MPRs) to minimize the number of control messages
flooding in the network. Each node chooses a subset of its one hop neighbors (MPRs)
in such a way that these MPRs will cover all two-hop away neighbors. Hence,
messages are only flooded through MPRs, and not to all nodes. Flooding through
multipoint relays (MPRs) reduce the number of duplicate transmissions.
16
( MPR and normal flooding (Mohamed 2011
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17. Three control messages are defined to provide this functionality:
HELLO
HELLO messages are exchanged between neighbours only, and diffuse
information about the one hop neighbours of a node.
Two hop neighbourhood can be discovered, and further, the MPRs of the given
node can be chosen.
The MPRs chosen by a node is further marked in the following HELLO messages
broadcasted by that node.
TC - Topology Control
All nodes chosen as MPR will transmit TC messages.
The TC messages contain the address of the node generating the message, as
well as the list of nodes that has chosen the given node as MPR.
TC messages are further flooded using the MPRs, disseminating network
topology information to all the nodes in the OLSR network.
MID - Multiple Interface Declaration
The MID message is broadcasted by nodes running OLSR on more
than one
network interface.
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18. Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)
TORA maintains multiple routes to the destination when topology changes
frequently. It consists of link reversal of the Directed Acyclic Graph (ACG). It uses
Internet MANET Encapsulation Protocol (IMEP) for link status and neighbour
connectivity sensing. IMEP provide reliable, in-order delivery of all routing control
messages from a node to all of its neighbours, and notification to the routing
protocol whenever a link neighbours is created or broken.
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19. Temporary Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA)
As TORA is for multihop networks which is considered to minimize the
communication overhead associated with adapting to network topological changes
by localization of algorithmic reaction. Moreover, it is bandwidth efficient and highly
adaptive and quick in route repair during link failure figure2.8 and providing multiple
routes to destination node in wireless networks.
Re-establishing route on failure link 5-7.
The new reference level is node5
Height of each node updated a result of message
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20. We will choose two criteria which derived for QoS as follows:
Throughput:
the ratio of successfully transmitted of total amount of data receiver actually
receives from sender by bits divided by the time taken by receiver to obtain the
last packet by second for the entire network; this includes all routing data and
user data (Rahman 2010).
Delay:
The time elapsed between the creation of a packet at its source and its
destruction at the destination, measured in seconds (Singla 2009). The packet
end-to-end delay is the time of generation of a packet by the source up to the
destination reception. So this is the time that a packet takes to go across the
network. This time is expressed in sec (Jha 2010).
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21. The purpose of this project is to research methods of transmitting real time
data from a number of dynamic nodes in hospital environment.
1000m× 1000m indoor.
50-100 mobile workstations
 wireless network server
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22. The model parameters that will use in the experiments are summarized
Parameter
Value
Simulator
OpNet Modeler 14.0
Number of wireless Nodes
50-100 mobile workstations and one mobile Server
Ad Hoc Routing Protocols
AODV, OLSR and TORA
Time of simulation
1800 seconds (30 minutes)
Simulation area
Indoor, 1000m x 1000 meters
Transmission range
30-90 m
Physical Characteristics
IEEE 802.11g
Data rate
54 Mbps
Applications
HTTP, FTP, DATABASE, EMAIL and PRINT.
Metrics
Throughput and Delay
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23. Application
Attributes
The Describe
Selection
File Transfer Protocol enables file transfers and
1
FTP
1,048,576 byte
downloads between nodes.
(8Megabits)
Hypertext
2
Heavy browsing
HTTP
307,200 byte
application
Transfer
protocol
Protocol (HTTP)
foundation
is
of
an
data
communication for the World wide web.
(2.34Megabits)
Electronic mail is a method of exchanging
3
Email
2,000 byte
(0.02Megabits)
messages from an author to one or more
recipients. Modern Email operates across the
internet or other computer network.
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24. Application
Attributes
The Describe
Selection
A database is an organized collection of data. A
database
system implies
that
the
data
is
managed to some level of quality (measured in
4
Database
32,76byte
terms of accuracy, availability, usability, and
(0.25 megabits)
resilience) and this in turn often implies the use
of a general-purpose database management
system (DBMS).
Color (Min 3,000Print out job submission on paper.
Max 9,000,000) byte
5
Print
(0.023 – 68.7
megabits)
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25. Flow chart of OpNet
Create Network
Network
configuration
Run Simulation
View results
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Test Result Analysis
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26. Five main Scenarios for each network design (50-100 nodes)
Each scenario has one service for all nodes in our network designed.
Scenario 1: FTP on all workstations and the server.
Scenario 2: HTTP on all workstations and the server.
Scenario 3: EMAIL on all workstations and the server.
Scenario 4: DATABASE on all workstations and the server.
Scenario 5: PRINT on all workstations and the server.
Each scenario we will apply 3 routing protocols:
Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV),
Optimized Link State Routing Protocol (OLSR) and
Temporally-Ordered Routing Algorithm (TORA).
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27. Simulation can be defined to show the eventual real behavior of the selected
system model, and it is a comprehensive set of tools with all the components for
custom network modeling and simulation. In this paper, an effort has been made
to perform a simulation model for ad hoc wireless network to monitor the
performance metrics of the network in different scenarios, and focus on the
comparison of data obtained by using OpNet modeler, also, the result obtained
from these different scenarios while a route recognized between source and
destination matchup is maintained as long as desirable by the source with
routing protocols selected.
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28. o
a nk y
.Th
u
ns
?Questio
Preparation: Ismail .H.Moftah Eldabar
Supervised by: Professor Zakaria Suliman Zubi
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