The document discusses different topics related to World Englishes and global communication, including: - Kachru's model of three concentric circles (Inner Circle, Outer Circle, Expanding Circle) to illustrate how English is distributed globally. - Characteristics of native and non-native English varieties, including differences in vocabulary, pronunciation, grammar between American English, British English, and other varieties. - Concepts like linguistic prejudice, cultural conventions, schemas, and how they vary across English varieties. - Models like ENL (English as Native Language), ESL (English as Second Language), EFL (English as Foreign Language) that classify speakers based on their language acquisition.

1. World Englishes and
Global Communication
NOV 2023
GROUP 5

2. World Englishes
According to Smith and Forman and Thumboo (2001), World English refers to the
English language as a lingua franca used in business, trade, diplomacy and other
spheres of global activity. It refers to the concept of English as a global language that
is spoken and used in many countries around the world. It implies the standardized
version of English.
World Englishes refers to different varieties of English and English-based creoles
developed in different regions of the world. A term used for varieties of English use in
different parts of the world.
Ex. American English, British English, Philippine English and Indian English

3. Kachru’s
“Circle”
Model

4. Since Kachru's model was initially
presented in 1985 under the name
"World Englishes," it allowed for new
methods of
recognizing the global dissemination of
the English language. The Inner Circle,
the Outer Circle, and the Expanding
Circle are the three concentric circles
that Kachru (1985) used to illustrate how
English is distributed. The circles
represent "the pattern of acquisition, the
kind of dissemination, and the functional
areas in which
All languages and civilizations employ
the English language
Kachru’s
“Circle”
Model

5. Kachru’s
“Circle” Model
INNER
CIRCLE
The Inner Circle is made up the traditional
bases of English and its speakers are the
ones in charge of providing the norms.
These places are where the norms are
created and from which they spread to the
other circles. Some of the countries that
conform the Inner Circle are USA, UK and
Canada.
The total number of English speakers in the
inner circle is as high as 380 million, of
whom some 120 million are outside the
United States

6. Kachru’s
“Circle” Model
OUTER CIRCLE
The Outer circle represents the areas
where, as a result of their colonial
history, people speak official non-
native forms of English. It is the
speakers of these spaces who question
and shape conventions. Most of them
are ESL. This circle includes Egypt,
Philippines, Pakistan, and India, among
other nations.
The total number of English speakers in
the outer circle is estimated to range
from 150 million to 300 million.

7. Kachru’s
“Circle” Model
EXPANDING
CIRCLE
The Expanding Circle is made up by
EFL speakers where English is not
usually spoken. In this circle the
speakers have to follow the rules
established by the Inner Circle and
developed or challenged by the Outer
one. Some examples of countries that
belong to this circle are China, Russia
and Brazil.

8. TWO CRITERIA FOR CLASSIFYING
NATIVE ENGLISH
(a) The native variety has been
around for a long time.
(b) Native varieties influenced the
younger varieties in some way.
NATIVE VARIETIES
ex: British English, American
English, Australian English
Native varieties vs Nativised Varieties
of English
Nativized varieties are newer
varieties that have developed in
places where English was not
originally spoken and which have
been influenced by local and
cultures.
NATIVISED VARIETIES
ex: Indian English, Philippine
English

9. The Native Speaker vs the
non-native speaker
A native speaker is fluent in
their own mother tongue and
a first language speaker.
Bloomfield(1933) defines a
native speaker as one learned
on mother’s knee. The first
language a human learns to
speak is his/her native
language. (Bloomfield ,1993)
A native speaker is not born
that is fluent with other
language. Kirkpatrick stated
that non-native speakers are
those speakers whose mother
tongue is different but learned
other language.
(Kirkpatrick,2007)
NATIVE SPEAKER NON-NATIVE SPEAKER

10. Communication continuum
Communication continuum in technical writing refers to the
range of communication methods and channels used to
convey technical information to a diverse audience. It
encompasses a spectrum of communication modes,
ranging from highly formal and structured to more informal
and interactive approaches.

11. Figure 1: The identity-communication continuum

12. Pidgins vs creoles vs varieties of english
Pidgins
Are languages that are born after contact between at least two
other languages. Many pidgins developed during the period of empire
and international trade.
According to cambridge dictionary a pidgin is a language that has
developed from a mixture of two languages. It is used as a way of
communicating by people who do not speak each other's languages.

13. Pidgins vs creoles vs varieties of english
CREOLES
When pidgin become learned as mother tongue, they become known
as creoles. Creoles are developed pidgins. Creoles and pidgin are
both simplified grammar but creoles have more complex, and more
structured unlike pidgin.

14. Pidgins vs creoles vs varieties of english
Varieties of English
Kirkpatrick stated that varieties of English are not very different from
pidgins and creoles. Mufwene stated “ varieties of Englishes and
English pidgins and creoles have all developed by the same kind of
natural restructuring process”. All varieties of English have been
influenced by contact with other languages and have adopted
vocabulary items from local languages.

15. What is linguistic prejudice?
Linguistic prejudice is when
people hold implicit biases
about others based on the way
they speak.
ex: If we think that one
accent somehow sounds
more or less intelligent that
others it shows linguistically
prejudiced.
Linguistic
Prejudice

16. Vocabulary
• A word in one variety of English may have a different meaning in another variety.
• Different varieties of English also have words that are unique to them.
EXAMPLE 1: In British English, a bush is a short tree that are usually covered by leaves or
thorns. In Australian English, a bush primarily refers to the countryside as opposed to the
towns.
EXAMPLE 2: Describing a car parts is different in different variety of English.
AMERICAN ENGLISH BRITISH ENGLISH
• Trunk at the back and hood at the
front
• Stick shifts
• Odometers
• Boot at the back and bonnet at the
front
• Gear levels
• Speedmometers

17. Vocabulary
• Different varieties of English can also adapt words so that they suit the culture in which
they are used.
EXAMPLE : In Austalian English culture they give rise to the shortening or clipping of common
words like politician becomes “pollie”, a journalist a “journo” and a refugee a “reffo”.
NOTE: To summarize, different varieites of english adopt many different words from local
languages to describe local phenomena of one sort or another. These different of vocabulary
can cause misunderstanding among people who speak different of English, precisely because
they reflect local culture and contexts.

18. Phonology and Pronunciation
PHONOLOGY
• Phonology is the study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across
languages.
• IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) is used to represent the patterns and
sounds of a language. IPA is used to transcribe the pronounciation of language
into text.
PRONUNCIATION
• Pronunciation is a phonology in action. All world Englishes have different
pronunciation. While different varieties of English have different pronunciation,
this mismatch between spelling and pronunciation exists in all of them.

19. Morphology and Syntax
The way people pronounce their variety of English and the words they use are the
two most obvious features of any variety. However, varieties also differ in the way
they use grammar.
MORPHOLOGY
• Morphology studies the internal structure of words and their meaningful parts.
SYNTAX
• Syntax studies how words, phrases, and clauses are structured to form
complex sentences.

20. Cultural convections and schemas
CULTURAL CONVENTIONS
• Cultural conventions are cultural routines.
• The way people greet and address each other can be considered as cultural
conventions.
Let’s take an example of how different Englishes greet and adress each other
according to their respective variety of English.
American English How are you? Fine thanks.
British English How are you doing? (Just) great (thanks).
Australian English How are you going? Good thanks.

21. Cultural convections and schemas
SCHEMA
• Refers to an active organization of past reactions, or past experiences, which
must be always be supposed to be operating in any well-adapted organic
response.
• A word “schema” is itself an example of a word being adopted from one
language by another with a consequent change of meaning.

22. Cultural convections and schemas
CULTURAL CONVENTIONS
• Cultural conventions are cultural routines.
• The way people greet and address each other can be considered as cultural
conventions.
Let’s take an example of how different Englishes greet and adress each other
according to their respective variety of English.
American English How are you? Fine thanks.
British English How are you doing? (Just) great (thanks).
Australian English How are you going? Good thanks.

23. ENL
Model of World
Englishes
Those who speak
English as their first
language or mother
tongue and were born
in an English-speaking
nation are considered
native speakers of the
language.
English as a second
language, these are the
non-native speakers
who have learnt English
almost at the same
time as their mother
tongue.
English as a foreign
language, these are
the non-native
speakers who learnt
English in a country
where English is not
usually spoken.
EFL
ESL
ENGLISH AS NATIVE
LANGUAGE
ENGLISH AS SECOND
LANGUAGE
ENGLISH AS FOREIGN
LANGUAGE

24. Thank you!