Il fibroscan e il ShearWave technology: due esami diagnostici utili per il monitoraggio nel tempo delle malattie epatiche, della loro evoluzione e della risposta al trattamento.
Pompili M. Fegato (Anatomia e Patologia Diffusa) Colecisti e Vie Biliari. ASM...Gianfranco Tammaro
PROF. POMPILI MAURIZIO - Master ECM in Ecografia Internistica 2016 - Sabato 16 - 30 Gennaio e 13 Febbraio 2016 - Sala Congressi Fondazione Santa Lucia - Via Ardeatina n. 354 - ROMA
Sito ASMaD: http://www.asmad.net
1) Chilaiditi syndrome, first reported in 1865, is a rare condition where the colon is interposed between the diaphragm and liver.
2) It occurs more commonly in men and in certain Asian populations, possibly due to differences in diet and fiber consumption.
3) Chilaiditi syndrome is usually asymptomatic but can cause abdominal pain and distention. Diagnosis is made through imaging like x-rays and CT scans. Conservative treatment with decompression and bed rest is typically effective.
This document discusses regional rheumatic pain syndromes, focusing on disorders of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, and hip regions. It provides details on the causes, presentations, evaluations, and treatment approaches for common conditions in each area, including rotator cuff tendinitis, lateral epicondylitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger finger, and trochanteric bursitis. Evaluation involves history, physical exam maneuvers like impingement tests, and sometimes imaging like MRI. Treatment consists of rest, physical therapy, braces, NSAIDs, steroid injections, and possibly surgery for more severe cases.
The document discusses the causes and presentation of rickets. The main causes are vitamin D disorders, calcium deficiency, phosphorus deficiency, renal losses, and distal renal tubular acidosis. Clinical features include bone deformities, softening of the skull, and leg pain. Diagnosis involves physical exam, x-rays showing bone changes, and lab tests showing abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone levels. Nutritional vitamin D deficiency is the most common cause globally. Treatment involves vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus supplementation.
This document discusses avascular necrosis (AVN), also called osteonecrosis. It defines AVN as bone death caused by sudden obstruction of blood supply to bone. Common causes include trauma, corticosteroid use, and decompression sickness. Sites often affected are the femoral head, scaphoid, and talus. The goal of treatment is to improve joint function, stop further bone damage, and preserve the bone and joint. Methods include nonsurgical options to delay progression and surgical interventions like core decompression or grafts, with joint replacement usually performed later.
Pompili M. Fegato (Anatomia e Patologia Diffusa) Colecisti e Vie Biliari. ASM...Gianfranco Tammaro
PROF. POMPILI MAURIZIO - Master ECM in Ecografia Internistica 2016 - Sabato 16 - 30 Gennaio e 13 Febbraio 2016 - Sala Congressi Fondazione Santa Lucia - Via Ardeatina n. 354 - ROMA
Sito ASMaD: http://www.asmad.net
1) Chilaiditi syndrome, first reported in 1865, is a rare condition where the colon is interposed between the diaphragm and liver.
2) It occurs more commonly in men and in certain Asian populations, possibly due to differences in diet and fiber consumption.
3) Chilaiditi syndrome is usually asymptomatic but can cause abdominal pain and distention. Diagnosis is made through imaging like x-rays and CT scans. Conservative treatment with decompression and bed rest is typically effective.
This document discusses regional rheumatic pain syndromes, focusing on disorders of the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hand, and hip regions. It provides details on the causes, presentations, evaluations, and treatment approaches for common conditions in each area, including rotator cuff tendinitis, lateral epicondylitis, carpal tunnel syndrome, trigger finger, and trochanteric bursitis. Evaluation involves history, physical exam maneuvers like impingement tests, and sometimes imaging like MRI. Treatment consists of rest, physical therapy, braces, NSAIDs, steroid injections, and possibly surgery for more severe cases.
The document discusses the causes and presentation of rickets. The main causes are vitamin D disorders, calcium deficiency, phosphorus deficiency, renal losses, and distal renal tubular acidosis. Clinical features include bone deformities, softening of the skull, and leg pain. Diagnosis involves physical exam, x-rays showing bone changes, and lab tests showing abnormalities in calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone levels. Nutritional vitamin D deficiency is the most common cause globally. Treatment involves vitamin D, calcium, and phosphorus supplementation.
This document discusses avascular necrosis (AVN), also called osteonecrosis. It defines AVN as bone death caused by sudden obstruction of blood supply to bone. Common causes include trauma, corticosteroid use, and decompression sickness. Sites often affected are the femoral head, scaphoid, and talus. The goal of treatment is to improve joint function, stop further bone damage, and preserve the bone and joint. Methods include nonsurgical options to delay progression and surgical interventions like core decompression or grafts, with joint replacement usually performed later.
This document provides an overview of acute abdomen, including its pathophysiology, causes, clinical presentation, and evaluation/management. Acute abdomen is characterized by sudden severe abdominal pain of unclear origin within 24 hours. Pain arises from irritation of the visceral peritoneum or parietal peritoneum and can refer to different areas. Common non-traumatic causes include inflammation, obstruction, ischemia, perforation, and rupture of abdominal organs. Clinical assessment involves history, examination findings like rebound tenderness, and radiological/laboratory investigations. Initial management focuses on resuscitation, monitoring, NPO status, and determining need for urgent surgery.
Evidence Based Practice in Medical Imaging- Ankylosing SpondylitisNoor Farahuda
This presentation is about evidence-based practice in medical imaging for a particular disease, which is the Ankylosing Spondylitis. It is actually focusing on the imaging modalities that have been used for diagnose the disease and the appearances of the disease on the image of the modalities.
Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor that presents as a cartilage-capped bony projection on the external surface of bones. It is caused by aberrant growth plate development and is associated with mutations in EXT1 and EXT2 genes. Osteochondroma typically presents in childhood as multiple lesions near joints and can cause deformities. Complications include fractures, bursa formation, arthritis and rare malignant transformation into chondrosarcoma. Diagnosis involves radiology and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery to remove painful or deforming lesions. It has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and carriers have a 50% risk of passing the condition to offspring.
Differential Diagnosis of Lower Back Painwestwriters
Low back pain is pain, muscle tension, or stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without sciatica, and is defined as chronic when it persists for 12 weeks or more.
The document discusses renal osteodystrophy, which refers to bone diseases that occur in patients with impaired kidney function. It outlines several types of renal osteodystrophy, including osteitis fibrosa, adynamic bone disease, and osteomalacia. It describes the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in kidney disease and the effects of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D on bone and mineral metabolism. Treatment goals are to control parathyroid hormone levels, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D to prevent bone complications in renal patients.
Spondylolisthesis refers to the forward displacement of one vertebral body over another, most commonly occurring at L5 over S1. It is classified based on etiology, with isthmic spondylolisthesis being the most common type caused by pars interarticularis defects. Symptoms include leg or back pain, numbness, and weakness. Treatment depends on the severity of the slip and symptoms, ranging from observation to surgery to decompress nerves or fuse vertebrae.
Blount disease is a developmental condition characterized by disordered bone growth of the medial proximal tibia, resulting in genu varum deformity of the knee. It is most common in overweight children ages 2-5 years old. Management options depend on the stage and severity of deformity, and may include bracing, osteotomies, hemiepiphyseodesis, or guided growth with external fixation. The goal of treatment is to correct alignment and prevent long term complications like osteoarthritis.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of divertiular disease and diverticu...Abdellah Nazeer
This document summarizes the key radiological imaging techniques used to diagnose and monitor diverticular disease and diverticulitis of the colon. It describes the epidemiology and pathophysiology of diverticular disease. Computed tomography is outlined as the gold standard imaging method, able to detect wall thickening, inflammation, abscesses, fistulas, and complications. Ultrasound, barium enema, and magnetic resonance imaging are also discussed. The document presents various images demonstrating diverticulitis findings on the different modalities.
Assessment of liver fibrosis by us elastographySamir Haffar
Liver fibrosis assessment techniques such as ultrasound elastography were discussed. Liver biopsy is currently the gold standard for fibrosis staging but has limitations like sampling error and invasiveness. Transient elastography is a validated method for noninvasive fibrosis assessment that provides a reliable result with 10 valid measurements where the interquartile range is less than 30% of the median. Normal liver stiffness values are below 5 kPa while values above 12.5 kPa indicate cirrhosis. Factors like acute hepatitis, congestive heart failure, and obesity can affect elastography results. ARFI and shear wave elastography are alternative ultrasound methods for evaluating liver fibrosis in a noninvasive manner.
Rickets is a metabolic disease of growing bone that is unique to children.
It caused by a failure of mineralization of osteoid tissue in a developing skeleton, particularly at the growth plate.
Imperfect calcification typically resulting in soft bones and skeleton deformities.
Gastroparesis in Chronic Kidney DiseaseVishal Bagchi
· Identify the common causes of gastroparesis in CKD · Overview of gut physiology
· Differentiate gastroparesis vs. other GI issues and their symptoms "· Provide comparison of gastroparesis & other common GI issues in CKD
· Testing and findings"
· Compare and contrast various evidence-based treatments for gastroparesis "· Review efficacy of current treatments in CKD for gastroparesis
· Cite what providers can safely advise patients to reduce symptoms"
This document summarizes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. While the pathogenesis is not fully understood, theories involve insulin resistance and interactions between the gut and liver. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, or biopsy. Limited treatment options include weight loss, vitamin E (for NASH), and pioglitazone. Ongoing research is exploring new drug targets to treat NAFLD and prevent progression to end-stage liver disease.
1. Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious complication of chronic liver disease characterized by alterations in mental status and cognitive function occurring in liver failure. Common precipitating factors include blood transfusion, infection, GI bleeding, use of sedative drugs, constipation, alkalosis, low potassium, and high protein diet.
2. Treatment of acute overt hepatic encephalopathy includes supportive care, identifying and treating precipitating factors, reducing nitrogenous load in the gut through medications like lactulose, and assessing need for long-term therapy or liver transplant.
3. Prevention and management of recurrent or persistent hepatic encephalopathy involves avoiding precipitating factors and continued drug therapy like lactulose and rifaximin,
This document provides an overview of metabolic bone disease and bone histology. It discusses the anatomy and microstructure of bone, including the cells, blood supply, growth, formation, and remodeling. Specific topics covered include endochondral and intramembranous ossification, lamellar and woven bone patterns, and the balance between bone resorption and formation. Disorders related to mineralization such as rickets and osteomalacia are described. The roles of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in bone metabolism are also summarized.
This document discusses several metabolic bone diseases including hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, and rickets. It provides details on:
- The processes of bone remodeling and how disorders can disrupt mineralization or formation/resorption, leading to conditions like rickets.
- Hyperparathyroidism, which can be primary due to parathyroid adenomas, secondary due to hypocalcemia, or tertiary if secondary is longstanding. This causes high calcium and affects bones, kidneys, and other organs.
- Paget's disease, which involves abnormal bone remodeling from viral infection, leading to deformity, fractures, and other complications. It typically involves the pelvis, spine,
Osteochondrosis is a common joint disorder seen in many animal species that is caused by a failure of blood supply to growing cartilage. It occurs in focal areas of cartilage and bone, especially in weight bearing joints. While factors like heredity, rapid growth, anatomy and trauma may play a role, current evidence suggests the primary cause is ischemic necrosis of vessels in cartilage canals during adolescence. This leads to necrosis of cartilage that later fails to properly ossify. Prophylactic measures should focus on this growth period when vulnerable blood vessels are present.
This document discusses various pathologies that can involve the peritoneum and presents imaging findings. CT is often used to detect and characterize peritoneal diseases. Conditions summarized include mucinous carcinomatosis appearing as cystic tumor nodules along the peritoneum; pseudomyxoma peritonei showing septations within ascites without nodules; mesenteric cysts such as lymphangiomas with enhancing septa; and peritoneal carcinomatosis commonly from gastrointestinal cancers seen as omental metastases and ascites.
Degenerative Marrow Changes (Signal intensity changes) adjacent to the endplates of degenerated discs are a common observation on MR images.
This is a teaching lecture given twice by Prof. Dr. Mohamed Mohi Eldin, professor of neurosurgery, in the weekly conference of kasr El Aini Neurosurgery Department, Cairo University, November 2010 and January 2013.
This document provides an overview of acute abdomen, including its pathophysiology, causes, clinical presentation, and evaluation/management. Acute abdomen is characterized by sudden severe abdominal pain of unclear origin within 24 hours. Pain arises from irritation of the visceral peritoneum or parietal peritoneum and can refer to different areas. Common non-traumatic causes include inflammation, obstruction, ischemia, perforation, and rupture of abdominal organs. Clinical assessment involves history, examination findings like rebound tenderness, and radiological/laboratory investigations. Initial management focuses on resuscitation, monitoring, NPO status, and determining need for urgent surgery.
Evidence Based Practice in Medical Imaging- Ankylosing SpondylitisNoor Farahuda
This presentation is about evidence-based practice in medical imaging for a particular disease, which is the Ankylosing Spondylitis. It is actually focusing on the imaging modalities that have been used for diagnose the disease and the appearances of the disease on the image of the modalities.
Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor that presents as a cartilage-capped bony projection on the external surface of bones. It is caused by aberrant growth plate development and is associated with mutations in EXT1 and EXT2 genes. Osteochondroma typically presents in childhood as multiple lesions near joints and can cause deformities. Complications include fractures, bursa formation, arthritis and rare malignant transformation into chondrosarcoma. Diagnosis involves radiology and biopsy. Treatment involves surgery to remove painful or deforming lesions. It has an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern and carriers have a 50% risk of passing the condition to offspring.
Differential Diagnosis of Lower Back Painwestwriters
Low back pain is pain, muscle tension, or stiffness localized below the costal margin and above the inferior gluteal folds, with or without sciatica, and is defined as chronic when it persists for 12 weeks or more.
The document discusses renal osteodystrophy, which refers to bone diseases that occur in patients with impaired kidney function. It outlines several types of renal osteodystrophy, including osteitis fibrosa, adynamic bone disease, and osteomalacia. It describes the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in kidney disease and the effects of parathyroid hormone and vitamin D on bone and mineral metabolism. Treatment goals are to control parathyroid hormone levels, calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D to prevent bone complications in renal patients.
Spondylolisthesis refers to the forward displacement of one vertebral body over another, most commonly occurring at L5 over S1. It is classified based on etiology, with isthmic spondylolisthesis being the most common type caused by pars interarticularis defects. Symptoms include leg or back pain, numbness, and weakness. Treatment depends on the severity of the slip and symptoms, ranging from observation to surgery to decompress nerves or fuse vertebrae.
Blount disease is a developmental condition characterized by disordered bone growth of the medial proximal tibia, resulting in genu varum deformity of the knee. It is most common in overweight children ages 2-5 years old. Management options depend on the stage and severity of deformity, and may include bracing, osteotomies, hemiepiphyseodesis, or guided growth with external fixation. The goal of treatment is to correct alignment and prevent long term complications like osteoarthritis.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of divertiular disease and diverticu...Abdellah Nazeer
This document summarizes the key radiological imaging techniques used to diagnose and monitor diverticular disease and diverticulitis of the colon. It describes the epidemiology and pathophysiology of diverticular disease. Computed tomography is outlined as the gold standard imaging method, able to detect wall thickening, inflammation, abscesses, fistulas, and complications. Ultrasound, barium enema, and magnetic resonance imaging are also discussed. The document presents various images demonstrating diverticulitis findings on the different modalities.
Assessment of liver fibrosis by us elastographySamir Haffar
Liver fibrosis assessment techniques such as ultrasound elastography were discussed. Liver biopsy is currently the gold standard for fibrosis staging but has limitations like sampling error and invasiveness. Transient elastography is a validated method for noninvasive fibrosis assessment that provides a reliable result with 10 valid measurements where the interquartile range is less than 30% of the median. Normal liver stiffness values are below 5 kPa while values above 12.5 kPa indicate cirrhosis. Factors like acute hepatitis, congestive heart failure, and obesity can affect elastography results. ARFI and shear wave elastography are alternative ultrasound methods for evaluating liver fibrosis in a noninvasive manner.
Rickets is a metabolic disease of growing bone that is unique to children.
It caused by a failure of mineralization of osteoid tissue in a developing skeleton, particularly at the growth plate.
Imperfect calcification typically resulting in soft bones and skeleton deformities.
Gastroparesis in Chronic Kidney DiseaseVishal Bagchi
· Identify the common causes of gastroparesis in CKD · Overview of gut physiology
· Differentiate gastroparesis vs. other GI issues and their symptoms "· Provide comparison of gastroparesis & other common GI issues in CKD
· Testing and findings"
· Compare and contrast various evidence-based treatments for gastroparesis "· Review efficacy of current treatments in CKD for gastroparesis
· Cite what providers can safely advise patients to reduce symptoms"
This document summarizes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which ranges from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NAFLD is strongly associated with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. While the pathogenesis is not fully understood, theories involve insulin resistance and interactions between the gut and liver. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, or biopsy. Limited treatment options include weight loss, vitamin E (for NASH), and pioglitazone. Ongoing research is exploring new drug targets to treat NAFLD and prevent progression to end-stage liver disease.
1. Hepatic encephalopathy is a serious complication of chronic liver disease characterized by alterations in mental status and cognitive function occurring in liver failure. Common precipitating factors include blood transfusion, infection, GI bleeding, use of sedative drugs, constipation, alkalosis, low potassium, and high protein diet.
2. Treatment of acute overt hepatic encephalopathy includes supportive care, identifying and treating precipitating factors, reducing nitrogenous load in the gut through medications like lactulose, and assessing need for long-term therapy or liver transplant.
3. Prevention and management of recurrent or persistent hepatic encephalopathy involves avoiding precipitating factors and continued drug therapy like lactulose and rifaximin,
This document provides an overview of metabolic bone disease and bone histology. It discusses the anatomy and microstructure of bone, including the cells, blood supply, growth, formation, and remodeling. Specific topics covered include endochondral and intramembranous ossification, lamellar and woven bone patterns, and the balance between bone resorption and formation. Disorders related to mineralization such as rickets and osteomalacia are described. The roles of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone in bone metabolism are also summarized.
This document discusses several metabolic bone diseases including hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, and rickets. It provides details on:
- The processes of bone remodeling and how disorders can disrupt mineralization or formation/resorption, leading to conditions like rickets.
- Hyperparathyroidism, which can be primary due to parathyroid adenomas, secondary due to hypocalcemia, or tertiary if secondary is longstanding. This causes high calcium and affects bones, kidneys, and other organs.
- Paget's disease, which involves abnormal bone remodeling from viral infection, leading to deformity, fractures, and other complications. It typically involves the pelvis, spine,
Osteochondrosis is a common joint disorder seen in many animal species that is caused by a failure of blood supply to growing cartilage. It occurs in focal areas of cartilage and bone, especially in weight bearing joints. While factors like heredity, rapid growth, anatomy and trauma may play a role, current evidence suggests the primary cause is ischemic necrosis of vessels in cartilage canals during adolescence. This leads to necrosis of cartilage that later fails to properly ossify. Prophylactic measures should focus on this growth period when vulnerable blood vessels are present.
This document discusses various pathologies that can involve the peritoneum and presents imaging findings. CT is often used to detect and characterize peritoneal diseases. Conditions summarized include mucinous carcinomatosis appearing as cystic tumor nodules along the peritoneum; pseudomyxoma peritonei showing septations within ascites without nodules; mesenteric cysts such as lymphangiomas with enhancing septa; and peritoneal carcinomatosis commonly from gastrointestinal cancers seen as omental metastases and ascites.
Degenerative Marrow Changes (Signal intensity changes) adjacent to the endplates of degenerated discs are a common observation on MR images.
This is a teaching lecture given twice by Prof. Dr. Mohamed Mohi Eldin, professor of neurosurgery, in the weekly conference of kasr El Aini Neurosurgery Department, Cairo University, November 2010 and January 2013.
4LIFE INTERNATIONAL GROUP (www.4lifegroup.it ) nasce con l'intento di far conoscere a tutti un prodotto innovativo, il TRANSFER FACTOR, completamente naturale al 100%, frutto di 50 anni di ricerche e coperto con 4 brevetti mondiali, capace di informare e potenziare il nostro Sistema Immunitario affinchè il nostro organismo reagisca meglio alle più svariate malattie provocate da virus, neoplasie, allergie e malattie autoimmuni.
I Fattori di Trasferimento sono piccole molecole messaggere che trasferiscono informazioni immunologiche da un’entità ad un’altra, per esempio dalla madre al neonato. Le cause dell’indebolimento del nostro sistema immunitario sono molteplici e spesso legate allo stress, all’inquinamento e contaminazione ambientale, alla cattiva alimentazione, ai nuovi ceppi di “superbatteri” dovuto all’eccessivo consumo di medicine.
Anche gli antibiotici, usati troppo spesso e in dosi eccessive per combattere le infezioni hanno, a lungo termine, effetti negativi sul sistema immunitario
Le conseguenze di un sistema immunitario indebolito o deficitario, sono la causa di infezioni e malattie sempre più frequenti e prolungate.
I processi di estrazione dei Fattori di Trasferimento dal colostro vaccino e dal tuorlo dell’uovo, sono protetti da brevetto degli USA nr. 6.468.534 (colostro e tuorlo) e nr. 6.866.868 (tecnica di estrazione), ed altri brevetti in attesa di registrazione.
Oltre 3.000 ricerche scientifiche e test fatti in laboratori indipendenti, indicano che la formula 4Life Transfer Tri-Factor aumenta l’efficacia del sistema immunitario incrementando l’attività funzionale delle NK Cells (Cellule Natura Killer) del 473%.
Le cellule NK sono le barriere difensive del sistema immunitario.
L’innovazione organizzativa attraverso il Project Cycle Management: l’esperienza dell’ASL Città di Torino - Premio Qualità 2017/2018 (*) - Prima edizione elettronica: Dicembre 2018 | ISBN: 978-88-943964-0-9 | Edizioni Asl Città di Torino | WWW.ASLCITTADITORINO.IT
L'ostetrica non c'è solo in sala parto. E' la professionista deputata all'assistenza globale della donna lungo il corso di tutta la sua vita.
Particolare riferimento al biofeedback cioè alla riabilitazione del pavimento pelvico.
La Mammografia 3d con tomosintesi: che cosa è, quali sono i vantaggi ed alcuni casi di studio presso il centro diagnostico Associati Fisiomed di Sforzacosta
3. LA FIBROSI
Attualmente considerata espressione
dinamica di due processi biologici
contrapposti, ossia la sintesi e la
rimozione di matrice extracellulare in
risposta
ad una noxa patogena cronica.
queste conoscenze ci hanno fornito una
spiegazione razionale e plausibile della
reversibilità del processo fibrosico.
4. L' infiammazione del fegato provocata dal virus dell'epatite, puo'
trasformarsi in Fibrosi Epatica.
Le malattie croniche del fegato caratterizzate da un processo
infiammatorio che dura nel tempo, producono un accumulo
progressivo di fibre collagene, conosciute come fibrosi .
GOLD STANDARD
• BIOPSIA EPATICA :
Alternativa alla biopsia con metodi non invasivi
La capacita di misurare la fibrosi con :
- fibroscan (TE )
- elastosonografia ( SWE )
La misurazione della fibrosi viene espressa da un valore in kPa
7. Che cos’è il fibroscan – S.W.E
Il fibroscan – S.W.E (Elastografia epatica) è una
metodica diagnostica utile a quantificare la fibrosi
epatica, vale a dire il fenomeno di cicatrizzazione che
consegue a malattie come l’epatite virale e che può
portare alla cirrosi epatica. Questa tecnica è eseguita
grazie ad uno strumento, chiamato fibroscan-SWE.
.
8. L’apparecchio è costituito da una sonda
ad ultrasuoni montata su un sistema
vibrante, a prima vista simile a quella dei
comuni ecografi. La sonda del fibroscan
viene applicata sulla cute del costato a
destra: l’impulso che genera determina la
propagazione di un’onda elastica
attraverso il fegato, la cui velocità,
misurata per mezzo degli ultrasuoni, è
direttamente correlata alla sua rigidità (a
sua volta dipendente dalla quantità di
fibrosi).
FIBROSCAN
9. ShearWave Elastography
Evoluzione del Fibroscan eseguito con
apparecchiatura ecografica dedicata con
modulo specifico. Questa tecnica ha il
vantaggio di essere integrata con esame
ecografico.
Il parenchima analizzato in questo caso
attraverso esame ecografico è campionato in
zone adatte.Mentre l’esecuzione del fibroscan non
necessita di preparazione tecnica particolare
per la S.W.E. è necessaria una preparazione
ecografica
12. Fino ad ora, questa informazione era ottenibile solo
con una biopsia epatica, ossia con un prelievo dal
fegato, eseguito, in anestesia locale, con un
apposito ago. La biopsia epatica è però una
procedura invasiva; inoltre, il frammento di tessuto
che si ottiene, se piccole dimensioni, può non
rappresentare fedelmente lo stato del fegato nella
sua interezza.
Per le sue caratteristiche, dunque, il fibroscan –
S.W.E, sono particolarmente utili per un
monitoraggio nel tempo delle malattie epatiche,
della loro evoluzione e della risposta al trattamento
13. LA CLASSIFICAZIONE METAVIR
Assenza di fibrosi F 0
Fibrosi portale senza setti F 1 - F 2 ( fibrosi portale con alcuni setti )
F 2 - F 3 ( fibrosi settale senza cirrosi )
Cirrosi F 4 : cancro, emorragia, insufficienza
epatica
STADIAZIONE DELLA FIBROSI : PERCHE?
Gestione del singolo paziente
fibrosi significativa ( > F 2 ) terapia
cirrosi F 4 follow-up
farmaci antivirali : valutazione dell'efficacia dei trattamenti
14. Esso identifica 4 stadi:
F0 - in cui non vi è danno fibrocicatriziale ed il fegato è, nonostante
l'infezione in corso, sostanzialmente normale.
F1 - in cui il danno è limitato, non significativo ed è lecito pensare di
rimanere in vigile attesa, senza trattamento (salvo in casi di virus
particolarmente sensibile al trattameno, alcuni sierotipi del virus HCV han
tassi di risposta alla terapia combinata interferone-ribavirina di circa il 75%).
F2 - in cui il danno fibrocicatriziale può essere considerato significativo ed il
paziente da candidare alla terapia del caso (se l'epatite è virale peg
interferone e Rbavirina in caso di epatite C, lamivudina od adefovir in
alternativa od associazione con l'IFN nel caso delle forme B correlate).
F3 - in cui il danno sclerocicatriziale, la fibrosi, è severo.
F4 - in cui il paziente è da considerare pre o francamente cirrotica