7. Rotator cuff tendinitis (RCT) or
impingement sdr
Most common cause
of shoulder pain
Acute/ chronic
May + calcific
deposits in the tendon
Pain with active
ABDUCTION between
60-120
degrees/lowering the
arm
8. Chronic RCT
Ache in the shoulder over the lateral deltoid
Pain with abduction and internal rotation
Difficulties dressing
Night pain
Less pain with passive abduction
Pain with abduction against resistance
9. Impingement test
Inject 2-5 ml 2% lidocaine in the subacromial
bursa- pain relief on abduction = test positiv
10. RCT
Causes:
Overuse/ overhead activity
Aging/ decline in use
Osteophytes in the acromioclavicular joint
RA
TX: rest, hot packs, cold, NSAIDs, CS injections
in the subacromial bursa
11. Rotator Cuff Tear
Most common trauma with ruptured cuff (falls, FX)
Classification
Small <1cm
Medium 1-3 cm
Large 3-5 cm
Massive >5cm
Shoulder pain, weakness on abduction, and loss of
motion severe pain and mild weakness to no pain
and marked weakness.
A positive drop-arm sign with inability to actively
maintain 90° of passive shoulder abduction (massive
tears)
MRI /abnormal arthrogram for diagnosis
TX: rest, PT, NSAIDs surgery
12. Bicipital tendinitis& Rupture of
proximal Bicipital Tendon
Pain in the anterior region of
shoulder
Acute/Chronic.
Tenderness over the bicipital
grove
Supination of the forearm
against resistance
Shoulder flexion against
resistance
Tx: rest, hot packs, US, NSAIDs,
CS injection
Full rupture of the long head of
tendon –bulbous enlargement of
13. Adhesive Capsulitis/ Frozen
Shoulder/ Pericapsulitis
generalized pain and tenderness with severe loss
of active and passive motion in all planes.
Rare<40 years
Causes: inflammatory arthritis, DM, immobility,
depression, and neglect
The joint capsule adheres to the anatomic neck,
and the axillary fold binds to itself, causing
restricted motion.
The capsule becomes thickened and contracted
Injecting dye : 0.3-5-10 ml, while in normal joint
could inject up to 28ml
TX: NSAIDs,CS injections, PT
14. Suprascapular Neuropathy
suprascapular nerve,
which innervates the
supraspinatus and
infraspinatus
Cause: trauma,
overactivity of the
shoulder, local ganglion,
or scapula FX
Weakness on abduction
and external rotation±
atrophy of the
supraspinatus and
infraspinatus
Dg:EMG
Tx: PT, CS injection into
the area of the
suprascapular notch.;
surgical decompression
15. Long Thoracic Nerve
Paralysis
• weakness of the serratus
anterior muscle,
resulting in a winged
scapula.
• Pain along the base of
the neck and downward
over the scapula and
deltoid region + fatigue
on elevation of the arm.
• The winging of the
scapula becomes
apparent when the
patient pushes against
the wall with arms
outstretched
16. Brachial Plexopathy
deep, sharp shoulder pain of rapid onset made worse
by abduction and rotation + weakness of the shoulder
girdle.
EMG: positive sharp waves and fibrillations
Recovery may take from 1 month to several years.
Causes: trauma, tumor, radiation, inoculation neuritis,
diabetes, infection, or median sternotomy done for
cardiac surgery, or it can be idiopathic
17. Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
The neurovascular bundle is
bordered below by the first rib,
anteriorly by the scalenus
anterior muscle, and posteriorly
by the scalenus medius muscle
Neurologic symptoms: Pain,
paresthesia, and numbness
radiating from the neck and
shoulder down to the arm and
hand, especially distributing to
the ring and little fingers.
Weakness and vascular
symptoms consist of
discoloration, temperature
change, pain on use, and
Raynaud’s phenomenon
18. Adson Test
patient holds a deep breath,
extends his neck, and then turns his
chin toward the side being
examined, is positive when the
radial pulse becomes extremely
weak or disappears.
May be positive in normal people
TX: conservative. Good posture is
emphasized. Stretching of the
scalene and pectoral muscles,
strengthening of the shoulder girdle
musculature
20. Olecranon Bursitis
The bursa is characteristically swollen and tender
on pressure, but pain may be minimal and
generally no motion is lost
Causes:
gout, RA, or CPPD
uremia in HD patients
Septic bursitis
21. Lateral Epicondylitis
tennis elbow
Localized tenderness directly over
or slightly anterior to the lateral
epicondyle
Pain during handshakes, lifting a
briefcase, <10% of patients due to
playing tennis; job and recreational
activities, including gardening
Pathology: degeneration of the
common extensor tendon
Tx: rest, Ice packs, heat, NSAIDs,
forearm brace
Entrapment of the radial nerve at
the elbow, which is called radial
tunnel syndrome (aching, weakness
of extension of the middle finger;
forced forearm supination against
resistance aggravate the symptoms
22. Medial Epicondylitis/ Golfer’s
elbow
Local pain and tenderness over the medial
epicondyle
Resistance to wrist flexion exacerbates the pain.
Cause: work/ leisure activitie/golf and throwing.
MRI not needed for diagnosis, ---thickening and
increased signal intensity of the common flexor
tendon
TX: rest, NSAIDS, CS injections
23. Tendinopathy, Complete and Partial
Rupture of the Distal Biceps Insertion
Dull pain throughout the antecubital fossa of the
elbow, mild swelling at the tendon insertion
Resisted elbow flexion and resisted supination
increase pain.
Complete rupture of the distal biceps tendon is
uncommon (sudden forced extension against an
actively contracting biceps muscle)
pain and weakness of elbow flexion and
supination.
MRI confirms the diagnosis
Tx: surgical repair
24. Cubital Bursitis/ bicipitoradial
bursitis
swelling of the antecubital fossa and tenderness
with some restriction of pronation.
Cause: RA/inflammatory arthritis; trauma or
overuse, associated with a partial tear of the
distal biceps tendon.
MRI: confirm the diagnosis.
TX: conservatively, including an image-guided
aspiration and corticosteroid injection.
25. Triceps Tendinitis and Triceps
Tendon Rupture
• pain is present in the posterior
elbow
• worse by extension and resisted
extension.
• Tenderness of the insertion of the
tendon
• Cause: overuse of the upper arm
(throwing; hammering);
• Tx: conservative/ surgery
• Rupture of the triceps tendon at
the insertion in the olecranon is
rare; usually trauma /CS injections
into the olecranon bursa/heavy
use of anabolic steroids.
26. Ulnar Nerve Entrapment
numbness and paresthesia of the
little finger and adjacent side of the
ring finger and medial aspect of
the elbow. Hand clumsiness
+ decreased sensation and
weakness on abduction and
flexion; atrophy and weakness of
the ulnar intrinsic muscles of the
hand
A positive Tinel’s sign, elicited by
tapping the nerve at the elbow
EMG:dg
TX: Avoiding pressure on the
elbow and repetitive elbow flexion/
surgical correction is needed.
28. Ganglion
cystic swelling arising from a joint or tendon
sheath that occurs most commonly over the
dorsum of the wrist.
It is lined with synovium and contains thick
jellylike fluid
Swelling to discomfort
TX: aspiration and CS injection
29. De Quervain’s Tenosynovitis
Repetitive activity that involves pinching with the
thumb while moving the wrist.
New mothers as a complication of pregnancy,
lifting babies
Pain, tenderness, ±swelling over the radial styloid
Finkelstein test: pain increases when the thumb is
folded across the palm and the fingers are flexed
over the thumb as the examiner passively
deviates the wrist toward the ulnar side
TX; splinting, NSAIDs, CS injection
30. Intersection Syndrome
Occur in the radial side of the wrist.
involves the site of the intersection and crossing
of the extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis
with the abductor pollicis longus and the extensor
pollicis brevis, which is about 4 cm from the wrist.
Pain is present and worse with radial or twisting
motions.
Cause: racket sports, skiing, canoeing, and
weight lifting.
Tx: rest with possibly a thumb splint, NSAIDs, ice,
and a local steroid injection.
31.
32. Tenosynovitis of the Wrist
occurs in other flexor and extensor tendons of the
wrist
Localized pain and tenderness, sometimes
swelling.
Pain on resisted movement is often seen.
Cause: repetitive use, trauma, inflammatory
arthritis, idiopathic.
TX: avoiding overuse, splinting, and NSAIDs. A
local corticosteroid injection into the tendon
sheath
33. Pronator Teres Syndrome
The median nerve is compressed at the level of
the pronator teres muscle.
Aching in the volar aspect of the forearm,
numbness in the thumb and index finger,
weakness on gripping with the thumb, and
writer’s cramp.
Tenderness of the proximal part of the pronator
teres aggravated by resistive pronation of the
forearm.
34. Anterior Interosseous Nerve
Syndrome
Compression of the anterior interosseous nerve
near its bifurcation from the median nerve
produces weakness of the
flexor pollicis longus,
flexor digitorum profundus,
pronator quadratus muscles.
Sensation is not affected
cannot form an O with the thumb and index
finger
35. Radial Nerve Palsy
spiral groove syndrome
(bridegroom palsy,)- radial nv
compressed against the
humerus.
wrist drop with flexion of MCP
and adduction of thumb
Anesthesia in the web space and
hypesthesia from the dorsal
aspect of the forearm to thumb,
index, and middle fingers
crutches or prolonged leaning of
the arm over the back of a chair
(Saturday night palsy), weakness
of the triceps and brachioradialis
muscles
36. Posterior Interosseous Nerve
Syndrome
Posterior interosseous nerve entrapment in the
radial tunnel produces discomfort in the proximal
lateral portion of the forearm
37. Superficial Radial Neuropathy
(Cheiralgia Paresthetica)
Burning or shooting pain and sometimes
numbness and tingling over the dorsoradial
aspect of the wrist, thumb, and index fingers.
Hyperpronation and ulnar wrist flexion may be
provocative
38. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
paresthesias and numbness in the hands.
The median nerve and flexor tendons pass
through a common tunnel at the wrist, whose rigid
walls are bounded dorsally and on the sides by
the carpal bones, and on the volar aspect by the
transverse carpal ligament
39. Carpal tunnel sdr
burning pain or tingling in the hand are common, often occurring during the
night and relieved by vigorous shaking or movement of the hand.
sensation of hand swelling when in fact no swelling is visible.
Occasionally the pain spreads above the wrist into the forearm or, rarely,
even above the elbow and up the arm.
Bilateral disease is common.
40. Causes and TX
Pregnancy
trauma
Osteophytes
ganglia
tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis,
coccidioidomycosis, rubella.
Rheumatoid arthritis
gout,/pseudogout, and other infl ammatory diseases of the
wrist can
multiple myeloma
myxedema and acromegaly
Tx: milder cases, splinting the wrist in a neutral position;
Local injections of corticosteroids into the carpal tunnel
area, to surgical decompression of the tunnel by release of
the transverse carpal ligament
41. Ulnar Nerve Entrapment at
the Wrist
ulnar nerve, on entering
Guyon’s canal, bifurcates into
the superficial and deep
branches
pain, numbness,paresthesias
of the hypothenar area,
clumsiness,and a weak hand
grip; atrophy of hypothenar
area
Causes: trauma, ganglia,
bicycling, inflammatory
arthritis, flexor carpi ulnaris
hypertrophy, fractures,
42. Trigger Finger (Volar Flexor
Tenosynovitis)
Inflammation of the tendon
sheaths of the flexor digitorum
superficialis and flexor digitorum
profundus - extremely common
Pain in the palm is felt on finger
flexion may radiate to the PIP and
MCP joints on the dorsal
Dg:localized tenderness and
swelling of the volar tendon
sheaths.
middle and index fingers are
most commonly involved
nodule composed of fibrous tissue
can be palpated in the palm just
proximal to the MCP
43. Dupuytren’s Contracture
thickening and shortening of the palmar fascia
usually of the ring finger. The fifth, third,second
fingers are involved in decreasing order of
frequency
Associated with DM, epilepsy, alcoholism
Tx: Heat, stretching, ultrasound, and intralesional
CS injection to SX (Limited fasciectomy)
46. Trochanteric Bursitis
Midle age F>M
Aching over the trochanteric area
and lateral thigh.
Walking, various movements,
and lying on the involved hip may
intensify the pain
Dg; palpate the throchanteric
area and elicit point tenderness
Pain worse with ER and
abduction against resistance
Inseryion of gluteus medius and
minimus tendon
Tx: CS injection, NSAIDs, weight
loss
47. Iliopsoas (Iliopectineal)
Bursitis
Bursa: anterior to the
hip joint and lateral to
the femoral vessels
Groin and anterior thigh
pain
This pain becomes
worse on passive hip
hyperextension and
sometimes on flexion,
especially with
resistance.
48. Ischial (Ischiogluteal) Bursitis
trauma or prolonged sitting on hard surfaces
Pain when sitting or lying down, may radiate
down the back of the thigh.
Dg:MRI and ultrasonography may be used to
confi rm the diagnosis.
TX: Use of cushions and local CS injection
49. Piriformis Syndrome
pain over the buttocks, often radiating
down the back of the leg as in sciatica;
limp
tenderness of the piriformis muscle on
rectal or vaginal examination.
Pain in the involved buttock is evident
on hip flexion, adduction and internal
rotation (FAIR)
having the patient lie on the uninvolved
side with the upper knee resting on the
table. Buttock pain occurs when the
knee of the involved side is lifted
50. Meralgia Paresthetica
lateral femoral
cutaneous nerve (L2–
L3)
intermittent burning pain
associated with
hypesthesia and
sometimes with
numbness of the
anterolateral thigh.
DM, pregnant, obese,
tight clothing
Tx: CS injection to
medial to the anterior
superior iliac spine
51. Coccydynia
pain in the coccyx area when pressure is applied,
with sitting most commonly
patient squirms from buttock to buttock to relieve
the pressure and consequent pain, often chooses
to sit on a cushion
F>M; due to lordosis which exposes coccyx to
trauma
54. Popliteal Cyst (Baker’s cyst)
Patient standing, examined from behing
Associated with any disease having synovial
effusion: OA, RA
A syndrome mimicking thrombophlebitis may
occur with rupture
Dg: US
Tx: CS injection/ surgery
55. Anserine Bursitis
overweight, middle-aged to elderly
F w/ big legs and OA of the knees
pain and tenderness over the
medial aspect of the knee about 2″
below the joint margin.
Pain is worse by climbing stairs.
TX: rest, stretching of the adductor
and quadriceps muscles, and CS
inj
56. Prepatellar Bursitis
Swelling superficial to knee cap
“housemaid knee”
Consider septic prepatellar bursitis
(trauma, knee abrassion)
57. Medial Plica Syndrome
Patella pain may be the predominant complaint,
and snapping or clicking of the knee, a sense of
instability, and possible pseudolocking of the knee
58. Popliteal Tendinitis
Pain posterolateral of the knee secondary to
tendinitis of the popliteal tendons (hamstrings and
popliteus)
Knee flexed at 90 degrees, tender to palpation
Pain with running downhill
Tx: rest, conservative
60. Patellar tendinitis
jumper’s knee
athletes engaging in repetitive running, jumping,
or kicking activities.
Pain and tenderness are present over the patellar
tendon
Dg: US
Tx:rest, NSAIDS,
CS injection
61. Rupture of Quadriceps Tendon
and
Patellar Tendon
sudden violent contractions of the quadriceps
muscle when the knee is flexed.
trauma from sports, systemic diseases (CKD,
RA, hyperPTH, gout, SLE on steroids
sudden sharp pain and cannot extend the leg
Rx: high riding patella
Tx:surgery
62. Peroneal Nerve Palsy/ FOOT
DROP
painless foot drop with a steppage gait
Sensation decreased
Causes: Direct trauma, fracture of the lower
portion of the femur or upper portion of the tibia,
compression of the nerve over the head of the
fibula
63. Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
pain and crepitus in the patellar region
Stiffness occurs after prolonged sitting and is
alleviated by activity; overactivity involving knee
flexion, particularly under loaded conditions such
as stair climbing
pain occurs when the patella is compressed
against the femoral condyle or when the patella is
displaced laterally.
Tx: analgesics, NSAIDs, ice, rest, isometric
strengthening
exercises for the quadriceps
65. Achilles Tendinitis/ tendon
rupture
Causes: trauma, athletic overactivity, improperly
fitting shoes with a stiff heel counter, inflammatory
dx (AS, reactive arthritis, gout, RA, CPPD; FK use
Pain, swelling, and tenderness occur over the
Achilles tendon
Rupture: occurs with a sudden onset of pain
during forced dorsiflexion
Subcutaneous Achilles Bursitis
A subcutaneous bursa superficial to the
Achilles due to shoes pressure
66. Retrocalcaneal Bursitis
Pain at the back of the heel, tenderness of the
area anterior to the Achilles tendon, and pain on
dorsiflexion.
Local swelling is present, with bulging on the
medial and lateral aspects of the tendon
Dg: MRI/ US
67. Plantar Fasciitis
Pain in the plantar area of the heel arising and is most
severe for the first few steps.
After an initial improvement, the pain may worsen
later in the day, especially after prolonged standing or
walking.
The pain is burning, aching, and occasionally
lancinating.
Palpation typically reveals tenderness anteromedially
Tx: NSAIDs, use of heel pad or heel cup orthoses,
arch support, and stretching of the heel cord and
plantar fascia
68. Posterior Tibial Tendinitis/
rupture
Pain and tenderness just posterior to the medial
malleolus occur in posterior tibial tendinitis.
Cause: trauma, excessive pronation, RA, or
spondyloarthropathy.
pain is present on resisted inversion or passive
eversion.
69. Peroneal Tendon Dislocation
and Peroneal Tendinitis
Ankle sprain
dorsiflexion with eversion
severe pain and tenderness of the tendon area
that lies over the lateral malleolus
72. Hammer Toe
2nd toe
PIP joint is flexed and
the tip of the toe
points downward.
73. Metatarsalgia
Pain arising from the metatarsal heads
Pain on standing and tenderness on palpation of
the metatarsal heads are present.
Calluses over the metatarsal heads are usually
seen.
75. Morton’s Neuroma
Middle-aged women
entrapment neuropathy of the
interdigital nerve occurring most
often between the 3rd and 4th
toes.
Paresthesia and a burning,
aching pain in the 4th toe worse
with walking on hard surfaces
or wearing tight shoes or high
heels
Tx: metatarsal bar or a local CS
into the web space or surgical
excision of the neurom
76. Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
posterior tibial nerve is compressed
at or near the flexor retinaculum
the nerve divides into the medial
plantar, lateral plantar, and posterior
calcaneal branches.
The flexor retinaculum is located
posterior and inferior to the medial
malleolus.
Numbness, burning pain, and
paresthesias of the toes and sole
extend proximally to the medial
malleolus.
relief by leg, foot, and ankle
movements.
78. Tietze’s syndrome : gradual or abrupt with
swelling usually occurring in the second or third
costal cartilage. Pain, which ranges from mild to
severe, may radiate to the shoulder and be
aggravated by coughing, sneezing, inspiration, or
by movements affecting the chest wall.
Tenderness with palpation, and approximately
80% of patients have a single site.
Costochondritis is more common; pain and
tenderness of the chest wall, without swelling.
Tenderness is present over more than one
costochondral junction, and palpation should
duplicate pain
Xiphoid cartilage syndrome or
xiphoidalgia/xiphodynia, is pain over the xiphoid
area and tenderness on palpation. Pain may be
intermittent and brought on by overeating and
various twisting movements.