The symmetry, tilt and elongation degrees are figures of merit which can be used to describe the radar target
shape once incorporated with the target resonance modes. Through optimization of the second moments of the
quadrature-polarized residues matrix, the angles are determined by the optimum co-null polarization states. The
approach is tested and validated against low signal-to-noise ratio and also the late-time onset selection when
extracting the mode set. A wire plane model is used and the results show that with ensemble averaging it
possible to have robust polarization angle set, even with small number of sample set
Implementation of Digital Beamforming Technique for Linear Antenna Arraysijsrd.com
A digital Beamforming technique used for increased channel capacity and also increased signal to noise and interference ratio. In smart antenna, different type of radiation pattern of an antenna can be changed either by selecting appropriate weights or by changing the array geometry. This paper presented based on auxiliary phase algorithm by using this algorithm in linear antenna array determine the array pattern approximating the auxiliary function in both amplitude and phase. Cost function involving auxiliary function and array pattern is minimized by modifying the pattern.
A RRAY F ACTOR O PTIMIZATION OF AN A CTIVE P LANAR P HASED A RRAY USING...jantjournal
Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have the potential to
handle complex, multi-dimensional optimization
problems in the field of phased array. Out of diffe
rent EAs, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a po
pular
choice. In a phased array, antenna element failure
is a common phenomenon and this leads to degradatio
n
of the array factor (AF) pattern, primarily in term
s of increased side lobe levels (SLLs), displacemen
t of
nulls and reduction in the null depths. The recover
y of a degraded pattern using a cost and time-effec
tive
approach is on demand. In this context, an attempt
made to obtain an optimized AF pattern after fault
in a
49 elements quasi-circular aperture equilateral tri
angular grid active planar phased array using PSO.
In
the paper, multiple cases on recovery are discussed
having a maximum 20% element failure. Each recover
y
is also further evaluated by different statistical
analyses. A dedicated software tool was developed t
o carry
out the work presented in this paper.
Modelling Optical Waveguide Bends by the Method of LinesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A rigorous analytical and semi analytical method of lines has been used to calculate the
transverse-electric field attenuation coefficient of guided mode as it travels in waveguide bends structure.
Both approaches then were compared to get a better understanding on how the attenuation behaves along
single curve waveguides with constant radius of curvature. The Helmholtz Equation in polar coordinate
was transformed into a curvalinier coordinate to simulate the waveguide bends using the method of line
analysis. The simple absorption boundary conditions are used into the method of lines to demonstrate
evanescent field of the guided mode nature as its travels in waveguide bends structures. The results show
that a reasonable agreement between both theoretical approaches.
Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Seismic Inversion Algorithms to Different St...IJERA Editor
Seismic wavelet estimation is an important step in processing and analysis of seismic data. Inversion methods as Narrow-Band and theConstrained Sparse-Spike ones require information about it so that the inversion solution, once it is not a unique problem, may be restricted by comparing the real seismic trace with the synthetic generated by convolution of the estimated reflectivity and wavelet. Besides helping in seismic inversion, a good estimate of the wavelet enables an inverse filter with less uncertainty to be computed in the deconvolution step and while tying well logs, a better correlation between the seismic trace and well log can be achieved. Depending on the use or not of well log information, the methods of wavelet estimation can be divided into two classes: statistical and deterministic. This work aimed to test the sensitivity of acoustic post-stack seismic inversion algorithms to wavelets statistically estimated by two distinct methods
Performance of cognitive radio networks with maximal ratio combining over cor...Polytechnique Montreal
In this paper, we apply the maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique to achieve higher detection probability in cognitive radio networks over correlated Rayleigh fading channels. We present a simple approach to derive the probability of detection in closed-form expression. The numerical results reveal that the detection performance is a monotonically increasing function with respect to the number of antennas. Moreover, we provide sets of complementary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to illustrate the effect of antenna correlation on the sensing performance of cognitive radio networks employing MRC schemes in some respective scenarios.
Implementation of Digital Beamforming Technique for Linear Antenna Arraysijsrd.com
A digital Beamforming technique used for increased channel capacity and also increased signal to noise and interference ratio. In smart antenna, different type of radiation pattern of an antenna can be changed either by selecting appropriate weights or by changing the array geometry. This paper presented based on auxiliary phase algorithm by using this algorithm in linear antenna array determine the array pattern approximating the auxiliary function in both amplitude and phase. Cost function involving auxiliary function and array pattern is minimized by modifying the pattern.
A RRAY F ACTOR O PTIMIZATION OF AN A CTIVE P LANAR P HASED A RRAY USING...jantjournal
Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have the potential to
handle complex, multi-dimensional optimization
problems in the field of phased array. Out of diffe
rent EAs, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a po
pular
choice. In a phased array, antenna element failure
is a common phenomenon and this leads to degradatio
n
of the array factor (AF) pattern, primarily in term
s of increased side lobe levels (SLLs), displacemen
t of
nulls and reduction in the null depths. The recover
y of a degraded pattern using a cost and time-effec
tive
approach is on demand. In this context, an attempt
made to obtain an optimized AF pattern after fault
in a
49 elements quasi-circular aperture equilateral tri
angular grid active planar phased array using PSO.
In
the paper, multiple cases on recovery are discussed
having a maximum 20% element failure. Each recover
y
is also further evaluated by different statistical
analyses. A dedicated software tool was developed t
o carry
out the work presented in this paper.
Modelling Optical Waveguide Bends by the Method of LinesTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
A rigorous analytical and semi analytical method of lines has been used to calculate the
transverse-electric field attenuation coefficient of guided mode as it travels in waveguide bends structure.
Both approaches then were compared to get a better understanding on how the attenuation behaves along
single curve waveguides with constant radius of curvature. The Helmholtz Equation in polar coordinate
was transformed into a curvalinier coordinate to simulate the waveguide bends using the method of line
analysis. The simple absorption boundary conditions are used into the method of lines to demonstrate
evanescent field of the guided mode nature as its travels in waveguide bends structures. The results show
that a reasonable agreement between both theoretical approaches.
Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Seismic Inversion Algorithms to Different St...IJERA Editor
Seismic wavelet estimation is an important step in processing and analysis of seismic data. Inversion methods as Narrow-Band and theConstrained Sparse-Spike ones require information about it so that the inversion solution, once it is not a unique problem, may be restricted by comparing the real seismic trace with the synthetic generated by convolution of the estimated reflectivity and wavelet. Besides helping in seismic inversion, a good estimate of the wavelet enables an inverse filter with less uncertainty to be computed in the deconvolution step and while tying well logs, a better correlation between the seismic trace and well log can be achieved. Depending on the use or not of well log information, the methods of wavelet estimation can be divided into two classes: statistical and deterministic. This work aimed to test the sensitivity of acoustic post-stack seismic inversion algorithms to wavelets statistically estimated by two distinct methods
Performance of cognitive radio networks with maximal ratio combining over cor...Polytechnique Montreal
In this paper, we apply the maximal ratio combining (MRC) technique to achieve higher detection probability in cognitive radio networks over correlated Rayleigh fading channels. We present a simple approach to derive the probability of detection in closed-form expression. The numerical results reveal that the detection performance is a monotonically increasing function with respect to the number of antennas. Moreover, we provide sets of complementary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to illustrate the effect of antenna correlation on the sensing performance of cognitive radio networks employing MRC schemes in some respective scenarios.
ARRAY FACTOR OPTIMIZATION OF AN ACTIVE PLANAR PHASED ARRAY USING EVOLUTIONARY...jantjournal
Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have the potential to handle complex, multi-dimensional optimization problems in the field of phased array. Out of different EAs, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a popular choice. In a phased array, antenna element failure is a common phenomenon and this leads to degradation
of the array factor (AF) pattern, primarily in terms of increased side lobe levels (SLLs), displacement of nulls and reduction in the null depths. The recovery of a degraded pattern using a cost and time-effective approach is on demand. In this context, an attempt made to obtain an optimized AF pattern after fault in a
49 elements quasi-circular aperture equilateral triangular grid active planar phased array using PSO. In the paper, multiple cases on recovery are discussed having a maximum 20% element failure. Each recovery is also further evaluated by different statistical analyses. A dedicated software tool was developed to carry out the work presented in this paper.
Comparison of Different Absorbing Boundary Conditions for GPR Simulation by t...IJMER
This paper compares three boundary conditions, i.e. transmitting boundary condition, Sarma
absorbing boundary condition and the uniaxial complete matched layerabsorbing boundary condition for
simulation of ground penetrating radar (GPR) by the time domain finite element (FEM) method. The
formulations of the three boundary conditions for the FEM method are described. Their effectiveness in
absorbing the incident electromagnetic waves are evaluated by the reflection coefficient on the boundary
of a simple GPR model.The results demonstrate that UPML boundary condition can yield a reflection
coefficient smaller than -50 dB, which is -20 dB smaller than other two boundary conditions.
Designing a pencil beam pattern with low sidelobesPiyush Kashyap
In this paper, a system has been designed for an operational frequency of 1.27 GHz consisting of an 8 element array of parasitic dipoles illuminated by a 4 element center fed array of active dipoles with Dolph-Chebyshev excitation coefficients. The array is designed to achieve a fairly pencil beam pattern suitable for direction of arrival estimation purposes. Array geometry and configuration is optimized for both active and parasitic elements using the PSO tool in FEKO. A directive radiation pattern is obtained with a gain of 14.5 dBi in the broadside direction along with a beamwidth of 30.29o. VSWR of 1.58 is achieved. Further, an iterative least square valued error estimation approach using phase control to achieve a desired array factor pattern for an n-element linear array, has been shown to be effective for larger number of iterations. The array excitation coefficients achieved were consistent with the Dolph-Chebyshev coefficients used in our antenna array design. With the ability to introduce nulls and steering the main beam in desired directions along with a pencil beam radiation pattern, beamsteering has been illustrated and the MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival estimation has been implemented
Stability of Target Resonance Modes: Ina Quadrature Polarization ContextIJERA Editor
The paper present a studyon the noise effect whenextracting the resonance residue in a quadrature polarization
setup. The accuracy and stability of the mode quadrature residues is necessary to construct the polarization matrix,
and subsequently, derive a robust polarization states of the receiver antenna. However, with lower signal-to-noise
ratios the extraction performance will degrade; in this regards, the in-phase and quadrature components of the
baseband signal demonstrated improvedextraction performancewhen used. Here, a case of two disjoint wires is
used to verify this approach.
This presentation gives an information about: photoelasticity, covering syllabus of Unit-3, of Experimental stress analysis subject for BE course under Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belgaum.
Modeling Beam forming in Circular Antenna Array with Directional EmittersIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The article discusses the functioning of the radio direction-finding and beamforming methods in the system of circular antenna arrays formed from the designed radiators, directional factor which is not equal to 1. Evaluation of forming of spatial pattern of cylindrical antenna array using phased method is fulfilled. DolphChebyshev window is used to reduce the side lobe level.
Spherical array of annular ring microstrip antennaswailGodaymi1
The paper discusses the analytical study of spherical arrays of annular ring microstrip antenna (ARMSA) elements excited by electric dipole. A new empirical relation for calculating the nonunifrom current amplitude distributions of these elements has been obtained. The relation contains the information about the current amplitude factor ()Δ of the antenna elements of the spherical array. The narrow beamwidth and low side lobe levels can be obtain by choosing appropriate the current amplitude factor. It is found that for current amplitude factor ()5.0=Δ the radiation pattern have narrow beamwidth and low side lobe levels compared with uniform current distribution array. Circular polarization is realized by this study depends on the spherical array geometry. By using appropriate phase of each antenna elements in spherical arrays, radiation pattern is steered without change of gain and beamwidth.
The Return on Investment (ROI) calculation, through the application of Occupa...IJERA Editor
The project aims to disseminate the quantitative results obtained with the implementation of the Occupational
Repetitive Actions method (OCRA) in a job of a graphic industry sector. It also aims to spread this work and
stress the importance of ergonomics and ergonomic analysis tools when applied to jobs, especially in the case of
Physical Ergonomics and improvements in work production chain. The tool in question assesses aspects of
Physical Ergonomics in productive seasons analyzing tasks that require use of the upper body members and with
the results of this review can be implemented significant changes to improve the performance of work,
preserving workers' health
Determination of Optimal Product Mix for Profit Maximization using Linear Pro...IJERA Editor
This paper demonstrates the use of liner programming methods in order to determine the optimal product mix for
profit maximization. There had been several papers written to demonstrate the use of linear programming in
finding the optimal product mix in various organization. This paper is aimed to show the generic approach to be
taken to find the optimal product mix.
Mapping between Discrete Cosine Transform of Type-VI/VII and Discrete Fourier...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the mapping between discrete cosine transform of types VI and VII (DCT-VI/VII) of even length
N and (2N – 1)-point one dimensional discrete Fourier transform (1D-DFT) is presented. The technique used in
this paper is the mapping between the real-valued data sequence to an intermediate sequence used as an input to
DFT
Augmentation of Real & Reactive Power in Grid by Unified Power Flow ControllerIJERA Editor
In this paper, a Power Flow Control in transmission line with respect to voltage condition (L-G, L-L-G, L-L)
over come by using unified power flow controller. The existing system employs UPFC with transformer less
connection with both series and shunt converter. This converter have been cascaded with multilevel inverters
which is more complicated to enhance the performance of UPFC.A proposed system consist of three terminal
transformer for shunt converter and six terminal transformer for series converter. Shunt converter & series
converter is coupled with common DC capacitor. DC link capacitor voltage is maintained using PID controller
and synchronous reference frame theory (SRF) is used to generate reference voltage & current signal.
Simulation studies are carried out for (L-G, L-L-G, L-L real & reactive power compensation results will be
shown in this paper)
Highly Secured Bio-Metric Authentication Model with Palm Print IdentificationIJERA Editor
For securing personal identifications and highly secure identification problems, biometric technologies will
provide higher security with improved accuracy. This has become an emerging technology in recent years due to
the transaction frauds, security breaches and personal identification etc. The beauty of biometric technology is it
provides a unique code for each person and it can’t be copied or forged by others. To overcome the draw backs
of finger print identification systems, here in this paper we proposed a palm print based personal identification
system, which is a most promising and emerging research area in biometric identification systems due to its
uniqueness, scalability, faster execution speed and large area for extracting the features. It provides higher
security over finger print biometric systems with its rich features like wrinkles, continuous ridges, principal
lines, minutiae points, and singular points. The main aim of proposed palm print identification system is to
implement a system with higher accuracy and increased speed in identifying the palm prints of several users.
Here, in this we presented a highly secured palm print identification system with extraction of region of interest
(ROI) with morphological operation there by applying un-decimated bi-orthogonal wavelet (UDBW) transform
to extract the low level features of registered palm prints to calculate its feature vectors (FV) then after the
comparison is done by measuring the distance between registered palm feature vector and testing palm print
feature vector. Simulation results show that the proposed biometric identification system provides more
accuracy and reliable recognition rate
Comparative Study of Response of Structures Subjected To Blast and Earthquake...IJERA Editor
The increase in the number of terrorist attacks especially in the last few years has shown that the effect of blast
load on building is a serious challenge that should be taken in to consideration for designing of structures. This
type of loading damages the structures, externally as well as internally. Hence the blast load should be
considered with same importance as earthquake load. The present study includes the comparative performance
of G+3 storey building subjected to blast and earthquake loading using ETABS. For four storey building using
different input parameters like charge explosive, stand-off distance and layout of building the blast pressure are
conducted and linear time history analysis is carried out. Comparative study for blast and earthquake loading is
carried out for different parameters like maximum storey displacement, storey drift and quantity of materials.
Safe charge explosive and safe stand-off distance are obtained for the RCC structure with the sections of
structural elements same as per the requirement for earthquake resistance. Displacement is higher for the blast
loading as compared to earthquake loading and very high for the storey at which blast load is applied. Quantity
of concrete is 40 percentages higher for blast resistant building than the earthquake resistant building.
FEA based Dissipation Energy and Temperature Distribution of Rubber BushingIJERA Editor
Rubber bushings used in the vehicle or aerospace can reduce the noise and vibration and absorb the shocks. The
heat accumulation in the rubber components is attributed to the nonlinear mechanical behavior of rubber and
leads to degeneration of mechanical properties. The viscoelastic damping is treated as the major mechanism of
dissipation energy, which is heat source of temperature rising in bushing. A finite element method is expanded
from elastic structure to viscoelastic structure and computes the dissipation energy distribution in the rubber
core. Based on that heat source, the temperature distribution of rubber bushing under radial harmonic excitation
has been calculated using finite volume method. The frequency and amplitude effect on dissipation energy and
temperature distribution are described. The radial dynamic testing is carried out and the temperature is recorded
using thermal imager to evaluate the simulation. As complement, the dynamic torsional testing is also carried
out explore the possible failure zone of rubber bushing under different types of loading.
Seismic Response of Non-Structural Element Placed on Single Story Two-Way Asy...IJERA Editor
The seismic response of non-structural element placed on single-storey, two-way asymmetric building under
bi-directional excitations is investigated. The response is obtained by numerically solving the governing
equations of motion. The seismic response of the system and non-structural element is obtained by numerically
solving the equations of motion using state-space method under different system parameters. The comparative
performance is investigated of non-structural element placed at different places on single story asymmetric
building and finding a best place for survival during earthquake. It is found that non-structural element at
flexible edge along Y- direction gives less response of displacement and acceleration. So, non-structural
element placed at flexible edge along Y- direction on asymmetric SDOF system performs better in earthquake
than at other places.
ARRAY FACTOR OPTIMIZATION OF AN ACTIVE PLANAR PHASED ARRAY USING EVOLUTIONARY...jantjournal
Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) have the potential to handle complex, multi-dimensional optimization problems in the field of phased array. Out of different EAs, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a popular choice. In a phased array, antenna element failure is a common phenomenon and this leads to degradation
of the array factor (AF) pattern, primarily in terms of increased side lobe levels (SLLs), displacement of nulls and reduction in the null depths. The recovery of a degraded pattern using a cost and time-effective approach is on demand. In this context, an attempt made to obtain an optimized AF pattern after fault in a
49 elements quasi-circular aperture equilateral triangular grid active planar phased array using PSO. In the paper, multiple cases on recovery are discussed having a maximum 20% element failure. Each recovery is also further evaluated by different statistical analyses. A dedicated software tool was developed to carry out the work presented in this paper.
Comparison of Different Absorbing Boundary Conditions for GPR Simulation by t...IJMER
This paper compares three boundary conditions, i.e. transmitting boundary condition, Sarma
absorbing boundary condition and the uniaxial complete matched layerabsorbing boundary condition for
simulation of ground penetrating radar (GPR) by the time domain finite element (FEM) method. The
formulations of the three boundary conditions for the FEM method are described. Their effectiveness in
absorbing the incident electromagnetic waves are evaluated by the reflection coefficient on the boundary
of a simple GPR model.The results demonstrate that UPML boundary condition can yield a reflection
coefficient smaller than -50 dB, which is -20 dB smaller than other two boundary conditions.
Designing a pencil beam pattern with low sidelobesPiyush Kashyap
In this paper, a system has been designed for an operational frequency of 1.27 GHz consisting of an 8 element array of parasitic dipoles illuminated by a 4 element center fed array of active dipoles with Dolph-Chebyshev excitation coefficients. The array is designed to achieve a fairly pencil beam pattern suitable for direction of arrival estimation purposes. Array geometry and configuration is optimized for both active and parasitic elements using the PSO tool in FEKO. A directive radiation pattern is obtained with a gain of 14.5 dBi in the broadside direction along with a beamwidth of 30.29o. VSWR of 1.58 is achieved. Further, an iterative least square valued error estimation approach using phase control to achieve a desired array factor pattern for an n-element linear array, has been shown to be effective for larger number of iterations. The array excitation coefficients achieved were consistent with the Dolph-Chebyshev coefficients used in our antenna array design. With the ability to introduce nulls and steering the main beam in desired directions along with a pencil beam radiation pattern, beamsteering has been illustrated and the MUSIC algorithm for direction of arrival estimation has been implemented
Stability of Target Resonance Modes: Ina Quadrature Polarization ContextIJERA Editor
The paper present a studyon the noise effect whenextracting the resonance residue in a quadrature polarization
setup. The accuracy and stability of the mode quadrature residues is necessary to construct the polarization matrix,
and subsequently, derive a robust polarization states of the receiver antenna. However, with lower signal-to-noise
ratios the extraction performance will degrade; in this regards, the in-phase and quadrature components of the
baseband signal demonstrated improvedextraction performancewhen used. Here, a case of two disjoint wires is
used to verify this approach.
This presentation gives an information about: photoelasticity, covering syllabus of Unit-3, of Experimental stress analysis subject for BE course under Visvesvaraya Technological University (VTU), Belgaum.
Modeling Beam forming in Circular Antenna Array with Directional EmittersIJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: The article discusses the functioning of the radio direction-finding and beamforming methods in the system of circular antenna arrays formed from the designed radiators, directional factor which is not equal to 1. Evaluation of forming of spatial pattern of cylindrical antenna array using phased method is fulfilled. DolphChebyshev window is used to reduce the side lobe level.
Spherical array of annular ring microstrip antennaswailGodaymi1
The paper discusses the analytical study of spherical arrays of annular ring microstrip antenna (ARMSA) elements excited by electric dipole. A new empirical relation for calculating the nonunifrom current amplitude distributions of these elements has been obtained. The relation contains the information about the current amplitude factor ()Δ of the antenna elements of the spherical array. The narrow beamwidth and low side lobe levels can be obtain by choosing appropriate the current amplitude factor. It is found that for current amplitude factor ()5.0=Δ the radiation pattern have narrow beamwidth and low side lobe levels compared with uniform current distribution array. Circular polarization is realized by this study depends on the spherical array geometry. By using appropriate phase of each antenna elements in spherical arrays, radiation pattern is steered without change of gain and beamwidth.
The Return on Investment (ROI) calculation, through the application of Occupa...IJERA Editor
The project aims to disseminate the quantitative results obtained with the implementation of the Occupational
Repetitive Actions method (OCRA) in a job of a graphic industry sector. It also aims to spread this work and
stress the importance of ergonomics and ergonomic analysis tools when applied to jobs, especially in the case of
Physical Ergonomics and improvements in work production chain. The tool in question assesses aspects of
Physical Ergonomics in productive seasons analyzing tasks that require use of the upper body members and with
the results of this review can be implemented significant changes to improve the performance of work,
preserving workers' health
Determination of Optimal Product Mix for Profit Maximization using Linear Pro...IJERA Editor
This paper demonstrates the use of liner programming methods in order to determine the optimal product mix for
profit maximization. There had been several papers written to demonstrate the use of linear programming in
finding the optimal product mix in various organization. This paper is aimed to show the generic approach to be
taken to find the optimal product mix.
Mapping between Discrete Cosine Transform of Type-VI/VII and Discrete Fourier...IJERA Editor
In this paper, the mapping between discrete cosine transform of types VI and VII (DCT-VI/VII) of even length
N and (2N – 1)-point one dimensional discrete Fourier transform (1D-DFT) is presented. The technique used in
this paper is the mapping between the real-valued data sequence to an intermediate sequence used as an input to
DFT
Augmentation of Real & Reactive Power in Grid by Unified Power Flow ControllerIJERA Editor
In this paper, a Power Flow Control in transmission line with respect to voltage condition (L-G, L-L-G, L-L)
over come by using unified power flow controller. The existing system employs UPFC with transformer less
connection with both series and shunt converter. This converter have been cascaded with multilevel inverters
which is more complicated to enhance the performance of UPFC.A proposed system consist of three terminal
transformer for shunt converter and six terminal transformer for series converter. Shunt converter & series
converter is coupled with common DC capacitor. DC link capacitor voltage is maintained using PID controller
and synchronous reference frame theory (SRF) is used to generate reference voltage & current signal.
Simulation studies are carried out for (L-G, L-L-G, L-L real & reactive power compensation results will be
shown in this paper)
Highly Secured Bio-Metric Authentication Model with Palm Print IdentificationIJERA Editor
For securing personal identifications and highly secure identification problems, biometric technologies will
provide higher security with improved accuracy. This has become an emerging technology in recent years due to
the transaction frauds, security breaches and personal identification etc. The beauty of biometric technology is it
provides a unique code for each person and it can’t be copied or forged by others. To overcome the draw backs
of finger print identification systems, here in this paper we proposed a palm print based personal identification
system, which is a most promising and emerging research area in biometric identification systems due to its
uniqueness, scalability, faster execution speed and large area for extracting the features. It provides higher
security over finger print biometric systems with its rich features like wrinkles, continuous ridges, principal
lines, minutiae points, and singular points. The main aim of proposed palm print identification system is to
implement a system with higher accuracy and increased speed in identifying the palm prints of several users.
Here, in this we presented a highly secured palm print identification system with extraction of region of interest
(ROI) with morphological operation there by applying un-decimated bi-orthogonal wavelet (UDBW) transform
to extract the low level features of registered palm prints to calculate its feature vectors (FV) then after the
comparison is done by measuring the distance between registered palm feature vector and testing palm print
feature vector. Simulation results show that the proposed biometric identification system provides more
accuracy and reliable recognition rate
Comparative Study of Response of Structures Subjected To Blast and Earthquake...IJERA Editor
The increase in the number of terrorist attacks especially in the last few years has shown that the effect of blast
load on building is a serious challenge that should be taken in to consideration for designing of structures. This
type of loading damages the structures, externally as well as internally. Hence the blast load should be
considered with same importance as earthquake load. The present study includes the comparative performance
of G+3 storey building subjected to blast and earthquake loading using ETABS. For four storey building using
different input parameters like charge explosive, stand-off distance and layout of building the blast pressure are
conducted and linear time history analysis is carried out. Comparative study for blast and earthquake loading is
carried out for different parameters like maximum storey displacement, storey drift and quantity of materials.
Safe charge explosive and safe stand-off distance are obtained for the RCC structure with the sections of
structural elements same as per the requirement for earthquake resistance. Displacement is higher for the blast
loading as compared to earthquake loading and very high for the storey at which blast load is applied. Quantity
of concrete is 40 percentages higher for blast resistant building than the earthquake resistant building.
FEA based Dissipation Energy and Temperature Distribution of Rubber BushingIJERA Editor
Rubber bushings used in the vehicle or aerospace can reduce the noise and vibration and absorb the shocks. The
heat accumulation in the rubber components is attributed to the nonlinear mechanical behavior of rubber and
leads to degeneration of mechanical properties. The viscoelastic damping is treated as the major mechanism of
dissipation energy, which is heat source of temperature rising in bushing. A finite element method is expanded
from elastic structure to viscoelastic structure and computes the dissipation energy distribution in the rubber
core. Based on that heat source, the temperature distribution of rubber bushing under radial harmonic excitation
has been calculated using finite volume method. The frequency and amplitude effect on dissipation energy and
temperature distribution are described. The radial dynamic testing is carried out and the temperature is recorded
using thermal imager to evaluate the simulation. As complement, the dynamic torsional testing is also carried
out explore the possible failure zone of rubber bushing under different types of loading.
Seismic Response of Non-Structural Element Placed on Single Story Two-Way Asy...IJERA Editor
The seismic response of non-structural element placed on single-storey, two-way asymmetric building under
bi-directional excitations is investigated. The response is obtained by numerically solving the governing
equations of motion. The seismic response of the system and non-structural element is obtained by numerically
solving the equations of motion using state-space method under different system parameters. The comparative
performance is investigated of non-structural element placed at different places on single story asymmetric
building and finding a best place for survival during earthquake. It is found that non-structural element at
flexible edge along Y- direction gives less response of displacement and acceleration. So, non-structural
element placed at flexible edge along Y- direction on asymmetric SDOF system performs better in earthquake
than at other places.
A Study of Anodic Voltage Drop in Aluminum Reduction Cell by Finite Element A...IJERA Editor
Aluminum extraction has a very high energy consumption process, so reducing energy consumption is one of
the most important roles in aluminum reduction cell design. The good path to achieve this goal can be made by
voltage savings at the anode assembly.
The aim of this work is todevelop3D thermo-electrical finite element model and validate based on actual
temperature measurements and electrical calculations for the anode assembly. The model is used to estimate the
temperature distribution and the anodic voltage drop over the anode assembly and to suggest alternative design
modifications to reduce the anodic voltage drop.
The effect of changing in stub diameter and chemical composition of cast iron on anodic voltage drop were
studied. The findings indicated that the effect of stub diameter is more effective as compare with the changing in
cast iron composition.
Graphically Selecting Optical Material for Color Correction and Passive Ather...IJERA Editor
This paper presents pair optical glass by using a graphical method for selecting achromatize and athermalize an
imaging lens. An athermal glass map that plots thermal glass constant versus inverse Abbe number is derived
through analysis of optical glasses in visible light. By introducing the equivalent Abbe number and equivalent
thermal glass constant, although it is a multi-lens system, we have a simple way to visually identify possible
optical materials. ZEMAX will be used to determine the change in focus through the expected temperature
changes in Earth orbit. The thermal defocuses over -20°C to +60°C are reduced to be much less than the depth of
focus of the system.
Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Shaft Support Water Storage TankIJERA Editor
This paper compares the results of Seismic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Shaft Support Water Storage Tank
carried out in accordance with IS: 1893- 1984 and IS: 1893-2002 (Part-2) draft code. The analysis is carried out
for shaft supported water tank of 500,750 and 1000 Cu.m capacity, located in four seismic zones (Zone-II, Zone
-III, Zone-IV, Zone-V) and on three different soil types (Hard rock, Medium soil, Soft soil). Further, 1000 kl
tank for conditions - tank full, tank empty are also considered in this study. The analysis was performed using
MAT LAB. The parameters of comparison include base shears, base moments and time history analysis. The
above models are analyzed for different time history data such as El Centro, Kobe, Ji-Ji, Erzincan. The
comparison is made between the structural responses of one mass and two mass models of above capacity.
In many activities concerned with the use of soil, the physical properties like Stiffness, Compressibility and
Strength are some of the few important parameters to be considered. Of the many methods involved in
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Validation of Polarization angles Based Resonance Modes
1. Faisal Aldhubaib. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 2) May 2016, pp.57-61
www.ijera.com 57 | P a g e
Validation of Polarization angles Based Resonance Modes
Faisal Aldhubaib
Electronics Department, College of Technological Studies, Public Authority of applied Education, Kuwait
ABSTRACT
The symmetry, tilt and elongation degrees are figures of merit which can be used to describe the radar target
shape once incorporated with the target resonance modes. Through optimization of the second moments of the
quadrature-polarized residues matrix, the angles are determined by the optimum co-null polarization states. The
approach is tested and validated against low signal-to-noise ratio and also the late-time onset selection when
extracting the mode set. A wire plane model is used and the results show that with ensemble averaging it
possible to have robust polarization angle set, even with small number of sample set.
Keywords: Polarization Angles, Stokes vector, Singularity Expansion Method, Feature set
I. INTRODUCTION
Based on the Singularity model [1], the resonance
mode terms, namely frequency and residue, could be
extracted from the late time portion of the target
temporal response by the use of Method Pencil of
Function (MPOF)[2]. Only the frequencies are
target size dependent but, to a high degree,
independent of target aspect to radar and
polarization directions. Therefore, in deriving a
feature set for the purpose of radar target
identification, researchers have used resonance
based techniques, for example[3-8] and sometimes
incorporated polarization characteristics or
contrasting to improve identification performance,
for example [9-13]. In [14-17], the author explored
the concept of applying polarization characteristics
to broad resonance modes to achieve better
discrimination among targets of similar geometries
and electrical dimensions, and throughout
demonstrated the following:
In[18], it was demonstrated that a polarization angle
set can reflect symmetries, tilt and elongation
degrees in the target once incorporated with the
target resonance modes. Importantly, the
polarization angle set is more meaningful
presentation of the target attributes, i.e. directly
reflecting its shape characteristics. For a single
resonance, the associated angle set is determined
from a quadrature-polarized residue matrix related
to quadrature polarization directions, namely two
co-polarized and reciprocal cross-polarized
directions. The residues in a single polarization
matrix should all be associated with the same
resonance mode to reflect the true polarization
characteristic of this resonance. Therefore, proper
extraction is necessary so not to omit or misalign a
resonance along any polarization direction in this
matrix. Unfortunately, omitting or misaligning a
resonance can occur if the residue-to-noise ratio is
low, or even due to the MPOF extraction sensitivity
to selection of the SEM parameters, such as the
onset of the late time or the modal order of the
resonances, i.e. number of resonances in the model.
This paper present a study on the effect of noise and
onset selection on the polarization angle set. The
purpose is to validate the robustness of the angle set
even with noise presence and improper onset
selection of late time. This paper is outlined as
follows: Section II presents a formulation to derive
the polarization angles. Section III presents the
results which include description of the simulation
procedures and the validation process of the
proposed feature set. Section IV reaches conclusions
and indicates directions for further work.
II. FORMULATION
For a quadrature polarization directions, the
backscattered response set y in any orthogonal linear
basis, e.g. (h,v), forms a Ɍ2x2
matrix, and according
to SEM model will be expressed as a series of
resonance modes as follows
M
n
tj
n
nn
e
1
)(
Cy (1)
Such that
C= (2)
Here t>TL, and TL denotes the late time onset after
which the incident wave has totally passed the
target. The mode terms , and c denote the:
damping factor, resonant frequency and complex
residue. The modal order M gives the number of
modes presumably excited.
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Faisal Aldhubaib. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 2) May 2016, pp.57-61
www.ijera.com 58 | P a g e
The subscripts denote the transmitter and receiver
polarization directions, where hh and vv denote the
co-polarized scattering directions or channels, while
hv and vh denote the cross-polarized scattering
channels (reciprocal for monostatic case). Since the
polarization information is embedded in the mode
residues, the time dependence term can be omitted.
The associated received power in the co-pol
channel is given by the antenna Stokes vector and
the scattering coefficient second moments
(Kronecker product of the C matrix and its
conjugate) as follows in (3).
Subject to: go=(g1
2
+ g2
2
+g3
2
)1/2
for fully polarized
wave. T
denotes the transpose. The go denotes the
wave intensity or total instantaneous power, g1 gives
the portion of the wave that is horizontally or
vertically polarized, g2 gives the portion of the wave
that is linearly oriented at 45o
and g3 gives the
portion of the wave that is left or right circularly
polarized, respectively [16]. In the case of a
partially polarized wave due to clutter or noise,
ensemble-time averaging of Stokes vector is used.
For the one antenna case (monostatic case),
optimization involves properly choosing the antenna
polarization states such that power developed at the
receiving antenna terminals is maximum, minimum,
or null for a given resonance mode. The power
optimization will be carried out for the co-pol only,
since all the target physical attributes can be inferred
from the co-pol CPS. Without loss of generalization,
the received power in (3) can be maximized and
minimized by applying the Lagrangian multiplier
method to the antenna Stokes vector with the
constraint that the transmit power is normalized to
unity. The constraint condition written in terms
of the Stokes sub-variables is then defined as
01Φ
2
3
2
2
2
1321
ggg),g,g(g (4)
The variations of the antenna Stokes variables
(g1,g2,g3) will lead to maximizing or minimizing the
received power at the reception terminals, where the
optimum co-pol powers can be found by
simultaneously solving for the first partial
derivatives of (3) subject to the constraint condition
in (4).
This procedure results in three simultaneous partial
derivative equations as follows:
.3210 ,,m,
g
Φ
μ
g
P
mm
c
(5)
Here is the Lagrangian multiplier and gives the
rate of change of the power quantity being
optimized as a function of the constraint variables.
Solving (5) produces two pairs of co-pol CPS. These
are the orthogonal (antipodal) co-pol max pair
(cm1,cm2) and the co-pol null pair (cn1,cn2).
The polarization angles can be determined from the
Stokes vectors of null pair (cn1,cn2).Firstly, the
elongation degree is determined by taking the dot
product of the null vectors (|gcn1 gcn2|). A value of
one represent a totally long and thin shaped target,
e.g. wire, and a value of zero represent a totally
round shaped target, e.g. sphere. Secondly, by
taking the element-by-element sum of the two co-
null Stokes vectors, i.e. [g(cn1).+g(cn2)], the
symmetry degree is determined by taking the
½arcsin(g3) of the sum vector, such that 0o
represent
a symmetrical target and 45o
represent a totally
asymmetrical target. Finally, the tilt degree is
determined by taking the ½arctan (g2/g1) of the sum
vector.
III. RESULTS & SIMULATION
In general, the simulated backscattered frequency-
domain data were generated by method of moments
algorithm (MoM) using FEKO [19]. Filtered by a
Gaussian window to create the effect of a Gaussian
shaped impulse, the frequency return is transformed
to the time-domain by Fourier Transform; and then
corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) with the assumption that the power of a
signal is 0 dBW. Since additive, the noise power
added to the signal will increase with specular return
as the specular return is relatively higher in power
compared with the late portion, i.e. oscillatory
return. Finally, the resonance modes are extracted
by applying the MPOF to the FFT time signal, and
then the polarization angles are determined. Here, a
variance figure-of-merit (VAF) measures how much
the reconstructed signal resembles the original one
when reconstructed from the extracted resonance
modes.
3. Faisal Aldhubaib. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 2) May 2016, pp.57-61
www.ijera.com 59 | P a g e
A. Simulations
For this, a model wire plane consisting of four
geometries is used as shown in Fig.1, with the
simulation parameters depicted in Table I. The
geometries are namely: nose, wings, mid and tail
stabilizers. The angle θw defines the wings
inclination angle degree, while θt defines the tails
inclination angle degree from the target longitudinal
axis. In this case, a model with inclination set
(θw,θt)=(45o
,45o
) is used. Changing the angles θw
and θt has no effect on the geometries dimensions
(i.e. the set of resonant frequencies is fixed) but
leads to different shapes (i.e. different set of
residues), and subsequently, different polarization
angle set. The incidence is set normal to maximize
the negative effect of specular return on the
extraction performance.
Fig.1. Dimensions (in cm) of the generalized aircraft
model. The angles θw and θt give the model different
shapes, but do not change the model dimensions.
TABLE I.FEKO SIMULATION VALUES
Parameter Value
start Frequency 1.9 MHz
stop Frequency 1 GHz
# frequency Points 256
excitation source voltage 1V
incidence direction Normal
Fig.2 shows the early-plus-late-time FFT temporal
for arbitrary time onset at the 190th
time index, and
with the spectral response as inset. Since less
sensitive to specular reflections, and subsequently,
less sensitive to late-time onset the VH and HV
late-time returns are less affected by the additive
noise. This suggests that the higher ordered residues
in the co-pol channel, compared to the cross-pol
channel, are more susceptible to this additive noise
and onset selection, as will be seen later. In general,
there will be some degree of frequency drifting in
the residues along the quadrature polarization
channels.
Fig.2. The temporal with onset=190.Inset (a): the
spectral response.
B. Extraction Performance with early time
To evaluate the performance of the residue
extraction in presence of additive noise and for
different time onset, Fig 3 presents three set of tests
for a different SNR levels and ensemble average, i.e.
trials. The first set is for 60dB, the second one is for
10dB with no averaging, and the final set is for
10dB with averaging of 10 trials. In addition, there
are slight and uncorrelated shifts in the frequency of
the extracted modes from channel to channel. Shifts
in the third and the fourth residues are more
noticeable and this is due the weak return. In the
contrary, the first and second demonstrate more
stability with low SNR. This suggests that a good
practice is to allow a guard or margin of time from
the early time when extracting the quadrature-
polarized group of residues. Fig 4 depicts the
performance with no specular and 31 time-index
truncated from the late-time portion compared with
tests depicted in Fig 3.
Table II shows the polarization angle results based
on four set of test along the four resonances of
interest. In general, even with noise perturbation, the
physical attributes of the polarization angles suggest
that the geometries are all symmetrical about the
longitudinal axis since their associated ellipticity
angle is negligible. Also they are tilted by 18-29%
of quarter, i.e. vicinity of 20o
counter clock-wise
from the polarization basis directions except. The
elongation degree displays dihedral attribute
associated with the 2-4th
ordered, this is due to the
significant of the skewed wings on the total time
response. In all, the elongation merit is distinctively
less affected by lower SNR.
4. Faisal Aldhubaib. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 2) May 2016, pp.57-61
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Fig 3.The quadrature-polarized residue pattern with
some early time portion included.
Fig 4.The quadrature-polarized residue pattern with
the early time excluded.
TABLE II. POLARIZATION ANGELS VS. SNR AND #TRIALS.
SNR #Samples(Trials) Onset index Frequency(Index) Symmetry(0-45o
) Tilt (0-90o
) Elongation (0-45o
)
60dB 1 190 29 -2.1 24.6 14.4
37 4.1 16.9 40.4
89 3.3 21.8 39.6
123 5.5 27.0 31.3
60dB 1 220 29 -3.9 19.8 7.2
37 -7.4 13.4 40.4
88 -33.0 8.3 39.1
121 -3.0 20.1 30.7
10dB 1 190 30 10.5 33.4 33.2
37 21.3 29.7 35.2
89 -2.9 15.1 18.0
123 1.0 19.6 22.1
10dB 10 190 29 -3.12 25.9 17.4
37 3.80 19.1 40.6
89 2.56 25.5 39.8
123 4.69 25.7 30.4
5. Faisal Aldhubaib. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 2) May 2016, pp.57-61
www.ijera.com 61 | P a g e
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The residue pattern of the cross-polarized is less
affected by the additive noise due the lack of
specular contribution in its response. Noticeably, the
higher ordered residues are weaker and therefore
more susceptible to noise. For high SNR, the over
truncation of the late time portion has no effect on
the lower resonances and gives higher VAF; on the
contrary, the VAF degrades for low SNR as most of
the signal power is truncated. Finally, the resonance-
based polarization angles are robust with low
ensemble average, and distinctively the elongation
degree demonstrated more resilience to noise and
late time truncation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported and funded by The Public
Authority of Education and Training, Research
project No (TS-11-14).
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