The main objective of this project is to prepare a laminated with Galvanized iron thickness fractions, fiber
volume fractions and orientation in the layers of GF were fabricated by hand lay-up method and evaluated for
their bending moment properties of the sandwich panel using universal testing machine. This paper theoretically
calculates the bending behavior of sandwich panel. The recent need to develop a new range of materials has
resulted in the development of high performance lightweight composites with excellent properties. Metal–
composite systems consist of alternating layers of metal and fiber-reinforced polymer composites which are
bonded by an adhesive. Sandwich beams were tested under Air Bending. Stress-strain and stress-displacement
were recorded by using AIMIL UTM. The beam face sheets exhibited a softening non-linearity on the bending
side. Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions from simple models. On an overall basis, the
sandwich panel exhibited better bending moment performance than the monolithic galvanized iron.
IRJET- Study Analysis of Metal Bending in a Sheet Metal using Finite Elem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the bending of aluminum sheet metal and aluminum sandwich panels with different core materials using finite element analysis software. Sandwich panels with cores of polypropylene, polystyrene, carbon fiber, and glass fiber were modeled and their deformation and stress distributions under bending forces were compared to a monolithic aluminum sheet. The sandwich panels exhibited better bending resistance and damage resistance than the aluminum sheet. Overall, sandwich panels with the same thickness are recommended over aluminum sheets due to their better resistance to external forces. The study aims to find alternative materials to aluminum for use in aircraft to improve resistance to impacts from bird strikes.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
Effect of silicon carbide percentage on fracture toughness of aluminium silio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal matrix composites are composites in which one component will be a metal and other metal or non metal. It has wide applications in various fields like automobile, turbines blades etc which needs good mechanical properties. This thesis work studies about Aluminium Silicon Carbide metal matrix composites and their properties. Earlier studies revealed that as the percentage of Silicon Carbide is increased the properties get increased up to a limit and fracture toughness gets reduced beyond that. Here, in this work different percentage of SiC is added and fracture toughness is analyzed in terms of Stress intensity factor since fracture toughness cannot be calculated directly. Both software simulation and experimental methods has been done to find out the best percentage composition. Keywords: Metal matrix composites, Aluminium Silicon Carbide, Fracture Toughness, Stress Intensity Factor
IRJET- Improvement of Performance of Concrete using Straight and 3D Steel...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the effects of adding different types of steel fibers to concrete. Straight steel fibers, single closed loop fibers, and double closed loop fibers were added to concrete mixes in amounts from 0.5% to 2% by weight of cement. Specimens were tested to determine their compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. It was found that the addition of steel fibers increased the mechanical properties of concrete up to an optimal fiber content of 1-1.5%. Double closed loop fibers provided the best improvement to strength, increasing compressive strength by up to 42.6% and split tensile strength by up to 62.4% compared to plain concrete. The study
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slagijtsrd
The main measure of the structural quality of concrete is its compressive strength. This property of concrete is commonly considered in structural design. Depending on the mix and time and quality of the curing, the compressive strength of concrete can be obtained up to 95 MPa or more. Commercial production of concrete with ordinarily aggregate is usually in the 20 to 80 MPa range with the most common ranges for cast in place buildings from 20 to 40 Mpa. On the other hand, precast and pre stressed applications often expect the strengths of 25 55 MPa. Although concrete is not normally designed to resist direct tension, the knowledge of tensile strength is used to estimate the load under which cracking will develop. This is imputable to its influence on the formation of cracks and its propagation to the tension side of the reinforced concrete flexural member. Shear, torsion, and other actions also produce tensile stresses to the particular section of concrete members. In most cases, member behavior changes upon cracking. So the tension strength of concrete is also considered in the proportioning concrete member. This strength is of interest in designing of highway and airfield slabs as shear strength and resistance to cracking are very important to sustain such loading. The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low, about 10 to 15 of the compressive, occasionally 20 . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26694.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26694/strength-of-concrete-structure-partial-replacement-of-sand-by-copper-slag/priyatam-kumar
This document summarizes the development and characterization of a hybrid particulate metal matrix composite made of AL7075 alloy reinforced with AL2O3 and SiC particles. The composite was fabricated using stir casting and tested for microstructure, hardness, and wear behavior. Key results include:
1) Uniform distribution of AL2O3 and SiC particles in the AL7075 matrix was achieved through stir casting. Hardness and density increased with higher reinforcement weight fractions.
2) Wear testing found wear resistance increased with reinforcement weight fraction and decreased with higher speeds. Wear increased with longer sliding distances. Coefficient of friction also decreased at higher weight fractions.
3) Microstructure images showed uniform particle dispersion up to
Evaluation of Tensile and Flexural Properties of Polymer Matrix CompositesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
IRJET- Study Analysis of Metal Bending in a Sheet Metal using Finite Elem...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the bending of aluminum sheet metal and aluminum sandwich panels with different core materials using finite element analysis software. Sandwich panels with cores of polypropylene, polystyrene, carbon fiber, and glass fiber were modeled and their deformation and stress distributions under bending forces were compared to a monolithic aluminum sheet. The sandwich panels exhibited better bending resistance and damage resistance than the aluminum sheet. Overall, sandwich panels with the same thickness are recommended over aluminum sheets due to their better resistance to external forces. The study aims to find alternative materials to aluminum for use in aircraft to improve resistance to impacts from bird strikes.
FRACTOGRAPHY OF CRYOGENIC CHILL CASTED ASTM A 494 M GRADE NICKEL ALLOY METAL ...IAEME Publication
ASTM A 494 M grade Ni–Garnet composites containing four different weight percentages 3%, 6%,9% and 12% of Garnet samples have been fabricated by using cryogenically cooled copper chill stir
casting method. Effects of volume percent of Garnet particles on tensile strength, and fracture surfacesof Nickel Garnet composites have been investigated. The highest tensile strength was achieved in the specimen containing 9 Wt. % garnet produced with 25 mm chill thickness which shows an increase of14% in comparison to the no chill cast reinforced alloy. Microscopic investigations of fracture surfacesrevealed that fracture in a brittle manner with little or no necking happening. By increasing garnetcontent and chill thickness, the composites fracture goes in a more severely brittle manner. The fracturebehavior of the composites was altered significantly by the presence of garnet particles and the crack
propagation through the matrix and the reinforcing particle clusters resulted in the final fracture.
Effect of silicon carbide percentage on fracture toughness of aluminium silio...eSAT Journals
Abstract Metal matrix composites are composites in which one component will be a metal and other metal or non metal. It has wide applications in various fields like automobile, turbines blades etc which needs good mechanical properties. This thesis work studies about Aluminium Silicon Carbide metal matrix composites and their properties. Earlier studies revealed that as the percentage of Silicon Carbide is increased the properties get increased up to a limit and fracture toughness gets reduced beyond that. Here, in this work different percentage of SiC is added and fracture toughness is analyzed in terms of Stress intensity factor since fracture toughness cannot be calculated directly. Both software simulation and experimental methods has been done to find out the best percentage composition. Keywords: Metal matrix composites, Aluminium Silicon Carbide, Fracture Toughness, Stress Intensity Factor
IRJET- Improvement of Performance of Concrete using Straight and 3D Steel...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on the effects of adding different types of steel fibers to concrete. Straight steel fibers, single closed loop fibers, and double closed loop fibers were added to concrete mixes in amounts from 0.5% to 2% by weight of cement. Specimens were tested to determine their compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. It was found that the addition of steel fibers increased the mechanical properties of concrete up to an optimal fiber content of 1-1.5%. Double closed loop fibers provided the best improvement to strength, increasing compressive strength by up to 42.6% and split tensile strength by up to 62.4% compared to plain concrete. The study
Study on Processing and Mechanical Properties of nano SiCp reinforced AA7075theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science would take much care in making your article published without much delay with your kind cooperation
Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slagijtsrd
The main measure of the structural quality of concrete is its compressive strength. This property of concrete is commonly considered in structural design. Depending on the mix and time and quality of the curing, the compressive strength of concrete can be obtained up to 95 MPa or more. Commercial production of concrete with ordinarily aggregate is usually in the 20 to 80 MPa range with the most common ranges for cast in place buildings from 20 to 40 Mpa. On the other hand, precast and pre stressed applications often expect the strengths of 25 55 MPa. Although concrete is not normally designed to resist direct tension, the knowledge of tensile strength is used to estimate the load under which cracking will develop. This is imputable to its influence on the formation of cracks and its propagation to the tension side of the reinforced concrete flexural member. Shear, torsion, and other actions also produce tensile stresses to the particular section of concrete members. In most cases, member behavior changes upon cracking. So the tension strength of concrete is also considered in the proportioning concrete member. This strength is of interest in designing of highway and airfield slabs as shear strength and resistance to cracking are very important to sustain such loading. The tensile strength of concrete is relatively low, about 10 to 15 of the compressive, occasionally 20 . Priyatam Kumar | H. L. Yadav "Strength of Concrete Structure Partial Replacement of Sand by Copper Slag" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26694.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26694/strength-of-concrete-structure-partial-replacement-of-sand-by-copper-slag/priyatam-kumar
This document summarizes the development and characterization of a hybrid particulate metal matrix composite made of AL7075 alloy reinforced with AL2O3 and SiC particles. The composite was fabricated using stir casting and tested for microstructure, hardness, and wear behavior. Key results include:
1) Uniform distribution of AL2O3 and SiC particles in the AL7075 matrix was achieved through stir casting. Hardness and density increased with higher reinforcement weight fractions.
2) Wear testing found wear resistance increased with reinforcement weight fraction and decreased with higher speeds. Wear increased with longer sliding distances. Coefficient of friction also decreased at higher weight fractions.
3) Microstructure images showed uniform particle dispersion up to
Evaluation of Tensile and Flexural Properties of Polymer Matrix CompositesIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and its durability in marine structures. It provides background on how fibers suppress crack formation in concrete and improve its fracture toughness. The document reviews literature on how the addition of fibers enhances various mechanical properties of concrete. It also discusses considerations for mixing FRC, including how fiber type, volume, and size can impact dispersion. Finally, it presents properties of different fiber materials commonly used to reinforce concrete.
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
The document presents a study on fabricating and characterizing an aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The objectives are to fabricate the Al-SiC MMC, characterize its tensile strength and hardness properties, and determine optimal machining parameters for good surface finish. It discusses the composite materials, matrix, reinforcement, classification of composites, and metal matrix composites. It also details the properties of aluminum, silicon carbide, and aluminum silicon carbide composites. Methods of fabricating Al-SiC MMC including stir casting and characteristics like tensile testing, hardness testing, and machining tests are explained. Relevant literature on improving mechanical properties of Al-SiC composites is reviewed.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
The installation of Helical Confinement in the Compression Zone of reinforced High Strength Concrete beams is also investigated in this study. Helical Confinement is more effective than the rectangular ties, Compression Longitudinal reinforcement and steel fibers in increasing the strength and ductility of Confined Concrete. A total number of 3 Specimens were casted. The Pitch distance for helical confinement of two specimens is 50mm, 60mm and the Pitch distance for normal confinement is 50mm. The Specimen is of a size of 600mm X 300mm X 300mm. It contains of 8 mm dia bar as longitudinal reinforcement and 6mm dia bar as transverse reinforcement. M 40 and Fe 500 Grade steels were used. After 28 Days of Curing. The Specimens were taken out and allowed to dry and tested under universal testing machine of capacity 1000 KN. The Effect of Yield strength ductility, were studied from Stress – Strain and Load – Displacement Curves. This Study Concluded the Helical Reinforcement is an effective method for increasing the Strength and Ductility of Reinforcement High Strength Concrete Beam.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Dr.R.Narayanasamy, Dr.S.Sivasankaran and Dr.K.Siva Prasad on Mechanical AlloyingDr.Ramaswamy Narayanasamy
The document outlines a study on the synthesis, characterization, and workability behavior of nanocrystalline AA6061 alloy reinforced with TiO2 composite prepared by mechanical alloying. It describes the experimental procedures used to produce microcomposite and nanocomposite powders, and characterize their properties including morphology, particle size, flow characteristics, compressibility, and mechanical strength. The objectives are to investigate the effect of TiO2 reinforcement content and particle size on the composite properties and deformation behavior.
Experimental Study of Mesh Confined Concrete Subjected to High Temperatureijtsrd
Nowadays fire accidents are happening in most of the buildings which causes heavy damage to the buildings and result in loss of durability. In order to avoid the consequences an experimental investigation is carried out using mesh confinement concrete. Concrete is a non combustible material and has a slow rate of heat transfer. High temperature can cause the formation of cracks. These cracks resembles like any other cracks propagation may eventually cause loss of structural collapse and shorting of span life. One mighty problem which occurs when concrete is exposed to fire is spalling. This is the phenomenon in which explosion ejection of chunks in concrete from the surface of the material, due to the breakdown in surface tensile strength. In order to reduce early cover spalling, a new idea has been investigated. This is implemented by installing relatively cheap materials such as glass mesh, nylon mesh, GI weld mesh and wire mesh in cylindrical specimens with a length of 300mm and 150mm diameter. It has been understood from the literature to reduce the spalling in concrete and strength can be improved by mesh confinement. Hence an experimental investigation will be done to study the performance of mesh confinement concrete subjected to fire. M. Gowtham Vignesh "Experimental Study of Mesh Confined Concrete Subjected to High Temperature" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26356.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26356/experimental-study-of-mesh-confined-concrete-subjected-to-high-temperature/m-gowtham-vignesh
Design and Analysis of Bolted Joint in Composite LaminatedIJMER
In this work plate was designed for single and four bolted joint with two different materials such as mild steel and E-glass fiber. The aim of this work is to examine the distribution of tensile and crushing stress among the different bolts by changing material of plates and bolt. The bolted joints for mild steel plate and composite laminate were analyzed by using FEA. The result shows that tensile stress and crushing stress is less for composite laminate compare to mild steel .It is concluded that Weight reduction of structure is also achieved for e-glass fiber structure. The stress concentration was reduced in composite laminate bolted joints compare to mild steel so this will improve strength of structure.
The document discusses a research project analyzing the formability and wrinkling limits of various high strength steel sheets supplied by TATA Steel. Dr. R. Narayanasamy is the principal investigator, studying properties like tensile strength, forming limit diagrams, strain distribution, fractography, and texture. Tests were conducted on interstitial free steel, dual phase steel, and other varieties in thicknesses from 0.6mm to 2.0mm. Charts of chemical composition, microstructure, tensile properties, and forming limit diagrams are presented for each steel type.
Comparative study of effect of basalt, glass and steel fiber on compressive a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental Test on Gfrp-Epoxy Composite Laminate for Mechanical, Chemical &...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes an experiment testing the mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties of a glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) epoxy composite laminate. The laminate was produced using hand layup and tested for tensile strength, cross-breaking strength, chemical resistance with various reagents, impact resistance via Charpy and Izod tests, and thermal contact conductance. The laminate demonstrated good mechanical properties with tensile strength over 2000 kgf/cm^2, as well as minimal weight changes (<2%) when exposed to chemicals, and adequate impact absorption and thermal conductivity. The laminate composition is concluded to be suitable for applications like wind turbine and cooling tower blades as a replacement for aluminum.
IRJET - Performance of SFRC Beams under Combined State of Flexure, Direct...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams under combined states of flexure, direct compression, and shear. It describes an experimental study that tested SFRC beams with various fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%) under different compression loads (0, 50, 100, 125 kN). The study found that adding steel fibers increased the compressive strength, flexural strength, and shear strength of the concrete beams. Beams with higher fiber content performed better under the combined loading conditions compared to beams with lower or no fiber content. The document provides details on the materials, beam specimens, mixing, casting, curing, and testing methods used
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE AT ...AM Publications
The main objective of this study is to understand the fundamental behaviour of FRC when it is exposed to elevated temperatures. However, rather than relying on one type of fibre, this study proposed of mixing two different types of fibre in concrete which will then be exposed to elevated temperatures from normal temperature i.e. 27 °C (room temperature) to 200°C, 400 °C and 600 °C for one hour and cooled to room temperature before testing. The two types of fibres used, steel and Recron 3s (polyester) fibres, have different characteristics. The study is mainly focused on the experimental work. Concrete mixes prepared are without fibre, with either or both steel fibre and Recron 3s fibres. Dosage of steel fibre is 1% by volume of concrete and Recron 0.1% by volume of concrete. The study deals with the comparison of residual strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with fibre reinforced concrete. Experimental work was carried out to study the impact of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength, tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity.
IRJET- A Review on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Allo...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the effects of mechanical vibration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys cast using gravity die casting. It discusses how applying vibration to the mold during casting can refine grain structure and reduce dendrite arm spacing and defects. Several studies cited found that vibration led to higher tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength in cast aluminum alloys by promoting fragmentation of dendrites and a more homogeneous temperature field during solidification. The literature review concluded that vibration casting improves mechanical properties by changing the microstructure through effects on solidification like reducing grain size.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes dynamic finite element models of double-skin composite steel plates subjected to impact loading. A rigid penetrator impacts composite panels made of steel skins separated by a concrete core with shear stud connectors.
2) Results show that the panels have good energy absorption capacity due to the ductility of the lower steel plate and stiffness provided by lower shear studs. Increasing the upper or lower plate thickness, or concentrating more studs in the center, increases the energy absorbed before perforation.
3) The failure patterns are investigated. Under impact, the upper plate initially perforates and moves upward due to inertia effects. The upper studs increase plate stiffness. Concrete failure is more localized than under static
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Study on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Rei...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical and tribological properties of magnesium alloy AZ31 reinforced with SiC and Al2O3 particulates. Three samples were produced using stir casting: 1) AZ31 alloy, 2) AZ31 with 3% SiC and 1% Al2O3, and 3) AZ31 with 1% SiC and 3% Al2O3. Testing showed that tensile strength, impact strength, and wear resistance were highest for the unreinforced AZ31 alloy. The addition of SiC and Al2O3 particulates decreased these mechanical properties but provided a more homogeneous microstructure.
IRJET-Review Paper On Usage Of Ferrocement Panels In Lightweight Sandwich Con...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of ferrocement panels as high-strength face sheets in lightweight sandwich concrete slabs. Specifically, it summarizes several journal articles that used ferrocement panels encasing aerated concrete as a lightweight core material. Specimens were cast with different ferrocement panel configurations and tested to determine their compressive strength, flexural strength, and shear behavior. Test results showed that ferrocement panels improved the flexural strength and ductility of the sandwich slabs compared to conventional slabs. The ferrocement encasement also ensured composite action between the core and face sheets.
Review Paper On Usage Of Ferrocement Panels In Lightweight Sandwich Concrete ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of ferrocement panels as high-strength face sheets in lightweight sandwich concrete slabs. Ferrocement panels consist of thin cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced steel wire mesh. They possess high strength and bending ability. The document discusses previous research using ferrocement panels to encase aerated concrete as a lightweight core material. It also describes the materials, manufacturing process, and testing of sample slabs with different ferrocement panel configurations.
This document discusses fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and its durability in marine structures. It provides background on how fibers suppress crack formation in concrete and improve its fracture toughness. The document reviews literature on how the addition of fibers enhances various mechanical properties of concrete. It also discusses considerations for mixing FRC, including how fiber type, volume, and size can impact dispersion. Finally, it presents properties of different fiber materials commonly used to reinforce concrete.
STRENGTH CHARACTERIZATION OF GLASSCARON HYBRID REINFORCEMENTS - AN EXPERIMENT...IAEME Publication
This study aims to characterize and quantify the mechanical properties of hybrid
reinforcements which have been introduced in the research field of polymer composites as a
facelift. Hybrid reinforcement is the fusion of more than one type of material into one element.
A combination of glass and carbon in the ratio of 60:40 is used as Hybrid reinforcement in this
study. The carbon fiber is used as the inner core surrounded with glass fiber using epoxy
thermo set resin. This present work is mainly centered on the tensile and transverse shear
strength of glass-carbon Hybrid reinforcements. Hybridisation offers a profitable mode for
manufacturing a product with reduced cost, high specific modulus, strength, corrosion
resistance and in many cases excellent thermal stability. Based on the-way of fabrication,
different types of hybrid composites can be prepared. The current study presents the
experiments that has been carried out on 8 mm diameter hybrid rods using ASTM (American
Society for testing and Methods) standards. The results were compared with 10 mm Glass
Fibre Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) reinforcements and 10 mm Conventional (steel)
reinforcements. From the experimental observation, it has been found out that hybrid
reinforcement exhibits a tensile strength 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than GFRP and Conventional
reinforcements. Similarly, hybrid reinforcement performs slightly greater Transverse shear
strength than GFRP and Conventional reinforcements respectively.
The document presents a study on fabricating and characterizing an aluminum metal matrix composite reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The objectives are to fabricate the Al-SiC MMC, characterize its tensile strength and hardness properties, and determine optimal machining parameters for good surface finish. It discusses the composite materials, matrix, reinforcement, classification of composites, and metal matrix composites. It also details the properties of aluminum, silicon carbide, and aluminum silicon carbide composites. Methods of fabricating Al-SiC MMC including stir casting and characteristics like tensile testing, hardness testing, and machining tests are explained. Relevant literature on improving mechanical properties of Al-SiC composites is reviewed.
Study on Influence of heat treatment on Tribological properties of mild steeldbpublications
A study was made on the effect of heat treatment upon the mild steel. Total six samples were prepared for each test (hardness test, tensile test, microstructure test and wear test) from those two was tested as received and rest four were subjected to different heat treatment that are annealing and normalizing (heated on a temperature of 850 degree Celsius). The hardness of all sample was measured by Rockwell hardness testing machine. Wear measurement was done on pin-on disc wear machine. Tensometer was used to find out the ultimate stress and strain of the sample. The result of tensile test showed that the strength is decreased by heat treating and the surface hardness is also decreased by heat treatment. Microstructure of the mild steel specimens shows the grain boundary of the particles and the content of % of carbon present. It justifies the experimental results of tensile test and hardness test. Surface Hardness is the measure of resistance that any material applies. As the specimen gets soft on treating the hardness also gets decreased. Tensile strength of any specimen is specified as how much stress the material can withstand before breaking. As the metal gets soft after heat treatment the load required for breaking goes on decreasing. Wear test is carried out to see the variation in wear measurement and coefficient of friction as the mesh size of paper are varied. More soft the surface of material is more wear is seen and vice-versa.
The installation of Helical Confinement in the Compression Zone of reinforced High Strength Concrete beams is also investigated in this study. Helical Confinement is more effective than the rectangular ties, Compression Longitudinal reinforcement and steel fibers in increasing the strength and ductility of Confined Concrete. A total number of 3 Specimens were casted. The Pitch distance for helical confinement of two specimens is 50mm, 60mm and the Pitch distance for normal confinement is 50mm. The Specimen is of a size of 600mm X 300mm X 300mm. It contains of 8 mm dia bar as longitudinal reinforcement and 6mm dia bar as transverse reinforcement. M 40 and Fe 500 Grade steels were used. After 28 Days of Curing. The Specimens were taken out and allowed to dry and tested under universal testing machine of capacity 1000 KN. The Effect of Yield strength ductility, were studied from Stress – Strain and Load – Displacement Curves. This Study Concluded the Helical Reinforcement is an effective method for increasing the Strength and Ductility of Reinforcement High Strength Concrete Beam.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceresearchinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Dr.R.Narayanasamy, Dr.S.Sivasankaran and Dr.K.Siva Prasad on Mechanical AlloyingDr.Ramaswamy Narayanasamy
The document outlines a study on the synthesis, characterization, and workability behavior of nanocrystalline AA6061 alloy reinforced with TiO2 composite prepared by mechanical alloying. It describes the experimental procedures used to produce microcomposite and nanocomposite powders, and characterize their properties including morphology, particle size, flow characteristics, compressibility, and mechanical strength. The objectives are to investigate the effect of TiO2 reinforcement content and particle size on the composite properties and deformation behavior.
Experimental Study of Mesh Confined Concrete Subjected to High Temperatureijtsrd
Nowadays fire accidents are happening in most of the buildings which causes heavy damage to the buildings and result in loss of durability. In order to avoid the consequences an experimental investigation is carried out using mesh confinement concrete. Concrete is a non combustible material and has a slow rate of heat transfer. High temperature can cause the formation of cracks. These cracks resembles like any other cracks propagation may eventually cause loss of structural collapse and shorting of span life. One mighty problem which occurs when concrete is exposed to fire is spalling. This is the phenomenon in which explosion ejection of chunks in concrete from the surface of the material, due to the breakdown in surface tensile strength. In order to reduce early cover spalling, a new idea has been investigated. This is implemented by installing relatively cheap materials such as glass mesh, nylon mesh, GI weld mesh and wire mesh in cylindrical specimens with a length of 300mm and 150mm diameter. It has been understood from the literature to reduce the spalling in concrete and strength can be improved by mesh confinement. Hence an experimental investigation will be done to study the performance of mesh confinement concrete subjected to fire. M. Gowtham Vignesh "Experimental Study of Mesh Confined Concrete Subjected to High Temperature" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26356.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/26356/experimental-study-of-mesh-confined-concrete-subjected-to-high-temperature/m-gowtham-vignesh
Design and Analysis of Bolted Joint in Composite LaminatedIJMER
In this work plate was designed for single and four bolted joint with two different materials such as mild steel and E-glass fiber. The aim of this work is to examine the distribution of tensile and crushing stress among the different bolts by changing material of plates and bolt. The bolted joints for mild steel plate and composite laminate were analyzed by using FEA. The result shows that tensile stress and crushing stress is less for composite laminate compare to mild steel .It is concluded that Weight reduction of structure is also achieved for e-glass fiber structure. The stress concentration was reduced in composite laminate bolted joints compare to mild steel so this will improve strength of structure.
The document discusses a research project analyzing the formability and wrinkling limits of various high strength steel sheets supplied by TATA Steel. Dr. R. Narayanasamy is the principal investigator, studying properties like tensile strength, forming limit diagrams, strain distribution, fractography, and texture. Tests were conducted on interstitial free steel, dual phase steel, and other varieties in thicknesses from 0.6mm to 2.0mm. Charts of chemical composition, microstructure, tensile properties, and forming limit diagrams are presented for each steel type.
Comparative study of effect of basalt, glass and steel fiber on compressive a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental Test on Gfrp-Epoxy Composite Laminate for Mechanical, Chemical &...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes an experiment testing the mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties of a glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) epoxy composite laminate. The laminate was produced using hand layup and tested for tensile strength, cross-breaking strength, chemical resistance with various reagents, impact resistance via Charpy and Izod tests, and thermal contact conductance. The laminate demonstrated good mechanical properties with tensile strength over 2000 kgf/cm^2, as well as minimal weight changes (<2%) when exposed to chemicals, and adequate impact absorption and thermal conductivity. The laminate composition is concluded to be suitable for applications like wind turbine and cooling tower blades as a replacement for aluminum.
IRJET - Performance of SFRC Beams under Combined State of Flexure, Direct...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the performance of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) beams under combined states of flexure, direct compression, and shear. It describes an experimental study that tested SFRC beams with various fiber volume fractions (0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.0%) under different compression loads (0, 50, 100, 125 kN). The study found that adding steel fibers increased the compressive strength, flexural strength, and shear strength of the concrete beams. Beams with higher fiber content performed better under the combined loading conditions compared to beams with lower or no fiber content. The document provides details on the materials, beam specimens, mixing, casting, curing, and testing methods used
Experimental Investigations on Tribiological Properties of 6061-T6 Al Alloy b...IJAEMSJORNAL
Microstructure and tribological properties of Al-TiB2 nano surface composite fabricated by Friction Stir Processing (FSP) were evaluated. To vary the percentage of TiB2 three different slot thickness viz. 1mm, 1.5 mm and 2mm were considered. Microstructural evaluations showed a nearly uniform distribution of TiB2 in the aluminium matrix after FSP with the addition of composite powder. Microhardness test results shoes FSW of Al6061-T6 alloy with 2mm groove width has more hardness. tribological properties were evaluated at two different sliding velocities 0.314m/s and 0.48m/s and results shows that at lower loads there is no much difference in wear rate of surface composite made with different slot sizes but with increase in load and sliding velocity wear rate was increased , however, larger slot Al6061-TiB2 Surface composites show better wear resistance.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HYBRID FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE AT ...AM Publications
The main objective of this study is to understand the fundamental behaviour of FRC when it is exposed to elevated temperatures. However, rather than relying on one type of fibre, this study proposed of mixing two different types of fibre in concrete which will then be exposed to elevated temperatures from normal temperature i.e. 27 °C (room temperature) to 200°C, 400 °C and 600 °C for one hour and cooled to room temperature before testing. The two types of fibres used, steel and Recron 3s (polyester) fibres, have different characteristics. The study is mainly focused on the experimental work. Concrete mixes prepared are without fibre, with either or both steel fibre and Recron 3s fibres. Dosage of steel fibre is 1% by volume of concrete and Recron 0.1% by volume of concrete. The study deals with the comparison of residual strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete with fibre reinforced concrete. Experimental work was carried out to study the impact of elevated temperatures on the compressive strength, tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity.
IRJET- A Review on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Allo...IRJET Journal
The document reviews the effects of mechanical vibration on the microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys cast using gravity die casting. It discusses how applying vibration to the mold during casting can refine grain structure and reduce dendrite arm spacing and defects. Several studies cited found that vibration led to higher tensile strength, hardness, and impact strength in cast aluminum alloys by promoting fragmentation of dendrites and a more homogeneous temperature field during solidification. The literature review concluded that vibration casting improves mechanical properties by changing the microstructure through effects on solidification like reducing grain size.
Dynamic Analysis of Double-Skin Composite Steel PlatesIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes dynamic finite element models of double-skin composite steel plates subjected to impact loading. A rigid penetrator impacts composite panels made of steel skins separated by a concrete core with shear stud connectors.
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International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
A Study on Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Magnesium Alloy AZ31 Rei...ijsrd.com
This document summarizes a study on the mechanical and tribological properties of magnesium alloy AZ31 reinforced with SiC and Al2O3 particulates. Three samples were produced using stir casting: 1) AZ31 alloy, 2) AZ31 with 3% SiC and 1% Al2O3, and 3) AZ31 with 1% SiC and 3% Al2O3. Testing showed that tensile strength, impact strength, and wear resistance were highest for the unreinforced AZ31 alloy. The addition of SiC and Al2O3 particulates decreased these mechanical properties but provided a more homogeneous microstructure.
IRJET-Review Paper On Usage Of Ferrocement Panels In Lightweight Sandwich Con...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of ferrocement panels as high-strength face sheets in lightweight sandwich concrete slabs. Specifically, it summarizes several journal articles that used ferrocement panels encasing aerated concrete as a lightweight core material. Specimens were cast with different ferrocement panel configurations and tested to determine their compressive strength, flexural strength, and shear behavior. Test results showed that ferrocement panels improved the flexural strength and ductility of the sandwich slabs compared to conventional slabs. The ferrocement encasement also ensured composite action between the core and face sheets.
Review Paper On Usage Of Ferrocement Panels In Lightweight Sandwich Concrete ...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of ferrocement panels as high-strength face sheets in lightweight sandwich concrete slabs. Ferrocement panels consist of thin cement mortar reinforced with closely spaced steel wire mesh. They possess high strength and bending ability. The document discusses previous research using ferrocement panels to encase aerated concrete as a lightweight core material. It also describes the materials, manufacturing process, and testing of sample slabs with different ferrocement panel configurations.
Synthesis And Characterization of Aluminum –Silicon-Fly Ash Composite By Stir...IRJESJOURNAL
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of aluminum-silicon carbide-fly ash composites fabricated using stir casting. Three samples were produced: (1) aluminum 7075, (2) 90% aluminum-10% silicon carbide, and (3) 90% aluminum-10% fly ash. The composites were analyzed using chemical confirmation tests, microhardness testing, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that hardness and strength increased with higher reinforcement content. SEM revealed uniform dispersion of silicon carbide and fly ash particles. Microhardness was highest for the aluminum-silicon carbide composite, indicating silicon carbide improved properties more than fly ash. The composites exhibited fairly uniform distribution
Comparative Study on the High-Stress Abrasive Wear Behaviour of Zinc and Copp...IRJET Journal
This document presents a comparative study on the abrasive wear behavior of zinc-based and copper-based alloys. Pin-on-disc tests were conducted on samples of the two alloys under varying loads and sliding distances. The zinc-based alloy exhibited higher wear rates and friction coefficients than the copper-based alloy. Microstructural analysis found the zinc alloy had a dendritic structure with intermetallic phases, while the copper alloy contained copper and intermetallic compounds. Temperature and friction increased with load and sliding time for both alloys, with the zinc alloy experiencing higher temperatures and friction. The copper alloy showed better wear resistance overall.
The document discusses the structural analysis of a heteromorphic hexa square honeycomb sandwich panel for use in aircraft. Finite element analysis was conducted using ANSYS to analyze models with different core materials (aluminum, GFRP, ABS) under three-point bending. Experimental three-point bending tests were also conducted on a sandwich panel with an aluminum core. The results found that a GFRP core model provided better deflection performance compared to other materials and the baseline hexagonal structure.
1) Cast scandium added aluminum-magnesium alloy was friction stir welded and its tensile properties were examined.
2) The weld exhibited better mechanical properties than the base metal, with the weld nugget showing the highest strength.
3) Tensile testing showed that the global joint fractured in the base material and had slightly higher strength than the base metal, indicating that friction stir welding is suitable for joining this alloy.
Synthesis, characterization and mechanical behavior of nickel coated graphite...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this paper we are going to describe the characterization and mechanical behavior of the Nickel Coated Graphite (NCG) particle reinforced Al6061 metal matrix composite. Many a times, the composites fail to answer the question or fail to serve the purpose for which it is fabricated to. This is due to the less wetting nature between the reinforcement and the matrix and the impossibility of higher percentage of reinforcement addition in to the matrix. However, metal coated reinforcements have been able to overcome these limitations to a very extent. NCG particles reinforced Al6061 matrix with various weight percentages were fabricated by Squeeze casting method. Samples of 0, 5 and 10 wt% reinforcement addition were synthesized and characterized. Finally some useful conclusions were made. Keywords: Metal Coated Reinforcement; Nickel Coated Graphite; Squeeze Casting; Wetting.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Strength Evaluation of Steel-Nylon Hybrid Fibre Reinforced ConcreteIJERA Editor
When fibres like steel, glass, polypropylene, nylon, carbon, aramid, polyester, jute, etc are mixed with concrete known as fibre reinforced concrete. To overcome the deficiencies of concrete; fibres are added to improve the performance of concrete. In this research hybrid reinforced concrete is made by using steel and nylon 6 fibres. The inclusion of both steel and nylon 6 fibres are used in order to combine the benefits of both fibers; structural improvements provided by steel fibers and the resistance to plastic shrinkage improvements provided by nylon fibers. So the aim of this project is to investigate the mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexure strength and split tensile strength) of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete under compression, flexure & tension. The total volume of fibre was taken 0.75 % of total volume of concrete. In this experimental work, four different concrete mix proportions were casted with fibres and one mix without fibres. Four different mix combinations of steel- nylon 6 fibres were 100-00%, 75-25%, 50-50% and 25-75%. Superplasticizer was used in all mixes to make concrete more workable. The results shown that compressive, split tensile and flexural strength of hybrid fibre reinforced concrete increase by increasing quantity of steel and nylon 6 fibres. The increase in compressive and tensile strength due to incorporation of steel fibre is greater than that of using nylon fibre. For the nylon 6 fibres, adding more fibres into the concrete has a limited improvement on splitting tensile strength. Inclusion of nylon 6 fibres along with steel fibres results in considerable improvement in flexural strength as compared to solo steel fibre.
Review on Structural Performance of Honeycomb Sandwich PanelIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the structural performance of honeycomb sandwich panels. It discusses how honeycomb cores provide high strength-to-weight ratios and good mechanical properties. The structural properties of honeycomb structures depend on factors like face sheet thickness, core thickness, cell diameter, cell angle, and foil thickness. Failure by debonding of the face sheets from the core is a major issue. Research has studied how varying the geometric parameters of honeycomb structures affects their static and dynamic performance. Findings show that parameters like face sheet thickness, core thickness, cell diameter, and core material most influence the structural response of honeycomb sandwich panels.
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that characterized the tensile and transverse shear strengths of glass-carbon hybrid reinforcements. Hybrid reinforcements were fabricated using glass and carbon fibers bonded with epoxy resin via pultrusion. Specimens were tested according to ASTM standards to determine their tensile and transverse shear strengths. Results showed the hybrid reinforcements had tensile strengths 1.5-2 times higher than glass fiber reinforced polymer or steel reinforcements. Hybrid reinforcements also exhibited slightly higher transverse shear strengths. The study concluded hybridization improved composite reinforcement properties for industrial applications.
Finite Elements Modeling and Analysis of Double Skin Composite PlatesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Double skin composite (DSC) is a form of “steel/concrete/steel” sandwich structure; the steel plates
are connected to a sandwiched concrete core with welded stud shear connectors. In the present paper, a finite
element model for Double Skin Composite (DSC) panels subjected to quasi-static loading is developed. A series
of quasi-static finite elements models are used to analyze deformation and energy absorption capacity of such
system, when perforated by rigid penetrator with conical nose shape. Pilot test model is used to investigate the
failure pattern in the composite panel. The obtained results are compared to the experimental results; good
agreements are obtained between finite element and previous experimental results. Results show that such
elements have great ability of absorbing energy when subjected to perforation due to ductility of lower plate
skin and vertical stiffness of lower shear studs.
The document summarizes research into aluminum matrix composites reinforced with fly ash and silicon carbide particles. Key findings include:
- Composites with 4% fly ash and 2-6% SiC particles exhibited improved hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance compared to the unreinforced alloy.
- Micrographs showed good bonding between the matrix, fly ash, and SiC particles with no fractures at interfaces.
- Hardness and strength increased with higher reinforcement content due to dispersion and particle strengthening effects.
- Wear resistance was highest for 4% fly ash and 6% SiC composites and increased with load, with wear debris contributing to abrasive wear.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of adding flyash and silicon carbide (SiC) particulates on the hardness, tensile strength, and wear behavior of an aluminum-copper alloy. The alloy was reinforced with different weight percentages of flyash and SiC using stir casting. Testing showed that hardness, tensile strength, and wear resistance all improved with increasing amounts of reinforcements. Micrographs indicated good bonding between the matrix and particles without fractures at interfaces. Overall, the addition of flyash and SiC improved the mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy for engineering applications.
This document discusses the processing and synthesis of an Al 6063/Al2O3 metal matrix composite using stir casting. Al 6063 plates were cast with 3%, 6%, and 9% Al2O3. Microstructure, hardness, and tensile strength tests were conducted. Tensile strength increased with Al2O3 content up to 6% but decreased from 6% to 9% due to increased porosity. Hardness also increased with Al2O3 content due to grain refinement and particle strengthening. The composite showed improved properties over the base Al 6063 alloy. Microstructure analysis found loosely formed grains and silicon segregation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IRJET- Investigate Curing Behavior of Fly Ash based Polymeric Ferrocement Con...IRJET Journal
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Bending moment of galvanized iron glass fiber sandwich panel
1. Gurustal Somnath Swamy.etal. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 5) May 2016, pp.47-51
www.ijera.com 47 | P a g e
Bending moment of galvanized iron glass fiber sandwich panel
Gurustal Somnath Swamy1
, R.Roopsingh2
, P. Roopesh reddy3
, K Rajashekar4
,
Muvva venkata harinath5
.
1
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Bandlaguda, Telangana, India.
2
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Bandlaguda, Telangana, India.
3
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Bandlaguda, Telangana, India.
4
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Bandlaguda, Telangana, India.
5
(Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aurora Scientific Technological and Research Academy,
Bandlaguda, Telangana, India.
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this project is to prepare a laminated with Galvanized iron thickness fractions, fiber
volume fractions and orientation in the layers of GF were fabricated by hand lay-up method and evaluated for
their bending moment properties of the sandwich panel using universal testing machine. This paper theoretically
calculates the bending behavior of sandwich panel. The recent need to develop a new range of materials has
resulted in the development of high performance lightweight composites with excellent properties. Metal–
composite systems consist of alternating layers of metal and fiber-reinforced polymer composites which are
bonded by an adhesive. Sandwich beams were tested under Air Bending. Stress-strain and stress-displacement
were recorded by using AIMIL UTM. The beam face sheets exhibited a softening non-linearity on the bending
side. Experimental results were in good agreement with predictions from simple models. On an overall basis, the
sandwich panel exhibited better bending moment performance than the monolithic galvanized iron.
Keywords –Sandwich panel, galvanized iron plate, Glass fiber, Bending test.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sandwich structured composites are a
special class of composite materials which have
become very popular due to high specific strength
and bending stiffness. Low density of these materials
makes them especially suitable for use in Furniture
and fixtures, Automobile sector, Construction,
House hold things, Electrical appliances, and
Agriculture applications. Sandwich composites
primarily have two components namely, skin and
core. If an adhesive is used to bind skins with the
core, the adhesive layer can also be considered as an
additional component in the structure. The thickness
of the adhesive layer is generally neglected because
it is much smaller than the thickness of skins or the
core. The properties of sandwich composites depend
upon properties of the core and skins, their relative
thickness and the bonding characteristics between
them. Even if the concept of sandwich construction
is not very new, it has primarily been adopted for
non-strength part of structures in the last decade.
This is because there are a variety of problem areas
to be overcome when the sandwich construction is
applied to design of dynamically loaded structures.
To enhance the attractiveness of sandwich
construction, it is thus essential to better understand
the local strength characteristic of sandwich
panel/beam member’s. A great deal of work has
been published on the behavior of sandwich
structures in the last few decades. Many analytical
and computational models are avail-able to describe
the behavior of sandwich beams, panel sand shells
under different loading conditions.
Isaac M. Daniel, Jandro L. Abot [1] has
studied exural behavior of composite sandwich
beams and compared the results with predictions of
theoretical models. Craig A. Steeves, Norman A.
Fleck [2] have studied three-point bending collapse
strength of sandwich beams with composite faces
and polymer foam cores. S. Belouettar, A. Abbadi,
Z. Azari, R. Belouettar, P. Freres [3] have studied
static and fatigue behaviors of honeycomb sandwich
composites, made of aramid fibers and galvanized
iron cores, are investigated through four-point
bending tests. Henrik Herranen, Ott Pabut, Martin
Eerme, Jüri Majak, Meelis Pohlak, Jaan Kers, Mart
Saarna, Georg Allikas, Aare Aruniit [4] have studied
Design and testing of sandwich structures with
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. Gurustal Somnath Swamy.etal. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 5) May 2016, pp.47-51
www.ijera.com 48 | P a g e
different core materials . Seung-Wook Baek, Don-
Hyun Choi, Chang-Yong Lee, Byung-Wook
Ahn,Yun-Mo Yeon, Keun Song and Seung-Boo
Jung [5] have studied on Microstructure and
Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Spot Welded
Galvanized Steel. Jin Zhang, Peter Supernak, Simon
Mueller-Alander, Chun H. Wang [6] have studied
bending strength, stiffness and energy absorption of
corrugated sandwich composite structure were
investigated to explore novel designs of lightweight
load bearing structures that are capable of energy
absorption in transportation vehicles. V. Crupi, G.
Epasto, E. Guglielmino [7] has studied comparison
of static and low-velocity impact response of two
galvanized iron sandwich typologies: foam and
honeycomb sandwiches. M.M. Venugopal, S K
Maharana, K S Badarinarayan [8] has studied
modeling approach to predict response of composite
sandwich panels under static bending conditions.
Kaveh Kabir, Tania Vodenitcharova, Mark Hoffman
[9] have studied the response of galvanized iron
sandwich panels comprising thin foam cores and
thin face sheets of low and high yield strength was
investigated under three-point bending load.
Fakhrurrazi b ab karim [10] have studied on
experimental and finite element evaluation of
bending for Galvanized iron.
1.1 Material Selection
The materials used in the fabrication of the
test specimens were: Fig.1 shows the Structure of a
Sandwich Panel.
1. galvanized iron sheets - 1.5 mm.
2. E-glass fibers reinforced in epoxy resin matrix;
2mm
3. Epoxy resin as adhesive.
Galvanized iron (GI) sheets are produced as plain
coils / sheets (GP) and corrugated sheets (GC).
Corrugated sheets are also known as corrugated
galvanized iron (CGI) sheets. These are value added
steel products which are tough, sturdy, light weight,
bright, corrosion resistant and easy to transport.
These are usually produced in the thickness range of
0.15 mm to 2.0 mm and width range of 800 mm to
1560 mm. The weight of zinc coating varies from
100 grams square meter (gsm) to 750 grams square
meter. The weight of zinc coating varies with the
thickness of the steel sheet and the application of the
GI sheet. Estimated life of galvanized iron sheets in
different atmospheric conditions are given in Table
1.The Mechanical properties of the constituent
materials are given in Table 2. Rectangular
specimens of size 100 × 410 mm Fig.2 was made.
The galvanized iron thickness fraction is defined as
the ratio between the galvanized iron thickness and
the total thickness of the hybrid laminate.
Galvanized iron sheet was uniformly roughened on
one side so as to get good bonding with the epoxy
resin. An acrylic mould as per the specimen shape
was made. The surfaces of the galvanized iron were
wiped and cleaned using acetone. Chopped strand
mats (CSM) made of E – glass fiber were cut to the
sample shape. Epoxy resin LY 556 and hardener
Araldite were mixed in the ratio 100 parts to 10 parts
by weight respectively.
1.2 Experimental Procedure
The surface of the aluminum sheet and the inner
surface of the mould cavity were coated with wax.
The galvanized iron sheet was placed inside the
mould with the roughened surface facing up. A
coating of the resin-hardener mixture was applied
over the galvanized iron surface followed by placing
the CSM over the above coating. Two layers of
unidirectional (UD) fibers wetted with resin
hardener mixture were then placed over the CSM. A
CSM layer was again placed over which the outer
galvanized iron sheet was placed. The mould cavity
was closed by a wax coated acrylic sheet. Weights
were placed over the sheet in such a way that
uniform pressure was obtained. The set up was left
for curing for 6 hours at room temperature. The
surfaces of the galvanized iron glass fiber sheet were
wiped and cleaned using acetone to remove the wax
attached during experiment in mould cavity. Fig.3 a
top view and Fig.4 a side view shows the specimen
produced after this procedure.Fig.5 shows the sheet
placed in mould cavity. Fig.6 shows the bending test
of specimen conducted during testing on AIMIL
UTM machine. Fig.7 shows the bending test of
specimen after testing.
II. INDENTATIONS AND EQUATIONS
Dimensions are given below with
calculations.
Length (l) =0.4 m, Width (w) =0.1m,
Thickness (t) =0.003m, ΔL=0.03m, A0=0.000078 m2
Area (A) =0.004 m2
Force = 66.300 KN
Displacement = 0.002m
Mechanical properties:
(1) Stress = Load
Area
= 66.300 = 1657 KN/m2
0.04
(2) Strain = Change in Length
Original Length
= 0.03 = 0.075
0.4
(3) Bending stiffness = Force Exerted
Displacement
= 66300 = 3315x104
N/m
0.002
(4) Young’s modulus = FL0
A0 L
Where, F: Force exerted L0: Original length
A0: Cross sectional area L : Change in length
3. Gurustal Somnath Swamy.etal. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 5) May 2016, pp.47-51
www.ijera.com 49 | P a g e
= 66300x0.4 = 1133x107
N/m2
0.000078x0.03
(5) Shear Modulus = FL
A X
Where, x: Transverse Displacement
= 66300x0.4 = 221x106
N/m2
0.004x0.03
(6) Bending stress = 3PL
2Wt2
= 3x66300x0.4 = 1326x105
N/m2
2x0.1x0.003
2.1 results
The following results have been attained
after testing the galvanized iron glass fiber sandwich
panel for its bending moment. Failure was governed
by the compressive strength of the face sheet, which
was higher than the compression strength for
monolithic material measured under direct
compression. The ultimate compressive strain
recorded was 1.2%. Graph showing stress-
displacement fig: 8 and stress-strain fig: 9 are the
results received after testing. Certificates stress-
displacement fig: 1, stress-strain fig: 2 for the testing
are also shown.
Table: 2 show the mechanical properties of
unidirectional AS4/3501-6 carbon/epoxy. Table: 3
shows mechanical Properties of Sandwich panel
after testing.
Figures and Tables
Fig.1 Structure of a Sandwich Panel
Fig.2 Dimensions of Sandwich panel
Fig.3 Top view of specimen
Fig.4 Side view of specimen
Fig.5 sheets placed in mould cavity.
Fig.6 Bending test of specimen during testing.
4. Gurustal Somnath Swamy.etal. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 5) May 2016, pp.47-51
www.ijera.com 50 | P a g e
Fig.7 Bending test of specimen after testing.
Fig.8 Stress - Displacement.
Fig.9 Stress – strain.
Certificate.1 Stress - Displacement.
Certificate.2 Stress – Displacement
Zinc
coating
weight
Rural Tropical
marine
Suburban
gsm Years Years Years
600 40 40 30
375 30 30 20
300 20 20 12
180 8 8 5
100 6 6 4
Table – 1 Estimated life of galvanized iron sheets in
different atmospheric conditions.
Property Value
Fiber-volume ratio, Vf 0.65±0.70
Longitudinal Elastic Modulus, E1
(GPa) (Msi)
146.6
(21.26)
5. Gurustal Somnath Swamy.etal. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 6, Issue 5, (Part - 5) May 2016, pp.47-51
www.ijera.com 51 | P a g e
Transverse elastic modulus, E2
(GPa) (Msi)
10.35
(1.50)
In-plane shear modulus, G12 (GPa)
(Msi)
7.6 (1.1)
Major Poisson's Ratio 0.28
Minor Poisson's Ratio 0.02
Longitudinal tensile strength, F1t
(MPa) (ksi)
2386
(346)
Longitudinal compressive
strength, F1c (MPa) (ksi)
1627
(235)
In-plane shear strength, F12 (MPa)
(ksi)
71 (10.3)
Ultimate tensile strain, "u
(%)1t 1.45
Ultimate compressive strain, "u
(%)1c
1.36
Ultimate in-plane shear strain, u
(%)12
1.50
Transverse tensile strength, F2t
(Mpa) (ksi)
64 (9.3)
Transverse compressive strength,
F2c (Mpa) (ksi)
228 (33)
Table.2 shows the mechanical properties of
unidirectional AS4/3501-6 carbon/epoxy.
Mechanical Properties Sandwich Panel
Bending stiffness 3315x104
N/m
Young’s modulus 1133x107
N/m2
Shear modulus 221x106
N/m2
Stress 1657 KN/m2
Strain 0.075
Compressive strength 843.818 Mpa
Bending Stress 1326x105
N/m2
Table.3 shows mechanical Properties of Sandwich
panel after testing.
III. CONCLUSION
Bending test is conducted on the galvanized
iron glass fiber sandwich panel and it is observed
that galvanized iron glass fiber sandwich panel has
more strength to weight ratio compared to uniform
galvanized iron. From bending test on the galvanized
iron glass fiber sandwich panel specimen it was
observed that the start of plastic deformation could
be delayed, resulting in increase of ultimate strength.
The experimental tests have demonstrated that the
light weight Galvanized iron panels have good
properties of energy dissipation and the amount of
energy absorption under bending test can be highly
improved by reinforcing them by means of Glass
fiber sheets, which can be designed according to the
application of the sandwich. The future
developments of this study consist of the analysis of
failure maps of the galvanized iron and glass fiber
sandwiches subjected to bending tests. Bending
analysis is done on galvanized iron glass fiber
sandwich panel and there will be scope for study on
square, TPS (flat walls) and TPS (corrugated walls)
panels. In addition to the importance of
reinforcement and matrix in polymer composites, the
bonding between the sheets is key issue for overall
metal fiber laminate performance. An adequate
surface treatment of the metallic layer is required to
assure a good mechanical and adhesive bond
between the sheets. Advantages offered by sandwich
construction are Low cost , Less maintenance cost ,
Reliability, Toughest coating, Automatic protection
for damaged areas, Ease of inspection and
Galvanizing process is not dependent on weather
conditions.
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[10]. Fakhrurrazi b ab karim have studied on
experimental and finite element evaluation of
bending for Galvanized iron, Jan 2013,
universiti malaysia pahang.