Using Corpus Linguistics to Teach ESL Pronunication
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This study analyzed lexical bundles (4-word phrases) in the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English to understand pronunciation patterns actually used on a university campus. The most common bundles were participant-oriented and included contractions like "I don't know", showing students frequently qualify their speech. Analyzing bundle syntax, semantics and phonology has implications for teaching connected speech and how contractions convey meaning and attitudes for English language learners. While limited by decontextualized data, this corpus analysis provides a starting point for further applied classroom research on pronunciation and how non-native speakers communicate meaning.
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- 1. Using Corpus Linguistics to Look at Phrases Actually Spoken on a University Campus and Implications for the Teaching of English as a Second Language Pronunication R. Allen, M. Benedetti
- 2. Introduction • Pronunciation is needed and teachable (Derwing, Munro, Foote, Waugh, & Fleming, 2014; Hayes-Harb, Smith, Bent, & Bradlow, 2008). • …but we neglect it (Gilbert, 2010; Munro, 2011). • More practical applications of corpus linguistics are needed (Flowerdew, 2015); pronunciation has been very little studied in corpus linguistics (Friginal, Lee, Polat, & Roberson, 2017; Staples, 2019).
- 3. Lexical Bundles • Groups that occur more often than chance (Biber & Barbieri, 2007; Hyland, 2008). • Why? – 80% of speech (Altenburg, 1998). – Complex idea “building blocks” (Biber, Conrad, & Cortes, 2004, p. 371). – Allow for generalizations (Ellis, 2012). On the other hand In case of As well as
- 4. Research Questions • Which four word lexical bundles are very common in university settings? • Linking pronunciation to meaning, which functions do these bundles serve in speech?
- 5. Theory • “Humans will remain the ultimate arbitrators of whether and the extent to which communication has been successful in real-world settings, and there will always be constraints in what machines are able to do” (Isaacs, 2018, pp. 17–18) • Corpora data is decontextualized, but pronunciation – and communication is highly situated (Field, 2005; Okim Kang, Rubin, & Lindemann, 2015; Zielinski, 2008). • Critical socio-ecological framework is implemented (Van Lier, 2007; Van Lier, 2010).
- 6. Literature Review • Relatively less has been done with corpora and speaking (Friginal et al., 2017). • Almost nothing in pronunciation (Pennington & Rogerson-Revell, 2019b; Staples 2019). • Commercial applications such as a grammar textbook and SpeechRater are available.
- 7. Methodology and Data • AntConc a corpus analysis software tool to extract a list four word lexical bundles from the Michigan Corpus of Academic Spoken English (MICASE), 1.84 million word corpus consisting nearly 200 hours of speech. – 31,408 4 word bundles. – Flowerdew (2015) suggests 40 words per million 6,333 bundles.
- 8. Findings – Hylan’s Taxonomy Type Sub-Types Examples Research-oriented Location all over the place Procedure to make sure that Quantification it's kind of Description the same way that Topic in the U.S. Text-oriented Transition in comparison to the Resultive uh because it's Structuring the next slide shows Framing we’re not getting Participant-oriented Stance I don’t know Engagement we’re not getting
- 9. Findings – Most Common Bundles Bundle Frequency (our of 1.84 M) I don t know 1404 I don’t think 468 I think it’s 318 you don’t have 261 I think that’s 239 that’s what I. 202 don’t know what 198 don’t have to 193 you know what I 193 don t know I 189 you know it’s 189 I mean it’s 181 I don t have 173 I’m not sure 157 if you don t 151 and I don t 149 at the same time 146 you don t know 137 it’s gonna be 133 what’s going on 132 at the end of 131 so I don’t 127 • We talk to the listener…a lot! • What grammatical function comes up in almost all the participant-oriented bundles?
- 10. Implications – Syntax, Semantics and Phonology Don't Do not What I’m saying I don’t wanna wait. You do not induce or repress things that are constitutive. I don’t know if any of you recognize this label…. You need to make sure that you do not, violate too much… Cancer cells don’t have to, secret very much plasminogen activator. They do not allow us to infer anything, about God’s moral attributes. • Connected speech can be hard to understand, and lack of connected speech can cause misunderstanding of the L2 speaker’s attitude. • Contractions are significant in terms of prosody; they change the number of syllables (Alameen & Levis, 2015).
- 11. Conclusion - Summary • If we view pronunciation as contextualized, we have to look at how meaning is conveyed. • Participant bundles are far most common; within those we need contractions.
- 12. Conclusion – Future Directions, Limitations • Applied classroom research. • Meaning of contractions in ESL speech. • Pronunciation involves a listener…