Uses and gratifications
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Uses and gratifications theory focuses on why people use media and what people gain from media use, rather than how media affects people. It recognizes that people can have varied responses to and interpretations of media. Some benefits people seek from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and personal identity. Specific gratifications identified include escape from problems, learning, social interaction, and emotional release.
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The document discusses the uses and gratifications theory of media use. It explains that this approach focuses on how people use media rather than how media affects people. It provides reasons for media use, including information seeking, learning, social interaction, entertainment, and personal identity. It also describes five dimensions of entertainment media: communal, aesthetic, dark, thrilling, and cerebral.
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Collective identity refers to an individual's sense of belonging to a group through shared social activities like consuming media. While media representations present a view of reality, audiences can interpret messages actively and form their own identities. Theories suggest identity is constructed through social interactions rather than inherent, and media provide resources for self-reflection and choosing a lifestyle. Collective identities also form through online fan communities sharing interests in age, gender, culture and politics. Ultimately measuring collective identity is difficult as representations only have meaning through individual interpretation.
Media consolidationn
This document summarizes several theories related to audiences, narratives, representation, and identity in media studies. It outlines key concepts from theories such as the magic bullet theory, audience gratification theory, two-step flow theory, encoding/decoding theory, genre theories, narrative theories, representation theories, and identity theories. Theories discussed include those proposed by Berger, Hoynes, Blumer, Katz, Lazarsfeld, Berelson, Gaudet, Hall, Ryall, Neale, Buckingham, Knight, Bordwell, Branston, Stafford, Levi-Strauss, Barthes, Propp, Todorov, Dyer, Jenkins, Merleau Ponty, Strinati, Fou
Audiencetheory ugt
Uses and Gratifications Theory suggests that audiences use media to fulfill various needs and motivations, including diversion through entertainment and relaxation, developing personal relationships and social interaction by observing relationships in media, exploring personal identity by identifying with media characters, and fulfilling informational needs through surveillance of world events. The theory was coined in the 1970s and proposes that audiences are active users of media as opposed to passive recipients of media effects or influence.
Section b planning answer
This document discusses theories of identity construction through media and technology. It begins by quoting David Buckingham who said that identity implies both uniqueness and shared attributes with social groups. Collective identity depends on acceptance by those it applies to and is expressed through cultural symbols. Self-identity forms the basis of self-esteem while social identity is constructed by others and may differ from one's own identity. Social identity theory holds that people have multiple identities corresponding to social groups. The document also discusses quotes about identity being fluid and constantly evolving through social interactions and influences from media.
Media Representation and Audience Theory
Laura Mulvey's Male Gaze Theory argues that films and videos are often made from the perspective of heterosexual men to objectify and appeal to male audiences. It looks at how men view women, how women see themselves, and how women see other women in media images. Evidence for this includes the emphasis on women's bodies and portrayal as objects in many popular music videos. Richard Dyer's Star Theory also examines how institutions construct celebrity personas through various media to embody certain ideologies and target audiences for financial gain.
Theorists revision 1
This document provides information about a final exam on media and collective identity. It discusses the exam format, how it will be assessed and marked. It also provides context on key concepts related to the exam topic, including definitions of identity, collective identity, representation, and theories from scholars like David Buckingham, Erik Erikson, and Tafjel and Turner. Key aspects of youth identity construction and representation are explored through the theories of Henry Giroux, subcultures, and sense of community. Theories of hegemony, moral panic, and cultivation are also summarized.
Collective identity
The document discusses collective identity and how media representations can influence people's sense of belonging and identity. It explores different views on whether audiences are passive or active in how they consume and make meaning from media. While some argue media influences identity formation, others believe audiences play an active role in interpreting representations and constructing their own identities through social interactions and everyday experiences. Collective identity is formed not just through mainstream media but also through self-construction and communities that share interests, backgrounds, or values.
Collectiveidentity intro
Collective identity refers to a sense of belonging to a group that transcends individual identity. Media representations can influence collective identity formation as audiences draw on media depictions to understand themselves and others. While early theories viewed audiences as passive, current research recognizes audiences as active in decoding and making meaning from media representations according to their own experiences. Identity is constructed through social interactions and media provides resources for thinking about oneself and possible lifestyles, though lived experiences have a stronger influence than media alone.
G325 l2
This document provides an overview of a media studies lesson on collective identity. It includes topics like key theorists and theories of identity, historical contexts of identity, and representations of teenagers in film. Students are introduced to concepts like subcultures, youth identity construction, and how identity is represented in the media. The lesson discusses theorists like David Buckingham, Henry Giroux, and Antonio Gramsci and their perspectives on issues like cultural hegemony, youth as an "empty category", and media influences on identity. Students are given tasks to research youth subcultures and analyze media representations of youth identity.
youth identity with intro to theory
The document discusses the complex nature of identity and how it is constructed, particularly for youth. It makes several key points:
- Identity is complicated and involves both individual self-identity and collective social identities. It is something that is uniquely personal but also defined by one's relationships and groups.
- Youth identity is constructed through shared experiences in adolescence like school, relationships, experimenting, and separating from parents/authority. It also involves shared attributes among youth like stress, anger, and awkwardness.
- The media and dominant adult culture influence how youth identities are formed and understood. Youth are often portrayed in stereotypical or unrealistic ways that shape social expectations. Marketers also exploit the youth demographic.
Presentation on audiences
The document discusses three major media theories:
1) The Hypodermic Needle Theory proposed that media had a direct and powerful effect on passive audiences by "injecting" them with messages. It is now seen as too simplistic.
2) Reception Theory, developed by Stuart Hall, argues that meaning is constructed differently by each individual based on their own experiences and interpretations, rather than being inherent in the text.
3) Uses and Gratification Theory focuses on why people use media rather than media effects, proposing that audiences are active and use media selectively to fulfill personal needs like surveillance, identity, relationships, and diversion.
Uses and Gratification Theory
The Uses and Gratification Theory suggests that media viewers actively seek out specific media sources and content to fulfill certain needs. Viewers may watch a film to gain a sense of security and knowledge by finding out what happens, satisfy curiosity about the film's content and promotional hype, or for entertainment purposes such as filling time, emotional release, or escapism from real-life problems. Watching films can also enable social interaction by providing a topic for conversation and insight into others' circumstances. A film's content may reinforce viewers' personal values.
MediaFilmExchange.co.uk Powerpoint
The document discusses several theories about how audiences interact with and are influenced by media texts. It describes the hypodermic syringe model which views audiences as passive and easily manipulated masses. It also outlines cultivation theory which suggests that repeated exposure to certain themes or issues can shape audiences' views over time. Additionally, it discusses uses and gratifications theory which sees audiences as active in choosing media content to fulfill specific needs or gratifications.
Media key concept research
This document provides an overview of key media concepts related to audience, institutions, representation, language, codes and conventions, and narrative theory. It defines audience as the recipients of a media text and discusses several theories of how audiences interact with media, such as the hypodermic needle theory. It also defines institutions as organizations that produce and distribute media, and representation as the ideas and identities constructed in media texts. The document then examines media language and various codes and conventions used in different genres. Finally, it summarizes several narrative theories including those proposed by Propp, Todorov, and others.
Uses of gratification theory - 1
The Gratification Theory proposes that people actively seek out certain media to fulfill specific needs. It focuses on why audiences choose some media over others rather than on the content of the media itself. The main uses of media according to this theory are entertainment, social interaction and identity formation, and information gathering. Entertainment serves to relax people and help them temporarily escape reality, social media allows for interaction with friends and discussion of shared media experiences, media can help people understand themselves through reflection of personalities of celebrities and role models, and people use media as a source of information about events, society, and lifestyles.
Week 12 audiences interaction film studies
This document discusses various theories related to how audiences consume and interpret media. It begins by defining passive and active consumption, then discusses several theories: the hypodermic needle model which suggests media immediately affects audiences; uses and gratifications theory which focuses on why audiences consume certain media; reception theory which proposes that meaning can be encoded differently; and spectatorship which notes personal experiences influence responses. It also covers frameworks for interpreting media differently based on attributes. Overall the document analyzes the complex relationship between audiences and media from several theoretical perspectives.
Jess
This document discusses several key concepts related to media analysis, including auteur theory, reception theory, and the male gaze.
Auteur theory suggests that a film director's style and themes across their body of work identifies them as the "author" of their films. Reception theory examines how audiences interpret and make meaning from media texts in different, negotiated ways based on their own experiences and identities.
The male gaze theory proposes that visual media, especially films, are often constructed from the perspective of the heterosexual male viewer. This frames women as passive sexual objects to be looked at, prioritizing their appearance and the male viewer's desire over women's own subjectivity or agency. Studies link the influence of the male
Jess
This document discusses several key concepts related to media analysis, including auteur theory, reception theory, and the male gaze.
Auteur theory suggests that a film director's style and themes across their body of work identifies them as the "author" of their films. Reception theory examines how audiences interpret and make meaning from media texts in different, negotiated ways based on their own experiences and identities.
The male gaze theory proposes that visual media, especially films, are often constructed from the perspective of the heterosexual male viewer, portraying women as sexual objects to be looked at. Studies have linked the influence of the male gaze to negative impacts on women's self-esteem and well-being. The sources discussed provide
Audience and representation
This is a powerpoint viewing audience and representation for my coursework and exam side for my A2 media studies, by Clara Barroso.
Audience theory
The document discusses Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory and how it can be applied to understanding consumer and brand motivations on social media platforms. It also provides an overview of Maslow's pyramid model, which places the most fundamental needs like breathing at the bottom and higher-level needs like self-actualization at the top. Additionally, it summarizes theories around passive and active audiences, including the hypodermic needle model and cultivation theory.
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Evaluation Question One Part Four
The document discusses how the short film modernizes typical narrative and character structures from Propp's and Todorov's theories. Specifically, it features a male protagonist who falls into the typical "Princess" or "Victim" character type despite being male. The female protagonist saves him and takes on the role of the "Hero," which is non-traditional but becoming more common in modern films. The film follows Todorov's narrative structure of equilibrium, disequilibrium, recognition, resolution, and new equilibrium, with some changes due to the use of flashbacks told from the female protagonist's perspective.
Uses&Gratifications
Uses and gratifications theory focuses on why people use media and what people gain from media use, rather than how media affects people. It recognizes that people can have varied responses to and interpretations of media. Some benefits people seek from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and personal identity. Specific gratifications identified include escape from problems, learning, social interaction, and emotional release.
Evaluation question three, part six
This document contains reviews and feedback from multiple people on a short film. The reviews generally praise the film, noting that the flashback scene made the story clear, the locations and music fit well, and the acting was good for an amateur production. Some minor critiques included that the opening breakup scene could have been shorter and lighting could have been improved in one scene. Most respondents said they would recommend the short film to others.
Film Review Comparisons
Rotten Tomatoes allows both professional critics and audience members to post online reviews of films. This provides an aggregate rating based on the percentage of positive reviews, as well as the average rating out of 10. It also shows the ratio of positive to negative reviews. This overall rating and comparison of reviews makes it easier for audiences to gauge the general reception of a film. Magazine reviews found in cinemas also aim to help audiences decide which other films to see or avoid by providing recommendations and opinions on other movies.
Film Review Conventions
This document outlines the conventions typically found in film reviews across different mediums. Newspaper reviews like those in The Guardian use formal language focused on less mainstream films, while reviews in The Sun are more informal. Official magazines prominently display key details about films and use dramatic photos to entice readers. Aggregate sites like Rotten Tomatoes combine critic and audience ratings to give films an overall score. Common elements of film reviews include the film's name and year, quotes, a plot summary, discussion of positive and negative aspects, and sometimes character analysis or an overall rating.
Short Film Conventions
Short films typically have 2-3 main characters to focus on without deep backstories. They also usually include a plot twist to make the story more interesting within the short time frame. Due to low budgets, short films will have few locations and a small cast, with actors sometimes working for free. Short films are between 5-35 minutes, aiming to tell a story involving an everyday situation with a plot twist.
Evaluation question six - indesign
The document discusses the process of creating an article double page spread using InDesign. The author used InDesign as the main program along with Photoshop and Word. Features of InDesign such as positioning, shapes, columns, and effects were used to create a professional double page spread. Screenshots show stages of development using InDesign's text formatting, image manipulation, and layout tools. The author learned many new skills from using InDesign, which was new to them.
Evaluation - Question Three
Bauer would be a good potential publisher for the author's magazine. Bauer publishes over 300 magazines across multiple countries and platforms, including some magazines similar to the author's proposed magazine, such as Kerrang!, which targets a similar audience. While the author's magazine wouldn't be identical, it could expand Bauer's market. The author chose Bauer over IPC Media because Bauer has more experience publishing magazines in the same genre and targeting a similar audience. The author's magazine would compete with magazines like NME, Q and Rocksound by having a lower price, a fortnightly rather than weekly or monthly schedule, and an online presence to engage audiences across multiple platforms.
IPC Media
IPC Media is a leading UK media company with over 60 brands across print, online, mobile and events. They interact with approximately 26 million UK adults monthly, with 58% being UK women and 42% being UK men. IPC Media operates three publishing divisions focused on different audiences: IPC Connect targets women's mass marketing, IPC Inspire covers leisure brands, and IPC Southbank targets upmarket women. IPC Media has a long history dating back to the 1800s and was formed through mergers of publishing companies in the 1960s.
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Uses and gratifications
- 1. USES AND GRATIFICATIONS Jaymelouise Hudspith
- 2. WHAT IS USES AND GRATIFICATIONS? “It focuses on why people use media. In contrast to the concern of the 'media effects' tradition with 'what media do to people‘, U & G can be seen as part of a broader trend amongst media researchers which is more concerned with 'what people do with media', allowing for a variety of responses and interpretations. However, some commentators have argued that gratifications could also be seen as effects: e.g. thrillers are likely to generate very similar responses amongst most viewers. And who could say that they never watch more TV than they had intended to? Watching TV helps to shape audience needs and expectations.”
- 3. Denis McQuail: Information finding out about relevant events and conditions in immediate surroundings, society and the world seeking advice on practical matters or opinion and decision choices satisfying curiosity and general interest learning; self-education gaining a sense of security through knowledge
- 4. Personal Identity • finding reinforcement for personal values • finding models of behaviour • identifying with valued other (in the media) • gaining insight into one's self
- 5. Integration and Social Interaction • gaining insight into circumstances of others; social empathy • identifying with others and gaining a sense of belonging • finding a basis for conversation and social interaction • having a substitute for real-life companionship • helping to carry out social roles • enabling one to connect with family, friends and society
- 6. Entertainment • escaping, or being diverted, from problems • relaxing • getting intrinsic cultural or aesthetic enjoyment • filling time • emotional release • sexual arousal
- 7. Blumler & Katz (1974) Escape and Diversion from everyday life - The story is larger than life, presenting an imagination that takes over the characters reality, an extreme form of escapism, which parallels the audience's own personal needs.
- 8. Surveillance and Information - The audience watch the protagonist and gain information about him, they enjoy discovering the story and characters. The short film may also provide information on the world as it is.
- 9. Personal Relationships - The short film represents a starting point for discussion, where the audience and like minded people can discuss the film and forge relationships, an opportunity for personal interaction.
- 10. Personal Identification - The main character is a young adult male (the same as my core demographic) with a vivid imagination. He may be relatable in many ways for the audience, providing satisfaction for them, however he represents an extreme of a spectrum on which the audience is situated. Showing them how his reality has been obscured.