3. Withdrawal vs Consumption
• Consumed
–
–
–
–
–
Evaporated
Transpired
Incorporated into crops
Consumed by humans or livestock
consumptive use—the part of water withdrawn
that is evaporated, transpired, incorporated into
products or crops, consumed by humans or
livestock, or otherwise removed from the
immediate water environment.
6. Who uses the most water in the
US?
• California
• Texas
• The least ?
• Alaska
• Dependent on population and
agriculture
7.
8. Water Use UK
UK water resource use by industry, 1997/98 - Total abstraction: 16.8
billion cubic metres
9. Water Requirements: W. Society
Home Use
Liters
gallons
Shower per minute
19
5
Bath
114
30
Toilet flush
15
4
Load wash
114
30
Hose flow/hour
1136
300
Human Survival per person/yr 720
190
10. Water Requirements: W. Society
Food Production
Liters
gallons
Sugar per ton
946,000
250,000
Corn per ton
946,000
250,000
Rice per ton
9,460,000
2,500,000
Milk per gallon
61,000
16,000
Beef per pound
14,000
3,700
11. Annual Renewable Water Supply
http://earthtrends.wri.org/maps_spatial/maps_detail_static.php?map_select=265&theme=4
13. How do you get water to cities?
• 1st stream channels were altered or
extended to flow into more accessible
areas
• Greeks built masonry structures and made
tunnels to move water
• Romans built aqueducts—by A.D. 97 they
had 9 aqueducts that brought 322 million
liters a day to Rome
14.
15. Irrigation
• Within the U.S. differs from east to west:
about 5% in the east is used for irrigation,
90% of water use in west is for irrigation.
The water used in irrigation accounts for
85% of all the water consumed in the U.S.
16. Industrial Use
• For processing, washing, and cooling
• Most water is returned to the system,
however we need to concerned about the
quality: industrial pollution and heat
pollution
17. Thermoelectric power
• Water used in the generation of electricty
from fossil fuels, nuclear and geothermal
sources
• About 98% of the water is returned to
system, but it is hotter than it should be
18. Hydroelectric Power
• Total average flow in all U.S. rivers is
1270 Bgal/day
• Total instream hydroelectric power use:
about 3300 Bgal/day
• How does that work?
21. Water Composition
• “Pure spring water”
– About 30 ppm of dissolved material 0.003%
• Dead sea/Great Salt Lake
– About 300,000 ppm or 30%
• Ocean Water
– 35,000 ppm or 3.5%
22. Water for human consumption
• Should have less than 500 ppm dissolved
salts
• Water with > 2000 ppm is unsuitable for
most other uses (perhaps cooling would
be ok—but not irrigation)
23. Rainwater from Menlo Pk, and
average from sites in N.C. and Virginia
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Potassium
Bicarbonate
Sulfate
Chloride
Silica
TDS
pH
Values in PPM
0.8
1.2
9.4
4
7.6
17
0.3
38
5.5
0.65
0.14
0.56
0.11
2.2
0.57
4.7
-
UK water resource use by industry, 1997/98 - Total abstraction: 16.8 billion cubic metres
Key to Analyses: (3) Composition of the Rhine River as it leaves the Alps; (4) Stream draining igneous rocks in the Washington Cascades; (5) Jump-Off Joe Creek, southwestern Oregon, wet season, November, 1990; (6) Jump-Off Joe Creek, southwestern Oregon, dry season, September, 1991; (7) Great Salt Lake, Utah; (8) Average seawater; (9) Groundwater from limestone of the Supai Formation, Grand Canyon; (10) Groundwater from volcanic rocks, New Mexico; (11) Groundwater from a spring, Sierra Nevada Mountains: short residence time; (12) Groundwater from metamorphic rocks in Canada: long residence time.