1.
Role of Water
Reuse in
Conservation and
Water Supply
CentralTexasWater Conservation
Symposium – February 2, 2016
Bob Johnson, P.E., Immediate Past President
WateReuse, Principal McManus & Johnson

2.
•!Water Supply Challenges – Reuse Drivers
•!Types ofWater Reuse
•!Direct Potable Reuse – Shortage Response
•!Direct Potable Reuse –Trends – After the Drought
•!Funding Reuse Projects vs.Water Supply Projects
•!Conservation Benefits ofWater Reuse
Presentation Outline
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3.
Water Supply Challenges - Droughts
3
Traditional Water Supplies Can be Unreliable

4.
Water Supply Challenges - Droughts
4
Droughts are
Not Over for
Everyone & Will
Return for Many

5.
Texas Population Growth – Water Required
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6.
Texas Water Needs
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7.
Water Supply Strategies in Texas
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8.
Water Reuse as a Supply – 2012 Texas Water Plan
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9.
Across the US, the conversation has focused on water reuse as a
critical and more frequently referenced water supply option.
Key Drivers:
•!Drought
•!Population growth
•!Increased municipal, industrial, and agricultural demand
•!Dependence on single source of supply
•!Environmental impacts of traditional source water use
Popularity of Water Reuse is Surging
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10.
•!Non-Potable Reuse – Called Many Names
•!Indirect Reuse
•!Non-Potable RecycledWater
•!Direct Non-Potable Reuse
•!Purple Pipe Reuse
•!Potable Reuse –Also Called Many Names
•!Direct Reuse
•!Direct Potable Reuse
•!Indirect Potable Reuse
•!Water Reuse – Many Uses
Types of Reuse
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11.
Water Reuse for
Agriculture

12.
•!Irrigation quality reuse is the most common and acceptable use with
the majority of water being used for common space, park and public
property irrigation.
•!There is a strong foundation of health risk-related research to support this
practice.
•!Agricultural reuse for food crops is growing as a traditional water
supply alternative.
•!This practice is common in California, occurs in Florida and is the topic of rule
making in Colorado and Hawaii to name a few.
•!Additional monitoring, mainly for pathogens, is generally required.
Agricultural Use

13.
Monterey Regional Water Pollution Control District-
Agricultural Reuse
•!World's largest water recycling facility designed for raw food crop
irrigation – 30MGD with tertiary treatment
•!Originally designed as a salt water intrusion barrier, this agency
supplies reuse for 12,000 acres of
prime farm land.
•!Products from these farms include
the largest artichoke supplier in the
world, as well as many other
vegetables and fruits.
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vegetables and fruits.

14.
Eastern Municipal Water District
•!EMWD has four facilities that create a
total of 45MGD of tertiary treated
recycled water
•!Additional water quality treatment is
conducted through created wetland
habitat
•!The largest use of this water is
agricultural irrigation, including fruits,
vegetables and fodder for cattle and
dairy.
•!Other uses include non crop irrigation
and industrial.
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15.
Water Reuse for Business
and Industry

16.
•!8 million gallons per day of
purified water
•!Uses Microfiltration, Reverse
Osmosis & Ultraviolet Light
Disinfection
•!Water is currently used for
manufacturing and irrigation
•!The agency is planning a
Potable Reuse Facility.
Santa Clara Valley Water District Constructed a
New Recycled Water Purification Facility
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New Recycled Water Purification Facility

17.
•! Local sustainable water source ready to be “tapped”
Local Recycled Water – Four County Producers
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Facility
Wastewater
Treated
(AF)
CY 2013
Recycled
Water Used
(AF)
San Jose/Santa Clara Regional
Wastewater Facility 110,000 15,295
South County Regional
Wastewater Authority 8,000 2,039
Sunnyvale Water Pollution Control
Plant 19,000 658
Palo Alto Regional Water Quality
Control Plant 30,000 2,523
TOTAL 167,000 20,515

18.
West Basin Municipal Water District
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•!35MGD of tertiary with additional
treatment at decentralized
facilities.
•!Water is used for irrigation,
groundwater recharge, and
industrial applications.

19.
Tertiary Water
RO: Double Pass
Reverse Osmosis: Single
Pass
Nitrified Water
Reverse Osmosis:
Barrier Water
West Basin’s Designer Waters
Landscape Irrigation
Cooling tower High Pressure Boiler feed
Low Pressure Boiler feed
Barrier Water
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4
3
2
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20.
Water Reuse for the
Community

21.
•!DenverWater produces 30 MGD
(capacity is 45MGD) for irrigation,
energy cooling towers, and the Zoo.
•!Denver Zoo received 2 million gallons of
tertiary recycled water from Denver
Water’s distribution system annually.
•!Future plans to expand use by 75% of
it’s total water consumption.This will
represent over 134 million gallons of
recycled water per year.
Denver Water – Denver Zoo Partnership
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Denver Water – Denver Zoo Partnership

22.
Denver Water
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23.
East Bay Public Plaza Reclaimed
Water Wading Stream
•! Interactive water feature
designed to mimic a
natural stream from
waterfall to Bay including
“groundwater seeps”
•! ClassA ReclaimedWater
(100MGD for facility)
•! Attracts hundreds of
families and visitors during
the summer.
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Oregon’s Lott Clean Water Alliance

24.
City of Albany – Talking Water Gardens
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•! 12.3MGD of secondary-treated effluent
•! 37-acre integrated wetland treatment system
that enhances wildlife habitat while reducing
the temperature,TDS, and nutrients in
recycled water.
•! Coupled with upland restoration project that
uses reuse effluent or irrigation to support
more diverse habitat.
•! The system is the first in the nation designed
to treat a unique combination of municipal and
industrialWWTP effluents.

25.
Water Reuse for Drinking

26.
De facto Water Reuse
Consumer
Discharge
DrinkingWater
Treatment
Conventional
WastewaterTreatment

27.
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Indirect Potable Reuse
DrinkingWater
Treatment
Conventional
WastewaterTreatment
Advanced
WastewaterTreatment
Consumer
Environmental
Buffer

28.
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Direct Potable Reuse Concept
DrinkingWater
Treatment
Conventional
WastewaterTreatment
Advanced
WastewaterTreatment
Consumer

29.
•! Manage local groundwater basin
•! Groundwater = 70% local supply for 2.4
million residents
•! 14”/yr. rainfall (semi-arid)
•! Seawater intrusion threatensWQ
•! Must balance basin pumping and
replenishment over long-term
•! Potable reuse is a critical component of basin
replenishment
•!Excellent water quality via
high-level purification/treatment
•!Reliable
•!Cost-effective
Orange County Water District (OCWD) –
Groundwater Replenishment
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30.
Groundwater Replenishment System
(GWRS) Partnership
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OCSD OCWD
!"#$%"&''
(")%*$)+*'
,)-.+/%"&''
(")%*$)+*'
Sewage
,.0"-)'
1.+*".2'
Microfiltration
(MF) Reverse Osmosis
(RO)
Ultraviolet Light
(UV)
with Hydrogen
Peroxide
Seawater
Barrier
Injection
Wells
Groundwater
Recharge
Basins
70*
MGD
*Expansion to 100 MGD to be complete by early 2015

31.
•! Severe drought inTexas accelerated need for water supply
•! Potable reuse viewed as an available supply
•! Texas did not have regulations (still not)
•! Areas facing most imminent problem acted first
•!Big Spring (CRMWD)
•!Wichita Falls
•!Brownwood
Direct Potable Reuse – Drought Response
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32.
•!Facility mixes treated sewage water with water from lakes to produce
a high-quality drinking water.
•!Facility received advanced secondary reuse and treats approximately
16 million gallons per day with microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and
ultraviolet disinfection.
•!This is blended with 21 million gallons per day filtered from
traditional sources.
Big Spring Water Supply Augmentation
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33.
CRMWD Raw Water Production Facility
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Big Spring
Wastewater
Treatment
Plant
CRMWD
Raw Water
Production
Facility
E.V. Spence
Reservoir
Lake J.B.
Thomas
Beals Creek
Red Draw
Reservoir
RO Concentrate
Big Spring
To Odessa,
Midland &
Stanton
Blended into
Raw Water
Transmission
System
1.0 mile
0.40 mile
0.25 mile
To Snyder
Big Spring
Water
Treatment
Plant

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CRMWD at Big Spring Treatment Process
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35.
•! Population ~ 104,000
•! Existing Supplies
•!Lake Kickapoo
•!LakeArrowhead
•!Lake Kemp (highTDS)
•! Two water treatment plants
•!Jasper- 24 MGD (1.05 m3/s)
•!Cypress- 52 MGD (2.28 m3/s)
•!42 MGD conventional (1.84 m3/s)
•!10 MGD MF/RO (0.44 m3/s)
(for Lake Kemp water)
City of Wichita Falls
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36.
•! Use existing MF/RO facility to treat effluent fromWWTP
•! RO permeate blended 50/50 with raw water from lakes
•! Blended water treated at conventionalWTP
•! Pipeline fromWWTP toWTP laid above ground
Wichita Falls Emergency DPR Project
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Source: www.timesrecordnews.com/photos/galleries/2014/feb/04/inside-look-water-reuse-project/12132/#section_headery's

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38.
•! Many facilities are turning to Potable Reuse for extension of water supplies
•!Tarrant RegionalWater District – Manmade wetlands – Richland Chambers Reservoir
•!TRWD plans for 100,000AF/Y in Potable Supply
•!TRWD Similar project planned for Cedar Creek Lake –Additional 100,000AF/Y
Reuse Trends: Not Just for Droughts
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39.
•! NorthTexas MunicipalWater District – Manmade wetlands – Lake Lavon
•! Up to 100,000AF/YWater Supply
•! Public Education Center
Potable Reuse – Not Just for Droughts
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40.
•! 130 miles of pipeline delivers 29 mgd of recycled water to:
•!– Golf courses
•!– Parks
•!– Commercial
•!– Industrial
•! Also remaining recycle flows provide baseflows for Upper
San Antonio River (famed RiverWalk) and Salado Creek
San Antonio, TX Water Recycling
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41.
•! El Paso has led in innovative water supply development
•!Largest inland desalination – Kay Bailey Hutchison Plant - 27.5 MGD
•!10s of miles of purple pipe recycled water for customers
•!Potable water quality fromWater Reclamation Plant
•! Potable Reuse Project
•!Pilot facility operational
•!Augment treatment to produce potable water
•!Blend treated water into distribution system
El Paso Direct Potable Recycle Project
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42.
Funding for Water Reuse

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•!Conveyance costs
•!From treatment to point(s) of use
•!Additional treatment costs
•!Direct non-potable:Type 1 orType 2
•!DPR
•!Industrial pretreatment program
•!Seasonal demand and storage
Evaluate Cost of Source Development

44.
•!DPR vs. direct nonpotable
•!Balancing treatment against dual
conveyance systems
•!Cost of reuse projects should be compared
with new water supply costs
Cost of Source Development
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Direct Non-potable Reuse
•! Less treatment
•! Dual conveyance
•! Drought proof revenue
Direct Potable Reuse
•! Higher Levels ofTreatment
•! Existing Distribution System
•! Drought Restrictions Apply

45.
•!Grants, Matching Funds, & Low Interest Loans
•!Federal and State sources
•!Highly competitive
•!Environmental review
Water Reuse Funding
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46.
•!What funding sources are available?
•!What strings are attached?
•!How to compete effectively?
Water Reuse Funding
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47.
•!Revenue Bonds
•!General Obligation Bonds
•!Certificates of Obligation
•!Grants & Low Interest Loans
•!Federal
•!State
Water Reuse Funding – Traditional Funding
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48.
•!Bureau of Reclamation
•!WaterSMART:Title XVI
•!TexasWater Development Board
•!Regional Facility Planning Grants
•!CleanWater State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
•!DrinkingWater State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)
•!StateWater Implementation Fund forTexas (SWIFT)
Planning, Design, & Construction
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49.
•!Involves 17 western states
•!Up to 50% matching funds
•!New sources of water supplies using water recycling and
reuse technologies.
•!Up to $150,000 for feasibility studies completed in 18
months.
•!Up to $450,000 for feasibility studies completed in 36
months.
•!Focus on municipal water reclamation and reuse,
industrial, domestic or agricultural wastewater, and
naturally impaired groundwater and/or surface waters
WaterSMART: Title XVI Funding
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50.
•!Maximum of $4 million per applicant with 5 to 10 awards
(subject to annual appropriation).
•!25% of project cost, not to exceed $20 million.
•!Planning, design, and construction.
•!Requirements:
•!Determination by Reclamation that feasibility study meetsTitle
XVI.
•!Compliance with NEPA.
•!Local share.
•!Congressional authorization.
Water Reclamation and Reuse Program
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51.
•!RegionalWater Supply andWastewater Facilities
Planning Program
•!Studies to evaluate alternatives
•!Regional water supply and wastewater facility needs
•!Solutions consistent with regional & statewide plans
•!Matching funds
Texas Water Development Board Funding
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52.
•!CleanWater State Revolving Fund (CWSRF)
•!Special consideration for Reuse Projects
•!DrinkingWater State Revolving Fund (DWSRF)
•!Low interest loans for water projects
•!State Revolving Funds (SRF)
•!Rate Subsidy – 120-125 Basis Points
•!20-30 year payment schedule
•!Limited loan forgiveness for Green Reserve Projects
•!Reuse qualifies as a “Green Reserve Project”
•!SWIFT Funding
•!20% reserved for conservation including reuse
Other Funding Alternatives
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53.
Conservation Benefits of
Reuse

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Water Reuse Conserves Potable Supply

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•!All water is reused – no new water
•!Each gallon of water reuse preserves a
gallon somewhere
•!Water used for reuse would previously
have been from traditional sources
•!Water that traditionally flowed
downstream now has value
•!Using the right water for the right use
conserves our supplies
Reuse Water is Water
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56.
•!Reuse supplies are often closer than other
new supplies
•!Conserves power usage through pumping
shorter distances
•!Water reuse reduces per capita
consumption assisting communities with
complying with state consumption targets
•!Water reuse is a valuable part of a
conservation program to preserve our
resources & environment
•!BOTTOM LINE –Water reuse can
conserve money!!!
Other Benefits of Water Reuse
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57.
Water Reuse: Too Good Not to Use Again
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Approximately 7% of Effluent
is Reused in the United States

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Thank you!
Bob Johnson
Past President, WateReuse
Principal, McManus & Johnson
rjohnson@mcmanusjohnson.com
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