Anthurium is one of the important economic cut flowers all over the world. One of the most important problems in the production and sale of cut flowers is their vase life after their separation from the plant. A good solution for holding cut flowers must contain antimicrobial materials and nutrients. B is an element that is not in fungi and bacteria, therefore, its high levels are toxic to them. Sucrose can also be a source of energy for cut flowers. Our aim is to use Sucrose and B properties to increase the longevity of this cut flowers. According to the characteristics that B-sucrose complex has, the effect of this complex on increasing the longevity of cut flowers in terms of pollution reduction and energy supply was tested. Analysis of data showed that this B-Sucrose complex reduces rotting of the flower stem end by reducing the pollution. Since the rotting of stem end reduces the absorption of water and nutrients through the stem, this reduction in pollution could increase the vase life. Sucrose is also a source of energy and B can enhance the absorption of sucrose by the plant. Therefore, the B-Sucrose complex could significantly affect the vase-life and increased it.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
This document discusses the use of white rot fungi in mycoremediation to degrade various xenobiotics and pollutants. It provides examples of studies using white rot fungi to degrade compounds such as phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dyes, and industrial effluents. White rot fungi produce extracellular enzymes like peroxidases and ligninases that can oxidize pollutants. Many fungal species have shown abilities to degrade persistent and toxic waste into less toxic or non-toxic forms. The document reviews the current state of research on mycoremediation using white rot fungi and their enzyme systems.
Exogenous application with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or pro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) like Azotobacter chrocoocum A101, Pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas mendocina Palleroni 1970 and Azospirillum lipoferum N040 or proline on growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage percent (EL%), osmoprotectants such as proline and soluble sugars, activities of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT), oil percent and water use efficiency (WUE) of basil plants subjected to water stress. Plants were treated with two regimes of irrigation water, i.e., 100% of evapotranspiration (ETc) (control) and 60% of ETc and PGPR or proline. Growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWC, EL %, proline and soluble sugars concentrations, activities of antioxidant enzymes oil percent and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly altered by water stress and PGPR or proline treatments. Results indicated that PGPR or proline mitigated the water stress and significantly reduced the reduction in growth traits and leaf water content as compared to non-PGPR or proline-treated water-stressed plants. Water-stressed plants treated with PGPR or proline had significant higher photosynthetic pigments, proline and soluble sugars concentrations than water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. Higher POD, PPO and CAT activities were also observed in water-stressed plants treated by PGPR or proline than water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. Furthermore, water-stressed plants treated with PGPR or proline treatments had also significant higher oil percent and WUE as compared to water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. These results are important as the potential of PGPR or proline to alleviate the harmful effects of water stress and offers an opportunity to increase the resistance of basil plants to growth under drought conditions. The protective action of PGPR was more efficient than proline.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
1. The study examined the effects of salt stress on native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with the roots of three Hibiscus species: H. cannabinus, H. sabdariffa, and H. tiliaceus.
2. Under 300mM NaCl salt treatment, all three plant species showed increased AM fungal colonization compared to non-stressed control plants. Colonization levels ranged from 50-90%.
3. Different AM fungal species were identified from each plant species. Salt-stressed plants generally had higher spore recovery rates, indicating AM fungi may help the plants tolerate salt stress conditions.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of foliar application of seaweed extracts from Ulva fasciata on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Seaweed extracts were prepared at concentrations of 0% (control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% and applied as a foliar spray to wheat crops at three stages of growth. Results showed that application of a 2.5% seaweed extract concentration led to increased growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and seed germination compared to the control. Higher concentrations did not further increase yields and some parameters were lower than the control at the highest concentration. Therefore, foliar application of seaweed extracts has potential to enhance wheat yields when applied at
This document discusses a study that screened fungal rot isolates from cocoa for their ability to dissolve phosphate and grow on different media. Nine fungal rot isolates were collected from cocoa plants and tested for phosphate dissolving ability in Pikovskaya broth media using a spectrophotometer. Isolate BPB had the highest ability to dissolve phosphate, followed by isolates JT, BPG, and BPE1. The isolates were also tested for growth on three solid media - Potato Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar, and Malt Peptone Agar. Malt Peptone Agar best supported the fungal mycelial growth compared to the other two media.
Rock En Lenguas Originarias. Un Viaje Al Rock Tsotsil De Zinacantáninventionjournals
At the end of the eighties some young native people started playing rock in their own language, however, it was in the second half of the nineties when this genre exploded more clearly in two opposite regions of Mexico. At north, in the state of Sonora, emerged Hamac Caziim (Sacred Fire), who sing in Seri heavy metal rhythms. Meanwhile in the south, in the highlands of Chiapas, appeared Sak Tzevul (Lightning), alternative rock band singing in tsotsil.The following text is focused on the tsotsil rock of Zinacantan, where Lightning emerged and detonated in a movement of young people that began to sing in their native language. The historical construction it emphasizes on the emergence of new ways of being young in the context ofnative people, andthe musical and social transformations that have resulted from the introduction of rock. Resumen: A finales de los ochenta algunos jóvenes de pueblos originarios empezaron a tocar rock en su lengua, no obstante, fue en la segunda parte de los noventacuando este género musical detonóen dos regiones opuestas de México. En el norte, en el estado de Sonora, surgióHamacCaziim (Fuego Sagrado), quienes cantan en Seri a ritmos de heavy metal. Mientras tantoen el sur, en los Altos de Chiapas, aparecióSakTzevul (Relámpago), banda de rock alternativo que canta en tsotsil. El siguiente texto está enfocado en el rock tsotsil deZinacantán, lugar donde surgió Relámpagoy que detonó en un movimiento de jóvenes que empezaron a cantar en su lengua originaria. La construcción históricaenfatiza en la emergencia de nuevas formas de ser jóvenes en el contexto de un pueblo originario,y enlas transformaciones musicales y sociales que han derivado de la introducción del rock
This document discusses the use of white rot fungi in mycoremediation to degrade various xenobiotics and pollutants. It provides examples of studies using white rot fungi to degrade compounds such as phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dyes, and industrial effluents. White rot fungi produce extracellular enzymes like peroxidases and ligninases that can oxidize pollutants. Many fungal species have shown abilities to degrade persistent and toxic waste into less toxic or non-toxic forms. The document reviews the current state of research on mycoremediation using white rot fungi and their enzyme systems.
Exogenous application with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) or pro...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) like Azotobacter chrocoocum A101, Pseudomonas fluorescens, pseudomonas mendocina Palleroni 1970 and Azospirillum lipoferum N040 or proline on growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage percent (EL%), osmoprotectants such as proline and soluble sugars, activities of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT), oil percent and water use efficiency (WUE) of basil plants subjected to water stress. Plants were treated with two regimes of irrigation water, i.e., 100% of evapotranspiration (ETc) (control) and 60% of ETc and PGPR or proline. Growth traits, photosynthetic pigments, RWC, EL %, proline and soluble sugars concentrations, activities of antioxidant enzymes oil percent and water use efficiency (WUE) were significantly altered by water stress and PGPR or proline treatments. Results indicated that PGPR or proline mitigated the water stress and significantly reduced the reduction in growth traits and leaf water content as compared to non-PGPR or proline-treated water-stressed plants. Water-stressed plants treated with PGPR or proline had significant higher photosynthetic pigments, proline and soluble sugars concentrations than water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. Higher POD, PPO and CAT activities were also observed in water-stressed plants treated by PGPR or proline than water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. Furthermore, water-stressed plants treated with PGPR or proline treatments had also significant higher oil percent and WUE as compared to water-stressed plants without PGPR or proline treatments. These results are important as the potential of PGPR or proline to alleviate the harmful effects of water stress and offers an opportunity to increase the resistance of basil plants to growth under drought conditions. The protective action of PGPR was more efficient than proline.
The present study investigates the growth and developmental changes of Pearlmillet [(Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br.)] and Ragi [Eleusine coracana (Gaertn )] under pot culture experiments with different concentrations of aqueous leaf extracts (5, 10, 20, 30 and 50g/l) of Teak. Teak leaf extracts showed an inhibitory and stimulatory effects on germination, seedling length, biomass, pigments and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi. The 5g/l concentration of extract stimulated the seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical constituents of pearl millet and ragi.. The higher concentrations (10, 20, 30and 50g/l) showed an inhibitory effects in all the parameters studied in the two economically important cereals. The degree of retardation was dependent on the concentration of the Teak leaf extracts. Root length, Shoot length, Biomass and Biochemical constituents of ragi seedlings were highly reduced at 50g/l concentrations of aqueous leaf
extracts of Teak. Between pearl millet and ragi seedlings, more allelopathic influence was observed in ragi than pearl millet seedlings.
1. The study examined the effects of salt stress on native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi associated with the roots of three Hibiscus species: H. cannabinus, H. sabdariffa, and H. tiliaceus.
2. Under 300mM NaCl salt treatment, all three plant species showed increased AM fungal colonization compared to non-stressed control plants. Colonization levels ranged from 50-90%.
3. Different AM fungal species were identified from each plant species. Salt-stressed plants generally had higher spore recovery rates, indicating AM fungi may help the plants tolerate salt stress conditions.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of foliar application of seaweed extracts from Ulva fasciata on wheat (Triticum aestivum). Seaweed extracts were prepared at concentrations of 0% (control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% and applied as a foliar spray to wheat crops at three stages of growth. Results showed that application of a 2.5% seaweed extract concentration led to increased growth parameters, chlorophyll content, and seed germination compared to the control. Higher concentrations did not further increase yields and some parameters were lower than the control at the highest concentration. Therefore, foliar application of seaweed extracts has potential to enhance wheat yields when applied at
This document discusses a study that screened fungal rot isolates from cocoa for their ability to dissolve phosphate and grow on different media. Nine fungal rot isolates were collected from cocoa plants and tested for phosphate dissolving ability in Pikovskaya broth media using a spectrophotometer. Isolate BPB had the highest ability to dissolve phosphate, followed by isolates JT, BPG, and BPE1. The isolates were also tested for growth on three solid media - Potato Dextrose Agar, Malt Extract Agar, and Malt Peptone Agar. Malt Peptone Agar best supported the fungal mycelial growth compared to the other two media.
Drought stress can negatively impact plant growth and development through effects on morphology and pigmentation. This review discusses changes to plant morphological characteristics and pigment composition under drought conditions. Specifically, it describes how drought stress can reduce plant height, stem length, leaf growth and area through inhibition of cell expansion and division. It also discusses how drought stress impacts root growth and development. The review indicates drought stress often leads to declines in photosynthetic pigments as a result of altered metabolic functions and reduced light harvesting and energy generation for photosynthesis. Understanding plant responses to drought at morphological, physiological and biochemical levels can help in developing stress tolerant crop varieties.
Glucosinolates, glycosidically bound volatiles and antimicrobial activity of ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the volatile compounds and glucosinolates in Egyptian cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis L.) and evaluated their antimicrobial activity. Fresh and frozen leaves, stems, and inflorescences were hydrodistilled to extract volatile compounds, which were then identified using GC/MS and HPLC/MS. A total of 49 compounds were identified in fresh leaves and 45 compounds in fresh inflorescences. Major compounds included hex-3(Z)-enol in leaves and nonacosane and 11-methoxy benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione in inflorescences. Testing found the
Effects of Plant Extracts and Commercial Bactericides on Erwinia Chrysanthemi...ijtsrd
Isolation of Erwinia chrysanthemi rhizome rot bacteria from infected rhizome of banana plants in Twentay Township, Yangon Region was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Yangon. Antibacterial activity on Erwinia chrysanthemi from the nine selected plant species and the four chemical bactericides were evaluated by paper disc diffusion methods. The solvent extracts of the eight plant samples Capsicum annuum L., Curcuma longa L., Languas galangal L. Stuntz, Nicotiana tobacum L., Piper nigrum L., Synzygium aromaticum L. Merr. Perry, Zingiber barbatum Wall. and Zingiber officinale Rose indicated bioactivity on E. chrysanthemi. However, the extracts of Piper betel L. did not show antibacterial activity on E. chrysanthemi. Chemical bactericides Agri mycin 17, Ariston, Bio save and Blocker 4E showed the weak activity on E. chrysanthemi. Ko Tin | Sithu Aung Min "Effects of Plant Extracts and Commercial Bactericides on Erwinia Chrysanthemi (Rhizome Rot Bacteria) in Banana Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27862.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/27862/effects-of-plant-extracts-and-commercial-bactericides-on-erwinia-chrysanthemi-rhizome-rot-bacteria-in-banana-plants/ko-tin
Phytoremediation /ˌfaɪtəʊrɪˌmiːdɪˈeɪʃən/ (from Ancient Greek φυτό (phyto), meaning 'plant', and Latin remedium, meaning 'restoring balance') refers to the technologies that use living plants to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants.
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31 .Agro environment A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses various types of agricultural pollution including pesticide pollution, fertilizer pollution, poultry excrement pollution, and biological pollution. It also discusses their impacts on ecosystems, including loss of biodiversity and soil degradation. Various management approaches and policies are proposed to promote more sustainable agricultural practices like ecological agriculture. Case studies of demonstration zones show how circular systems and material recycling can reduce environmental harm.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) selection by date palm root sys...AI Publications
In Jerid region pedoclimatic conditions and agricultural practices are of major importance in shaping the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizophere of date palm tree. Glomus mosseae (dominant species) isolated from soil was multiplied and used as inoculum for date palm seedling. For this study, a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition to assess the effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae) and mycorrhizal soil (substrate containing the propagules) compared to control seedlings. The result of analysis carried out in this work revealed that the addition of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) and mycorrhizal soil allowed us to conclude that the increase in phosphorus and nitrogen availability in soil solutions leads to a decrease in mycorhization rate and vice versa. Furthermore there is a good correlation between these two parameters. The levels of exchangeable calcium and magnesium tend to increase slightly over time estimated that their absorption mechanism is the same as for phosphorus. The absorption of these elements often difficult to assimilate by the plant is improved by the mycorrhizal association. That is to say, the increase in their removal is mainly due to better exploration of the soil by extra-rooted hyphae. In addition, endomycorrhizae are much less influenced by certain interactions between soil elements. Greenhouse experiments clearly show that artificial inoculation with mycorrhizal soil and spores (Glomus mosseae) has led to an improvement in the fertility of soils used as a substrate for culture, with a superiority of infection caused by mycorrhizal soil.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Phytoremediation uses plants and their associated rhizospheric microflora to remove or break down pollutants in soils, sediments and groundwater. Plants can absorb, sequester, and extract inorganic and organic pollutants like metals, pesticides and hydrocarbon compounds. The microbes in the rhizosphere also play a key role in degrading pollutants through secretions from plant roots that serve as carbon and energy sources. This process occurs through various mechanisms like accumulating metals in harvestable tissues, transforming pollutants to less toxic forms, or stabilizing pollutants to limit their mobility.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of seed priming and salinity on the germination and growth of marigold (Calendula officinalis). The study found that seed priming promoted germination rate and helped establishment under saline conditions. Salinity reduced stem and root length, while increasing root dry weight. Root length was enhanced by priming in distilled water. Higher salinity levels and priming in manganese sulfate increased root dry weight the most. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were not affected by salinity or priming treatments.
This document discusses different phytoremediation technologies used to reduce contamination in the environment using plants and microbes. It describes phytostabilization, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, and phytoextraction processes. Phytostabilization aims to immobilize contaminants in soil through revegetation. Phytodegradation involves plants breaking down organic contaminants through metabolic processes. Phytovolatilization uses plants to uptake contaminants and transpire them as gases. Phytoextraction removes metals from soil by plant absorption and repeated biomass harvesting. The document provides examples of plant species and contaminants remediated through these phytoremediation methods.
This document provides an overview of phytoremediation presented in a seminar. Phytoremediation uses plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It has advantages over physical and chemical remediation methods by being cheaper and more environmentally friendly. The document outlines the history, processes, suitable plant species, applications, advantages, limitations, and recent research on phytoremediation. Processes include rhizodegradation, phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, and phytostabilization. Popular plant species are grasses, trees, and mustard for different pollutants. Recent research is exploring using various plants for heavy metal remediation.
Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to remove contamination from soil or water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms in the rhizosphere to degrade, contain, or remove pollutants from the environment. Some key advantages are that it is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly way to remediate large areas of contaminated land. However, it is limited to sites with lower contaminant concentrations and works more slowly than conventional remediation methods. Common contaminants removed through phytoremediation include heavy metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, and explosives. The process works through plants absorbing, degrading, or stabilizing pollutants in their tissues or the surrounding soil.
This document discusses phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It notes that increased population, industrialization, and urbanization have led to environmental contamination. Phytoremediation is a form of bioremediation that uses various plant-based mechanisms to contain contaminants in soils, groundwater, sediments, and air. These mechanisms include phytosequestration, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction. The document provides details on each of these mechanisms and how plants can uptake and process various inorganic and organic contaminants.
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...KANTHARAJAN GANESAN
It deals with, the various technologies involved in phytoremediation, mechanism, factors and biotechnology interventions for the improvement of remediation process etc...
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...AI Publications
Microbe-assisted phytoremediation is a recent application of bioremediation with much prospects. The genetic relatedness of culturable endophytic bacteria of wetland plants growing on a six month-old and twelve month-old petroleum-contaminated sites, and an uncontaminated site in Bayelsa State of the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria were compared. Most of the endophyte species isolated from the roots, stems and leaves were common to all the sites and belong to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Actinomicrobia, with the γ-Proteobacteria dominating. Pseudomonas was the most prevalent species in all three sites, but higher in the petroleum contaminated sites. Biochemical properties (API 20E) of the common isolates; Pseudomonas spp.Chryseobacterium indologenes,Bacillus and Proteusvaried with sites while only Providencia rettgeri peculiar to the petroleum-contaminated sites showed the same properties. 16S rRNA PCR-DNA fragments of forty-five species of the isolates (15 from each site) were characterized using RFLP and MspI restriction enzyme and a genetic distance tree of the restriction patterns drawn. The percentage of similarity in the genetic relatedness of isolates ranged from 11.1 – 100%. The genetic tree analysis of the 45 species of identified bacteria revealed 3 major clusters with 17 DNA fingerprinting patterns. Pseudomonas species of the root and leaves of the six month-old petroleum-contaminated site and uncontaminated site were seen to cluster together irrespective of date of isolation. The endophytes may play a role in the in situ degradation of the petroleum hydrocarbon of the sites.
Role of micro nutrients and their deficiency symptoms in Mulberrymohd younus wani
The document discusses the roles of various micronutrients in mulberry plants and their deficiency symptoms. It begins by defining nutrients and classifying them as macronutrients and micronutrients. It then discusses 17 essential plant nutrients and the criteria for determining essentiality. Specific roles and deficiency symptoms are described for zinc, boron, and iron in mulberry plants. The document also discusses factors affecting micronutrient availability in soil and presents data on the effects of deficient and excess levels of zinc, boron, and iron on mulberry plant growth and dry matter yield.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of three types of organic fertilizers called Wokozim on seed germination of guar plants. Guar seeds were treated with different concentrations of Wokozim fertilizers and a control of distilled water. The study found that two of the fertilizers, Wokozim power plus batches F1 and F2, increased guar seed germination rates with increasing concentration. However, the third fertilizer, Wokozim cotton liquid F3, decreased germination rates with increasing concentration and was toxic at higher concentrations, inhibiting seed germination. The organic fertilizers generally improved guar seed germination compared to the control, except for the toxic effects of higher concentrations of Wok
swati shukla (antitranspirant, pgr in stress).pptxSwati Shukla
This document discusses the use of anti-transpirants and plant growth regulators (PGRs) in managing plant stress. It describes different types of anti-transpirants including film-forming compounds, stomatal regulating compounds, and reflectance compounds. Anti-transpirants reduce transpiration rates from plant leaves under stress conditions. The document also discusses how various PGRs like cytokinins, brassinolides, and ascorbic acid can help plants tolerate water deficit stress. Finally, it provides examples of the mode of action of plant hormones like abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid in responding to stress conditions.
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water S...YogeshIJTSRD
Invasive alien plant species are major thread to biodiversity, climate change and environmental sustainability. Management of these invasive alien plant species become a typical task at global level. Composting can be an efficient and environment friendly solution for management of these invasive alien species. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of compost prepared from three invasive alien species Cuscutareflexa, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camaraon the tomato plant vigour, antioxidant and nutrient content under water deficit and irrigated well watered conditions. The results revealed that Cuscutareflexa CR compost treatment gave highest shoot length 23.0 , 23.7 , root length 30.0 , 21.4 , shoot fresh weight 47.9 , 52.2 , shoot dry weight 71.0 , 49.4 and root dry weight 66.7 , 51.5 , under water stressand irrigated conditions, respectively. The application of compostCR under water stress has enhanced chlorophyll and prolinecontent over control. Similarly, antioxidant enzymes analysis showed the increased superoxide dismutase 1.33 2.17fold , peroxidase 1.38 1.82fold and catalase 1.06 1.73fold activity under water deficit condition. Nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodiumin tomato leaf were higher under both water stress and irrigated conditions compared to their respective control. It can be concluded from above outcomes that compost prepared from invasive alien species have potential to ameliorate the negative effects of water stress and enhance the tomato growth. Sandhya Bind | A. K. Sharma "Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water Stress in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39961.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39961/impact-of-compost-prepared-from-invasive-alien-species-in-alleviating-water-stress-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l/sandhya-bind
Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates various plant processes. A study measured ethylene production in wheat plants under different stress conditions. It found that water stress and salinity stress increased ethylene production in excised wheat leaves but not in intact plants. Exposing whole wheat plants to low oxygen or low pressure reduced ethylene production. The study concluded that ethylene production in response to stress may differ between excised tissues and intact plants.
Drought stress can negatively impact plant growth and development through effects on morphology and pigmentation. This review discusses changes to plant morphological characteristics and pigment composition under drought conditions. Specifically, it describes how drought stress can reduce plant height, stem length, leaf growth and area through inhibition of cell expansion and division. It also discusses how drought stress impacts root growth and development. The review indicates drought stress often leads to declines in photosynthetic pigments as a result of altered metabolic functions and reduced light harvesting and energy generation for photosynthesis. Understanding plant responses to drought at morphological, physiological and biochemical levels can help in developing stress tolerant crop varieties.
Glucosinolates, glycosidically bound volatiles and antimicrobial activity of ...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the volatile compounds and glucosinolates in Egyptian cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. Botrytis L.) and evaluated their antimicrobial activity. Fresh and frozen leaves, stems, and inflorescences were hydrodistilled to extract volatile compounds, which were then identified using GC/MS and HPLC/MS. A total of 49 compounds were identified in fresh leaves and 45 compounds in fresh inflorescences. Major compounds included hex-3(Z)-enol in leaves and nonacosane and 11-methoxy benz(a)anthracene-7,12-dione in inflorescences. Testing found the
Effects of Plant Extracts and Commercial Bactericides on Erwinia Chrysanthemi...ijtsrd
Isolation of Erwinia chrysanthemi rhizome rot bacteria from infected rhizome of banana plants in Twentay Township, Yangon Region was conducted in Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Yangon. Antibacterial activity on Erwinia chrysanthemi from the nine selected plant species and the four chemical bactericides were evaluated by paper disc diffusion methods. The solvent extracts of the eight plant samples Capsicum annuum L., Curcuma longa L., Languas galangal L. Stuntz, Nicotiana tobacum L., Piper nigrum L., Synzygium aromaticum L. Merr. Perry, Zingiber barbatum Wall. and Zingiber officinale Rose indicated bioactivity on E. chrysanthemi. However, the extracts of Piper betel L. did not show antibacterial activity on E. chrysanthemi. Chemical bactericides Agri mycin 17, Ariston, Bio save and Blocker 4E showed the weak activity on E. chrysanthemi. Ko Tin | Sithu Aung Min "Effects of Plant Extracts and Commercial Bactericides on Erwinia Chrysanthemi (Rhizome Rot Bacteria) in Banana Plants" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27862.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/27862/effects-of-plant-extracts-and-commercial-bactericides-on-erwinia-chrysanthemi-rhizome-rot-bacteria-in-banana-plants/ko-tin
Phytoremediation /ˌfaɪtəʊrɪˌmiːdɪˈeɪʃən/ (from Ancient Greek φυτό (phyto), meaning 'plant', and Latin remedium, meaning 'restoring balance') refers to the technologies that use living plants to clean up soil, air, and water contaminated with hazardous contaminants.
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31 .Agro environment A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document discusses various types of agricultural pollution including pesticide pollution, fertilizer pollution, poultry excrement pollution, and biological pollution. It also discusses their impacts on ecosystems, including loss of biodiversity and soil degradation. Various management approaches and policies are proposed to promote more sustainable agricultural practices like ecological agriculture. Case studies of demonstration zones show how circular systems and material recycling can reduce environmental harm.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) selection by date palm root sys...AI Publications
In Jerid region pedoclimatic conditions and agricultural practices are of major importance in shaping the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizophere of date palm tree. Glomus mosseae (dominant species) isolated from soil was multiplied and used as inoculum for date palm seedling. For this study, a pot experiment was conducted under greenhouse condition to assess the effect of inoculation with arbuscular mycorhizal fungus (Glomus mosseae) and mycorrhizal soil (substrate containing the propagules) compared to control seedlings. The result of analysis carried out in this work revealed that the addition of mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus mosseae) and mycorrhizal soil allowed us to conclude that the increase in phosphorus and nitrogen availability in soil solutions leads to a decrease in mycorhization rate and vice versa. Furthermore there is a good correlation between these two parameters. The levels of exchangeable calcium and magnesium tend to increase slightly over time estimated that their absorption mechanism is the same as for phosphorus. The absorption of these elements often difficult to assimilate by the plant is improved by the mycorrhizal association. That is to say, the increase in their removal is mainly due to better exploration of the soil by extra-rooted hyphae. In addition, endomycorrhizae are much less influenced by certain interactions between soil elements. Greenhouse experiments clearly show that artificial inoculation with mycorrhizal soil and spores (Glomus mosseae) has led to an improvement in the fertility of soils used as a substrate for culture, with a superiority of infection caused by mycorrhizal soil.
Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to their leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis.
Phytoremediation uses plants and their associated rhizospheric microflora to remove or break down pollutants in soils, sediments and groundwater. Plants can absorb, sequester, and extract inorganic and organic pollutants like metals, pesticides and hydrocarbon compounds. The microbes in the rhizosphere also play a key role in degrading pollutants through secretions from plant roots that serve as carbon and energy sources. This process occurs through various mechanisms like accumulating metals in harvestable tissues, transforming pollutants to less toxic forms, or stabilizing pollutants to limit their mobility.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of seed priming and salinity on the germination and growth of marigold (Calendula officinalis). The study found that seed priming promoted germination rate and helped establishment under saline conditions. Salinity reduced stem and root length, while increasing root dry weight. Root length was enhanced by priming in distilled water. Higher salinity levels and priming in manganese sulfate increased root dry weight the most. Chlorophyll and carotenoid content were not affected by salinity or priming treatments.
This document discusses different phytoremediation technologies used to reduce contamination in the environment using plants and microbes. It describes phytostabilization, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, and phytoextraction processes. Phytostabilization aims to immobilize contaminants in soil through revegetation. Phytodegradation involves plants breaking down organic contaminants through metabolic processes. Phytovolatilization uses plants to uptake contaminants and transpire them as gases. Phytoextraction removes metals from soil by plant absorption and repeated biomass harvesting. The document provides examples of plant species and contaminants remediated through these phytoremediation methods.
This document provides an overview of phytoremediation presented in a seminar. Phytoremediation uses plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It has advantages over physical and chemical remediation methods by being cheaper and more environmentally friendly. The document outlines the history, processes, suitable plant species, applications, advantages, limitations, and recent research on phytoremediation. Processes include rhizodegradation, phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, and phytostabilization. Popular plant species are grasses, trees, and mustard for different pollutants. Recent research is exploring using various plants for heavy metal remediation.
Phytoremediation is the process of using plants to remove contamination from soil or water. It involves using plants and their associated microorganisms in the rhizosphere to degrade, contain, or remove pollutants from the environment. Some key advantages are that it is a cost-effective, environmentally friendly way to remediate large areas of contaminated land. However, it is limited to sites with lower contaminant concentrations and works more slowly than conventional remediation methods. Common contaminants removed through phytoremediation include heavy metals, hydrocarbons, pesticides, and explosives. The process works through plants absorbing, degrading, or stabilizing pollutants in their tissues or the surrounding soil.
This document discusses phytoremediation, which uses plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It notes that increased population, industrialization, and urbanization have led to environmental contamination. Phytoremediation is a form of bioremediation that uses various plant-based mechanisms to contain contaminants in soils, groundwater, sediments, and air. These mechanisms include phytosequestration, phytodegradation, phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction. The document provides details on each of these mechanisms and how plants can uptake and process various inorganic and organic contaminants.
PHYTOREMEDIATION IN ENVT. MANAGEMENT - BIOTECHNOLGY ROLE...KANTHARAJAN GANESAN
It deals with, the various technologies involved in phytoremediation, mechanism, factors and biotechnology interventions for the improvement of remediation process etc...
Distribution, Biochemical Properties and Genetic Relatedness of Endophytic Ba...AI Publications
Microbe-assisted phytoremediation is a recent application of bioremediation with much prospects. The genetic relatedness of culturable endophytic bacteria of wetland plants growing on a six month-old and twelve month-old petroleum-contaminated sites, and an uncontaminated site in Bayelsa State of the Niger Delta Region, Nigeria were compared. Most of the endophyte species isolated from the roots, stems and leaves were common to all the sites and belong to the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Actinomicrobia, with the γ-Proteobacteria dominating. Pseudomonas was the most prevalent species in all three sites, but higher in the petroleum contaminated sites. Biochemical properties (API 20E) of the common isolates; Pseudomonas spp.Chryseobacterium indologenes,Bacillus and Proteusvaried with sites while only Providencia rettgeri peculiar to the petroleum-contaminated sites showed the same properties. 16S rRNA PCR-DNA fragments of forty-five species of the isolates (15 from each site) were characterized using RFLP and MspI restriction enzyme and a genetic distance tree of the restriction patterns drawn. The percentage of similarity in the genetic relatedness of isolates ranged from 11.1 – 100%. The genetic tree analysis of the 45 species of identified bacteria revealed 3 major clusters with 17 DNA fingerprinting patterns. Pseudomonas species of the root and leaves of the six month-old petroleum-contaminated site and uncontaminated site were seen to cluster together irrespective of date of isolation. The endophytes may play a role in the in situ degradation of the petroleum hydrocarbon of the sites.
Role of micro nutrients and their deficiency symptoms in Mulberrymohd younus wani
The document discusses the roles of various micronutrients in mulberry plants and their deficiency symptoms. It begins by defining nutrients and classifying them as macronutrients and micronutrients. It then discusses 17 essential plant nutrients and the criteria for determining essentiality. Specific roles and deficiency symptoms are described for zinc, boron, and iron in mulberry plants. The document also discusses factors affecting micronutrient availability in soil and presents data on the effects of deficient and excess levels of zinc, boron, and iron on mulberry plant growth and dry matter yield.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of three types of organic fertilizers called Wokozim on seed germination of guar plants. Guar seeds were treated with different concentrations of Wokozim fertilizers and a control of distilled water. The study found that two of the fertilizers, Wokozim power plus batches F1 and F2, increased guar seed germination rates with increasing concentration. However, the third fertilizer, Wokozim cotton liquid F3, decreased germination rates with increasing concentration and was toxic at higher concentrations, inhibiting seed germination. The organic fertilizers generally improved guar seed germination compared to the control, except for the toxic effects of higher concentrations of Wok
swati shukla (antitranspirant, pgr in stress).pptxSwati Shukla
This document discusses the use of anti-transpirants and plant growth regulators (PGRs) in managing plant stress. It describes different types of anti-transpirants including film-forming compounds, stomatal regulating compounds, and reflectance compounds. Anti-transpirants reduce transpiration rates from plant leaves under stress conditions. The document also discusses how various PGRs like cytokinins, brassinolides, and ascorbic acid can help plants tolerate water deficit stress. Finally, it provides examples of the mode of action of plant hormones like abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid in responding to stress conditions.
Effect of potassium fertilization and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) in the ...Innspub Net
A field study was conducted at the college of Agriculture, Baghdad University- Jadiriyah to investigate the effect of adding potassium fertilizer and organic nutrient (Reef Amirich) on the population density of two sucking pests of cucumber, cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci during the spring season/2016. Results indicated that potassium sulphate (50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and organic nutrient (0.8 and 1.6ml/l) reduced both the population density of B. tabaci and T. tabaci nymphs depending on the fertilizer level of the user, the treatment 150 kg/ha for the potassium fertilizer and 1.6 ml/L for organic nutrient was the highest among others when minimized density of nymphs by 1.62 nymphs of B. tabaci/disk leaf and 0.38 nymph of T. tabaci / disk leaf. suggesting a possible increase in cucumber resistance to this pest as a result of the treatments, and the result showed the infestation with B. tabaci was higher in the second half of May, the average number of nymph were 5.35 nymph/ disk leaf, while the highest number of T. tabaci was observed in the first half of May, the average number reached to 2.73 nymph/ disk leaf. The result showed the interaction treatment K150A1.6 was significant superior of percentage of K and increased of content in leaves of Fe, Cu and Zn.
Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water S...YogeshIJTSRD
Invasive alien plant species are major thread to biodiversity, climate change and environmental sustainability. Management of these invasive alien plant species become a typical task at global level. Composting can be an efficient and environment friendly solution for management of these invasive alien species. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of compost prepared from three invasive alien species Cuscutareflexa, Eupatorium adenophorum and Lantana camaraon the tomato plant vigour, antioxidant and nutrient content under water deficit and irrigated well watered conditions. The results revealed that Cuscutareflexa CR compost treatment gave highest shoot length 23.0 , 23.7 , root length 30.0 , 21.4 , shoot fresh weight 47.9 , 52.2 , shoot dry weight 71.0 , 49.4 and root dry weight 66.7 , 51.5 , under water stressand irrigated conditions, respectively. The application of compostCR under water stress has enhanced chlorophyll and prolinecontent over control. Similarly, antioxidant enzymes analysis showed the increased superoxide dismutase 1.33 2.17fold , peroxidase 1.38 1.82fold and catalase 1.06 1.73fold activity under water deficit condition. Nutrient content such as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sodiumin tomato leaf were higher under both water stress and irrigated conditions compared to their respective control. It can be concluded from above outcomes that compost prepared from invasive alien species have potential to ameliorate the negative effects of water stress and enhance the tomato growth. Sandhya Bind | A. K. Sharma "Impact of Compost Prepared from Invasive Alien Species in Alleviating Water Stress in Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39961.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/39961/impact-of-compost-prepared-from-invasive-alien-species-in-alleviating-water-stress-in-tomato-solanum-lycopersicum-l/sandhya-bind
Ethylene is a plant hormone that regulates various plant processes. A study measured ethylene production in wheat plants under different stress conditions. It found that water stress and salinity stress increased ethylene production in excised wheat leaves but not in intact plants. Exposing whole wheat plants to low oxygen or low pressure reduced ethylene production. The study concluded that ethylene production in response to stress may differ between excised tissues and intact plants.
Studies on the allelopathic effect of aquatic invasive plants on Cicer arieti...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Carbohydrate changes during dormancy release in floral, vegetative buds and b...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study investigated the effects of dormancy-breaking agents hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and thiourea on budbreak and carbohydrate metabolism in pear cultivar 'Wonhwang'. Cuttings were treated with 3% HC, 3% thiourea, or water (control) after receiving partial chilling. Treated cuttings had earlier floral and vegetative budbreak compared to controls. HC treatment resulted in the earliest budbreak. Carbohydrate analysis found HC and thiourea application caused an initial increase in soluble sugars and decrease in starch in buds and bark tissues, followed by a decline in sugars as budbreak began. This suggests differences in the timing of soluble sugar metabolism between treatments may underlie differences in budbreak timing
Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi on the growth, nutrient uptake, root in...Innspub Net
This study examined the effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi inoculation on the growth, nutrient uptake, and root infectivity of rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri) seedlings. The study found that inoculation with AM fungi increased plant height, leaf number, biomass, and nutrient uptake of phosphorus and potassium in the seedlings. AM fungi inoculation also increased root colonization and the absorptive surface area of the roots. The increases occurred under different phosphorus levels in sterile sand and in sterile and unsterile sand/soil mixes. Inoculation with AM fungi thus improves the growth and nutrient acquisition of rough lemon seedlings.
This document provides training material on composting and vermicomposting. It discusses the impact of current sanitation practices, the differences between chemical and organic fertilizers, and various biological degradation processes like anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, composting, and vermicomposting. It also addresses factors that affect composting like carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture, temperature, aeration, surface area, and pH. The document aims to educate on converting human waste into organic fertilizer through appropriate treatment methods.
Training Material on Composting and Vermicompostingx3G9
This document provides training material on composting and vermicomposting. It discusses the impacts of current sanitation practices, the differences between chemical and organic fertilizers, the processes of composting and vermicomposting, and design considerations for composting systems. The key topics covered include the roles of nutrients for plant growth, the impacts of chemical fertilizers on soil and water, how composting and vermicomposting convert organic wastes into nutrient-rich fertilizer, and factors that affect the composting process such as carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture, temperature, and aeration.
Effect of Sucrose and Benzyl Adenine in the promotion of cut flower vase life...researchplantsciences
Red ginger (Alpinia purpurata Vieill.) is an ornamental perennial herb reaching 2 to 5 m in height and each tiller ending in a showy inflorescence. The main attraction is the brightly coloured red bracts of the inflorescence which has a long vase life. The present experiment was carried out to exploit the long vase life property of these plants to the maximum and thereby add their value in cut flower industry. The effect of various combinations of Sucrose + BA + 8-HQS was studied and appropriate concentrations were standardized.
Article Citation:
Thomas VP, Prabhu Kumar KM, Sabu M, Prasanth AV and Mohanan KV.
Effect of Sucrose and Benzyl Adenine in the promotion of cut flower vase life in
Alpinia purpurata Vieill., a charming ornamental ginger.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 089-092.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0030.pdf
The document describes three experiments that tested the effects of plant growth hormones (IAA and BAP) and two potting media (coir dust/compost/sand and leaf mould/soil/sand) on the growth of the ornamental plant Ophiopogon sp.
In experiment 1, application of 100 mg/L IAA led to significantly increased fresh weight in the leaf mould potting medium and increased leaf length in the coir dust medium. Experiment 2 found that 75 mg/L BAP increased fresh weight in the leaf mould medium and all BAP treatments increased leaf length compared to the control. Experiment 3 showed that a combination of 100 mg/L IAA and 100 mg/L
Plants require essential nutrients for their growth and development that are mainly acquired from soil by their roots. Nutrient stress is an environmental condition that can seriously affect the production and quality of crop produce. Biofertilizers are the organisms (Bacteria, fungi, cyanobacteria, etc.) that enrich the nutrient quality of soil. Plants have a number of beneficial relationship with such organisms. Among these AM-Fungi are ubiquitous and form a mutuality relationship with roots of most plant species.
Stressful environments such as salinity and drought was assessed on photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process of three oil plants canola (BrassicanapusL.), safflower (Carthamustinctorius L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annusL) grown in different sites in Egypt (Suez road; North Coastal area; El-Kantra East) , is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses .
Biochemical and Physiological Characteristics Changes of Wheatamir rahmani
This study evaluated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus inoculation on biochemical and physiological characteristics of two wheat cultivars under salinity stress. Wheat plants were inoculated with Glomus intraradices and subjected to three salinity levels. Mycorrhizal inoculation improved plant growth, antioxidant enzyme activity, proline content, and relative water content under salinity stress. It increased superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase activities more in the cultivar Akbari. The results indicate that G. intraradices inoculation can alleviate the negative effects of salinity stress in wheat by enhancing osmotic adjustment and antioxidant defense systems.
Ana scifair research proposal 3 rise 2012. docanaelishockey
The research proposal examines the effect of nitrogen from organic versus inorganic fertilizers on the growth of sweet basil plants. Thirty flower pots will be used, with 10 as a control group with regular soil, 10 with soil treated with organic fertilizer, and 10 with soil treated with inorganic fertilizer. The nitrogen levels will be measured in the soil and plant growth will be observed over 80 days. It is hypothesized that the plants grown with organic fertilizer soil will grow better due to a more moderate nitrogen level that avoids contamination of water supplies. The results may show that organic fertilizers provide sustainable nitrogen for plant growth while reducing nitrogen pollution of groundwater compared to inorganic fertilizers.
Induced mutagenesis was carried out in an important protein rich pulse crop (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). The seeds of green gram variety Co-6 were treated with different concentrations of sodium azide. The mutagen treated seeds were sown in the field to observe M1 characteristics. The sodium azide treated seeds were subjected to amino acid analysis. Totally 19 amino acids were recorded in control and sodium azide treated samples. In the process of sodium azide treatments a few amino acids were increased and some amino acids were decreased than control. The M1 parameters such as germination and survival percentage, plant height, days taken for flowering, number of pods/plant, length of pods, number of seeds/pod and hundred seeds weight were decreased with increasing concentrations sodium azide and all the growth parameters showed negative trend when compared to control. The M1 seeds were collected separately based on concentrations of sodium azide and stored for raising next generation after the harvest. The M1 seeds were sown in the field to raise M2 generation, and in M2 population, the different types of chlorophyll and viable mutants were noticed, such as chlorina, xantha, viridis, and viable mutants such as tall, dwarf, leaf, pod and early flowering mutants were noticed in various treatments of sodium azide. In addition with chlorophyll and viable mutants several initial leaflet modifications like trifoliate, tetrafoliate and pentafoliate leaflets had been observed in mutagenic treatment with sodium azide. The present study is a basis for evolving mutant varieties in green gram with altered agronomic traits.
Criteria for the Selection of Vegetable Growth-Promoting Bacteria to be appli...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
In order to define which are the most important criteria for the selection of plant Growth-Promoting bacterial strains of the Hibiscus sabdariffa L. crop (Roselle), bacterial strains isolated from the roots of Roselle plants of two varieties (Creole and Spider) were used, collected in the community of Río de los Peces, municipality of Candelaria Loxicha, Oaxaca and seeds of the same varieties. To characterize the varieties, the following were determined: total germination percentage (TGP), germination speed (GS), the root length(RL), the stem length (SL), the dry root biomass (DRB), the dry stem biomass (DSB) and the chlorophyll content (CC). Three types of LED lamps were used to illuminate the seedlings. The seeds inoculated with cells of six selected bacterial strains were grown in a greenhouse to determine: the stem length (SL) at 3, 45 and 65 days after sowing (das). The treatments were distributed under a completely random design and comparison of means (Tukey, p = 0.05). The TGP, DSB and DRB parameters were not useful in the selection process of the strains that promoted plant growth to a greater degree. The GS and SL to be considered safe criteria or not, what is important is the relationship of what happens at the time of germination and development of the seedlings in the laboratory and greenhouse. The SL of the plants in the greenhouse showed differences between strains, but not regarding the control and also only observed in the first days of development (3 das). The CC did not prove to be a good selection criterion either. The lamp composed of 15% white light, 27% blue light and 58% red light was the one that most promoted root growth.
The journal is an open access, international, double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishing research articles, Invited reviews, short communications, and letters to the Editor in the field of agriculture, fisheries, veterinary, biology, and closely related disciplines. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences is being published online biannually as of 2007. Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences aims to create an environment for researchers to introduce, share, read, and discuss recent scientific progress. We adopt the policy of providing open access to readers who may be interested in recent developments.
Exploitation of Microorganisms As tool for Sustainable AgricultureNAJMALDINSULIMAN
This document provides a review of the exploitation of microorganisms as tools for sustainable agriculture. It discusses how plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can enhance plant growth through direct and indirect mechanisms. Direct mechanisms include nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of plant hormones, and reducing ethylene levels. Indirect mechanisms include inducing systemic resistance in plants, competing with pathogens for nutrients, and producing protective enzymes and volatile compounds. The review examines the roles of PGPR in detail, including their ability to solubilize phosphorus and fix nitrogen, as well as regulate ethylene levels through ACC deaminase production. It explores how PGPR can act as biocontrol agents and induce systemic resistance in plants.
Similar to Use of B-Sugar complex in increasing the Anthurium cut flower’s vase-life (20)
The Statutory Interpretation of Renewable Energy Based on Syllogism of Britis...AI Publications
The current production for energy consumption generates harmful impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment causing instability to sustainable development goals. The constitutional reforms of British Government serve to be an important means of resolving any encountered incompatibilities to political environment. This study aims to evaluate green economy using developed equation for renewable energy towards political polarization of corporate governance. The Kano Model Assessment is used to measure the equivalency of 1970 Patents Act to UK Intellectual Property tabulating the criteria for the fulfillment of sustainable development goals in respect to the environment, artificial intelligence, and dynamic dichotomy of administrative agencies and presidential restriction, as statutory interpretation development to renewable energy. The constitutional forms of British government satisfy the sustainable development goals needed to fight climate change, advocate healthy ecosystem, promote leadership of magnates, and delegate responsibilities towards green economy. The presidential partisanship must be observed to delineate parties of concerns and execute the government prescriptions in equivalence to the dichotomous relationship of technology and the environment in fulfilling the rights and privileges of all citizens. Hence, the political elites can execute corporate governance towards sustainable development of renewable energy promoting environmental parks and zero emission target of carbon dioxide discharges. The economic theory developed in statutory interpretation for renewable energy serves as a tool to reduce detrimental impacts of carbon dioxide to the environment, mitigate climate change, and produce artefacts of bioenergy and artificial intelligence promoting sustainable development. It is suggested to explore other vulnerabilities of artificial intelligence to prosper economic success.
Enhancement of Aqueous Solubility of Piroxicam Using Solvent Deposition SystemAI Publications
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is characterized by low solubility-high permeability. The present study was designed to improve the dissolution rate of piroxicam at the physiological pH's through its increased solubility by using solvent deposition system.
Analysis of Value Chain of Cow Milk: The Case of Itang Special Woreda, Gambel...AI Publications
Ethiopia has a long and rich history of dairy farming, which was mostly carried out by small and marginal farmers who raised cattle, camels, goats, and sheep, among other species, for milk. Finding the Itang Special Woreda cow milk value chain is the study's main goal. In order to gather primary data, 204 smallholder dairy farmer households were randomly selected, and the market concentration ratio was calculated using 20 traders. Descriptive statistics, econometric models, and rank analysis were used to achieve the above specified goals. Out of all the participants in the milk value chain, producers, cafés, hotels, and dairy cooperatives had the largest gross marketing margins, accounting for 100% of the consumer price in channels I and II, 55% in channels III and V, and 25.5% in channels V. The number of children under five, the number of milking cows owned, the amount of money from non-dairy sources, the frequency of extension service contacts, the amount of milk produced each day, and the availability of market information were found to have an impact on smallholders' involvement in the milk market. Numerous obstacles also limited the amount of milk produced and marketed. The poll claims that general health issues, sickness, predators, and a lack of veterinary care are plaguing farmers. In order to address the issue of milk perishability, the researchers recommended the host community and organization to construct an agro milk processor, renovate the dairy cooperative in the study region, and restructure the current conventional marketing to lower the transaction and cost of milk marketing.
Minds and Machines: Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Investment Decisions ...AI Publications
In the evolving landscape of financial decision-making, this study delves into the intricate relationships among Emotional Intelligence (EI), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Investment Decisions (ID). By scrutinizing the direct influence of human emotional intelligence on investment choices and elucidating the mediating role of AI in this process, our research seeks to unravel the complex interplay between minds and machines. Through empirical analysis, we reveal that EI not only directly impacts ID but also exerts its influence indirectly through AI-mediated pathways. The findings underscore the pivotal role of emotional awareness in investor decision-making, augmented by the technological capabilities of AI. It suggests that most investors are influenced by the identified emotional intelligence when making investment decisions. Furthermore, AI substantially impacts investors' decision-making process when it comes to investing; nevertheless, AI partially mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and investment decisions. This nuanced understanding provides valuable insights for financial practitioners, policymakers, and researchers, emphasizing the need for holistic strategies that integrate emotional and technological dimensions in navigating the intricacies of modern investment landscapes. As the synergy between human intuition and artificial intelligence becomes increasingly integral to financial decision-making, this study contributes to the ongoing discourse on the symbiotic relationship between minds and machines in investments.0
Bronchopulmonary cancers are common cancers with a poor prognosis. It is the leading cause of death by cancer in Algeria and in the world. Behind this unfavorable prognosis hides numerous disparities according to age, sex, and exposure to risk factors, ranking 4th among incident cancers and developing countries including Algeria, all sexes combined. It ranks 2nd cancers in men and 3rd among women. Whatever the age observed, the incidence of this cancer is higher in men than in women, however the gap is narrowing to the detriment of the latter. The results of scientific research agree to relate trends in incidence and mortality rates to tobacco consumption, including passive smoking. Furthermore, other risk factors are mentioned such as exposure to asbestos in the workplace or to radon for the general population, or even genetic predisposition. However, the weight of these etiological and/or predisposing factors is in no way comparable to that of tobacco in the genesis of lung cancer and the resulting mortality. We provide a literature review in our article on the descriptive and analytical epidemiology of lung cancer.
Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thaila...AI Publications
The objective of this paper is to present Further analysis on Organic agriculture and organic farming in case of Thailand agriculture and enhancing farmer productivity. In view of the demand for organic fertilizers, efforts should also be made to enhance and to develop more effective of compost, bio-fertilizer, and bio-pesticides currently used by farmers. Likewise, emphasis should also be laid on the cultivation of legumes and other crops that can enhance the fertility of the soil, as practiced by farmers in many developing countries to fertilize their lands. On the other hand, most of the farmers who practice this farm system found that they are adopting a number of SLMs and interested in joining the meeting or training to gain more and more knowledge.
Current Changes in the Role of Agriculture and Agri-Farming Structures in Tha...AI Publications
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Growth, Yield and Economic Advantage of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties in R...AI Publications
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Download the Latest OSHA 10 Answers PDF : oyetrade.comNarendra Jayas
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To Help OSHA 10 trainees to pass their pre-test and post-test we have prepared set of 390 question and answers called OSHA 10 Answers in downloadable PDF format. The OSHA 10 Answers question bank is prepared by our in-house highly experienced safety professionals and trainers. The OSHA 10 Answers document consists of 390 MCQ type question and answers updated for year 2024 exams.
Biomimicry in agriculture: Nature-Inspired Solutions for a Greener Future
Use of B-Sugar complex in increasing the Anthurium cut flower’s vase-life
1. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-2, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.2.3.1 ISSN: 2456-8635
www.aipublications.com/ijhaf Page | 20
Use of B-Sugar complex in increasing the
Anthurium cut flower’s vase-life.
Nikoo Rokni1*
, Kambiz Mashayekhi2
1
Master student of Plant Pathology. Gorgan University of agricultural sciences and natural resources. Collage of Plant
Production. Department of Plant Protection.
2
Associate Professor of Horticulture. Gorgan University of agricultural sciences and natural resources. Collage of Plant
Production. Department of Horticulture.
Email of Corresponding Author: esfnikoor2@gmail.com. Phone: 989135751285
Abstract— Anthurium is one of the important economic cut
flowers all over the world. One of the most important
problems in the production and sale of cut flowers is their
vase life after their separation from the plant. A good
solution for holding cut flowers must contain antimicrobial
materials and nutrients. B is an element that is not in fungi
and bacteria, therefore, its high levels are toxic to them.
Sucrose can also be a source of energy for cut flowers.
Our aim is to use Sucrose and B properties to increase the
longevity of this cut flowers. According to the
characteristics that B-sucrose complex has, the effect of
this complex on increasing the longevity of cut flowers in
terms of pollution reduction and energy supply was tested.
Analysis of data showed that this B-Sucrose complex
reduces rotting of the flower stem end by reducing the
pollution. Since the rotting of stem end reduces the
absorption of water and nutrients through the stem, this
reduction in pollution could increase the vase life. Sucrose
is also a source of energy and B can enhance the
absorption of sucrose by the plant. Therefore, the B-
Sucrose complex could significantly affect the vase-life
and increased it.
Keywords— Water absorption, B-Sucrose complex,
pollution reduction, energy supply.
Abbreviation
According to the data of this research and available
information about these two elements, the sucrose-B
complex can increase the vase life of cut flowers such as
Anthurium that have economic importance. Also, use of
this compound has economic profits in two ways: 1)
Increasing the vase life and being inexpensive. 2) Sucrose
is accessible anywhere. So, this holding solution can be
used instead of many other holding solutions in markets.
Highlight:
1- Sucrose-B complex can increase the vase life of cut
flowers.
2- Sucrose-B complex is inexpensive and is accessible
anywhere.
I. INTRODUCTION
Anthurium belongs to the Araceae family. These beautiful
flowers are produced and sold as ornamental flowers
throughout the world (Croat, 1988).The decline of this
flower takes place by the appearance of blue spots on the
margins of the spathe, spathewilting and spathe or spadix
darkening (Croat, 1988).
Different factors affect the vase-life of cut flowers;
chemical and physiological factors: such as the content of
stored foods of flower, humidity, light, and temperature of
the place that flowers are kept. Factors affecting water
uptake such as air embolism and duration of vascular
occlusion contribute to cut-flower senescence in
Anthurium. Vascular occlusion is a mechanism for and as
a result of water stress that induces senescence in
Anthurium (Elibox & Umaharan, 2010).
Wilting is more important than senescence in the
termination of the vase life of cut flowers. The end of their
life is usually the result of their inability to draw water
from the vase solution. Also, this blocking can take place
by clogging of the vascular tissue in the stem by phloem-
produced material (Blevins & Lukaszewski, 1998).
Another factor affecting vase-life of cut flowers is content
of stored foods. Cut flowers are forced to continue living
with reserved carbohydrates, proteins and fat for their
longevity. Adding sucrose can provide some energy for the
flower until the end of its life. Also, some other chemicals
can help prolong vase life and the marketability and
quality of flowers(Sudagar, Sankarnarayannan, & Aruna,
2009).
Chemical factors: Senescence can be affected by many
molecules and hormones. They can be ethylene, ABA,
auxin, cytokinin, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol,
calcium, polyamines, jasmonic acid and NO(Ya'acov,
Wills, & Ku, 1998; Rubinstein, 2000; Rogers, 2006).
2. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-2, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2018]
https://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijhaf.2.3.1 ISSN: 2456-8635
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Biotic factors:Role of fungi and bacteria in vase-life of cut
flowers: Sometimes, wilting occurs by fungi and bacteria,
they cause wilting by blocking stem vessels. A large
number of fungi, such as some species of Fusarium, and
bacterial agents such asRalstonia and Xanthomonas, can
attack the flower through the end of the cut
stem(Mansfield, et al., 2012) and block the vessels of the
stem. Therefore, water can’t reach the upper parts of the
stem and the flower will wilt. The shelf life of Anthurium
cut flower is relatively good but vascular obstruction by
such fungi and bacteria can reduce this good shelf life (van
Doorn, 1997).
Globally, much research has been done to reduce the shelf
life of ornamental flowers and researchers have achieved
much success. In 2007, Agampodi and Jayawardena
showed that a 50% Coconut water with 0.23% NaOCl has
the potential to be used as a preservative medium for
Anthurium cut flowers. The vascular tissue of the stem can
be blocked by phloem-produced material. By adding silver
nitrate to distilled water, this blockage can be
reduced(Blevins & Lukaszewski, 1998). Ram and
Rao(Ram & Rao, 1977)proved that the shelf life of
Lupinushartwegiicould be increased by aluminum
sulfate and Citric acid.
Therefore, there are many elements and components that
can be used to increase the shelf life of cut flowers. One of
these is B element.
One of the roles of B in delaying wilting is limiting the
growth of fungi and bacteria. B itselfcan also be toxic to
some fungi like Neurosporacrassa as Bowen and
Gauch(Bowen & Gauch, 1966) reported and some decay
fungi (Freitag & Morrell, 2005; Kartal, Yoshimura, &
Imamura, 2004; Lesar, Kralj, & Humar, 2009). In another
research, Bowen and Gauch(Bowen & Gauch, 1966)
indicated that toxicity level of B prevents the use of
carbohydrate in S. cerevisiae. In this case, these levels of B
reduced the aldolase activity; therefore, the fungi were
unable to utilize a sufficient rate of carbohydrate.So B
inhibits the activities of glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase
and aldolase in fungi(Bowen & Gauch, 1966; Misawa,
Kaneshima, & Akagi, 1966; Kaneshima, Kitsutaka, &
Akagi, 1968). It forms a complex with fungi substances
which have cis-hydroxyl groups in their molecules (Lee &
Aronoff, 1967). It is also toxic to bacteria(Ahmed &
Fujiwara, 2010).
Benefits of sucrose in increasing the vase life of cut
flowers:Sugar has an important role in the longevity of
flowers, especially cut flowers, because after harvest they
receive no nutritional and hormonal support from the
mother plant(Van Staden, 1995). Sugar supplies substrates
for respiration, which is a structural material and
osmoticum and can also suppress the biosynthesis of
ethylene (Dilley & Carpenter, 1973). So, it can prevent the
sensitivity of cut flowers to ethylene(Mayak & Dilley,
1976). The role of sugar as a structural material is in cell
wall synthesis of plant organs(Ichimura, 1998). Also, its
role in water uptake could be due to the increase in the
osmotic concentration of the cut flower(Pun & Ichimura,
2003).
In the experiment, which we carried out on tomato
seedlings previously, B and sucrose were autoclaved
together to form a B-sucrose complex. The tomato
seedlings in the sucrose-Bcomplex containing solution
showed a better longevity than other seedlings and were
juicier and their roots were also healthier. Hence, we
decided to study the effect of this complex on the cut
flowers that here is Anthurium.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Fig.1: Anthurium var. Alexi.
In this experiment, in April 2016, Anthurium var. Alexi
cut flowers from 4 years-old bushes were prepared from
Nochin Sepahan hydroponic greenhouse located in the city
of Isfahan in Iran. Flowers were harvested in the morning
and with 1/4 of theirspadices opened. They were
immediately placed in distilled water with a 4.3 pH and a
temperature of 10 degrees Celsius to prevent transport
stress on flowers. Then, we transferred them to ten-liter
buckets containing 500 mL of solution. The treatments
included a series of solutions containing 1)
0%B+0%sucrose (as control), 2) 0% B+0%sucrose, 3)
0.4% B+0%sucrose, 4) 0.4 % B+2%sucrose, 5) 0.8%
B+0%sucrose, 6) 0.8% B+2%sucrose, 7) 1.2%
B+0%sucrose, 8) 1.2% B+2%sucrose, 9) 1.6%
B+0%sucrose, 10) 1.6% B+2%sucrose, 11) 2%
B+0%sucrose, 12) 2% B+2%sucrose. The experiment was
done in twelve repeats, with 5 cut flowers per replicate.
Buckets containing cut flowers were placed in a condition
with a temperature of 20 degrees Celsius and humidity of
50% in indirect sunlight. To measure the vase life of
flowers, they were inspected individually on a daily basis.
We continued daily observing of the flowers until all of
them experienced senescence. The number of faded
flowers was counted during a 25 day period. Criteria
considered for the faded flower were withered spathe, an
3. International journal of Horticulture, Agriculture and Food science(IJHAF) [Vol-2, Issue-3, May-Jun, 2018]
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appearance of blue spots on the margins of flowers and
darkening of the tip of the spadix.
2-1 Isolation and culture of Fungi and bacteria from
the stem end:
10 ml vase solution of each bucket was removed and the
number of spores and bacterial cells was counted by
Neobar lam. To isolate fungi and bacteria associated with
rotten stem end, 2 cm of the rotten stem end was cut and
cultured on Petri dishes respectively containing modified
PDA and Nutrient Agar mediums.
2-2 Investigate the effect of B on isolated fungi and
bacteria:
To investigate the effect of different concentrations of B
on isolated fungi and bacteria we added five different
concentrations of B(0.4%, 0.8%, 1.2%, 1.6% and 2%) in
each Petri dish containing the desired fungi and bacteria.
Their growth rates were measured and compared with the
control. To measure the growth rates of bacteria, we used
“the spread plate method”.
2-3 Vase solution uptake rate:
Weights of vases containing vase solutions without the
cutspikes were recorded in theseventh day.
The total weight of absorbed water: WT
The weight of the water on the first day: W0
The weight of the water on the seventh day: W1
WT = W1 -W0
2-4 Dry weight of the fungus/ Biomass production
The fungi were cultured in 100 cc of liquid culture media
containing different B concentration+ 2%sucrose and kept
at 25 ° C inside the incubator. After 7 days, the fungus
weight was calculated using the following formula. The
fungal mycelium was harvested after 7 days, separated
from the culture liquid by filtration through a Whatman
No. 2 filter paper. The mycelial pellet dried at 65°C
overnight. The dry weight wascalculated by using the
following formula:
Dry weight = (weight of filter paper + mycelium) - (weight
of filter paper)
2-5 Statistical analysis:
The results were interpreted using R 3.3.1 software and
Excel 2013.
III. RESULTS
3-1 Cut flower vase-life:
Fig.2: Cut flower vase- life. 1) 0%B+0%sucrose, 2) 0% B+0%sucrose, 3) 0.4% B+0%sucrose, 4) 0.4 % B+2%sucrose, 5)
0.8% B+0%sucrose, 6) 0.8% B+2%sucrose, 7) 1.2% B+0%sucrose, 8) 1.2% B+2%sucrose, 9) 1.6% B+0%sucrose, 10)
1.6% B+2%sucrose, 11) 2% B+0%sucrose, 12) 2% B+2%sucrose.
3-2 The length of rotten end stem:
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Fig.3: The length of rotten end stem in different treatments. 1) 0%B+0%sucrose, 2) 0% B+2%sucrose, 3) 0.4%
B+0%sucrose, 4) 0.4 % B+2%sucrose, 5) 0.8% B+0%sucrose, 6) 0.8% B+2%sucrose, 7) 1.2% B+0%sucrose, 8) 1.2%
B+2%sucrose, 9) 1.6% B+0%sucrose, 10) 1.6% B+2%sucrose, 11) 2% B+0%sucrose, 12) 2% B+2%sucrose.
3-3 Water absorption:
Fig.4: Water absorption by cut flower in the seventh day. 1) 0%B+0%sucrose, 2) 0% B+2%sucrose, 3) 0.4% B+0%sucrose,
4) 0.4 % B+2%sucrose, 5) 0.8% B+0%sucrose, 6) 0.8% B+2%sucrose, 7) 1.2% B+0%sucrose, 8) 1.2% B+2%sucrose, 9)
1.6% B+0%sucrose, 10) 1.6% B+2%sucrose, 11) 2% B+0%sucrose, 12) 2% B+2%sucrose.
3-4 Bacterial colony:
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Fig.3: Number of Bacterial colony per ml of each treatment. 1) 0%B+0%sucrose, 2) 0% B+2%sucrose, 3) 0.4% B+0%sucrose, 4)
0.4 % B+2%sucrose, 5) 0.8% B+0%sucrose, 6) 0.8% B+2%sucrose, 7) 1.2% B+0%sucrose, 8) 1.2% B+2%sucrose, 9) 1.6%
B+0%sucrose, 10) 1.6% B+2%sucrose, 11) 2% B+0%sucrose, 12) 2% B+2%sucrose.
3-5 Fungal spores:
Fig.4: Number of fungal spore per ml of each treatment. 1) 0%B+0%sucrose, 2) 0% B+2%sucrose, 3) 0.4% B+0%sucrose,
4) 0.4 % B+2%sucrose, 5) 0.8% B+0%sucrose, 6) 0.8% B+2%sucrose, 7) 1.2% B+0%sucrose, 8) 1.2% B+2%sucrose, 9)
1.6% B+0%sucrose, 10) 1.6% B+2%sucrose, 11) 2% B+0%sucrose, 12) 2% B+2%sucrose.
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3-6 Effect of treatments on isolated fungi:
Fig.5: Effect of treatments on isolated fungi. 1) 0%B+0%sucrose, 2) 0% B+2%sucrose, 3) 0.4% B+0%sucrose, 4) 0.4 % B+2%sucrose,
5) 0.8% B+0%sucrose, 6) 0.8% B+2%sucrose, 7) 1.2% B+0%sucrose, 8) 1.2% B+2%sucrose, 9) 1.6% B+0%sucrose, 10) 1.6%
B+2%sucrose, 11) 2% B+0%sucrose, 12) 2% B+2%sucrose.
The Fungi which we identified were Penicilliumdigitatum, Alternariaalternate, Aspergillusniger Botrytis cinerea and
Fusariumsolani.
3-7 Correlation:
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Fig.6: Correlation between factors.
IV. DISCUSSION
4-1 Cut flower vase-life
The highest life vase-life was related to the treatment of
1.6% B+2%sucrose and 2% B+2%sucrose and the lowest
vase-life belongs to 0% B+2% sucrosetreatment. When
Bconcentration increased from 1.6%, excessive increase in
vase-life was not observed. And for this reason, the
effective concentration must be 1.6%. According to the
results, at a similar value of B, the treatment in that B exist
with Sucrose in form of B-Sucrose complex, had a longer
vase-life. This indicates the important effect of the
presence of sucrose, near B, in form of B-Sucrose complex
in an increase in the sustainability of the cut flower. The
lowest vase-life was 2% sucrose treatment. The highest
vase-life expectancy was treatments number 10 and 12
respectively.
In the graph (Figure 2), you can see that, in the high
concentration of B, the vase-life of the cut flower
decreased but in the same concentration of B, treatments of
B-Sucrose complex, the vase life was increased. Yokota
and Konishi(Yokota & Konishi, 1990) also concluded that,
despite its high levels of toxicity for the plant, the
formation of a complex with sugar, which results in the
production of a sucrose-B complex, could potentially
affect the sensitivity of the plant to a high level of B
toxicity and enhance plant tolerant. Therefore, it can be
justified to increase the cut flower vase-life in a uniform
concentration of B, in treatments with B-sucrose complex.
Also, the formation of the complex between B and
sucrose, according to Isabell et al. (1948), Zittle(2006)and
Bowen(1969), could enhance B absorption by a plant. And
because of the fact that B is one of the important elements
involved in the cell wall of the plants, it can increase the
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tolerance of the plant to an unsuitable environmental
condition.
4-2 The length of rotten end stem
As you can see in figure 3, in the high B concentrations
(1.6% and 2%), the length of rotten end stem has
decreased. A remarkable point to be noted is the
significant decrease in the amount of rotten stem length in
treatments that are containing B-sucrose complex. This
emphasizes the better effect of this complex compared to
the use of B lonely on the reduction of this rotten stem.
4-3 Water absorption
The highest water absorption was achieved at high B
concentrations (1.6% and 2%) by the cut flower. And the
lowest water absorption was observed in control and 2%
sucrose treatment. It can be seen that among treatments,
the treatments that had B-sucrose complex, water
absorption by cut flower was the highest compared to its
same B concentration treatments. Earlier studies also
confirm that B can increase water absorption in the plant in
various ways, including improving root and shoot growth
and increase the yield of water channel activity. In the case
of Anthurium cut flowers, this can be attributed to the role
of improving the function of water channel activity
(Warington, 1923; Huang, Ye, Bell, & Dell, 2005;Wimmer
& Eichert, 2013).
4-4 Bacterial colony:
The highest reduction in the number of the bacterial
colony in the vase solution occurred at higher B
concentrations of 1.2%, 1.6%, and 2%. Also, the highest
number of the bacterial colony was observed in control
and 2% Sucrose treatment. The presence of sucrose in
form of B-sucrose complex, at 0.4% concentration only,
caused a significant increase in the number of bacterial
colonies in the vase solution compare to non-sucrose
treatment (control) indicated using of sucrose by bacteria.
Nelsona et al. (2007), also showed that increases in B
levels of soil, caused a change in the soil microorganism’s
population. This effect was on bacteria in both plant and
plant pathogenic conditions. This effect can be due to the
change in the type and amount of plant secretions, and
also, according to them, B, lonely, is toxic to these
microorganisms. It also affects osmotic pressure. In our
experiment, it has a toxic effect on bacteria and reduces
the number of them in the solution.
4-5 Fungal spores:
The highest decrease in the number of fungal spores in the
vase solution occurred at higher B concentrations of 1.2%,
1.6%, and 2%. Also, the highest number of fungal spores
in control and 2% sucrose treatment was observed. The
presence of sucrose beside, as a B-sucrose complex, did
not significantly affect the number of fungal spores present
in the solution without sucrose treatment.
4-6 Effect of treatments on growth of isolated fungi:
The results showed that growth of all isolated fungi
decreased with increasing B concentration in the liquid
medium. This decrease in growth at higher concentrations
was higher than its lower concentrations.
The impact of B on microorganisms has not been widely
studied, however, according to previous studies, it can
prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi, and algae, and this
effect is higher at higher B concentrations. B isn’t an
essential element in the growth of these microorganisms,
and only some of the cyanobacteria are used it in their
structure (Bowen, 1969; Butterwick, de Oude, &
Raymond, 1989).
Terzi et al. (2017) also proved that B existence can have a
negative effect on the growth of molds and reduce it.
Similar studies have been done on the fungi tested in this
study. As in the present study, Bowen et al.also tested the
effects of B on Penicillium and Aspergillus and achieved
similar results. Also, in 2016, Dong et al. investigated the
effect of B on Fusarium wilt and reduced the germination
of spores and decreased the growth of this fungus as this
experiment. In addition to these fungi, other studies on
effects on other fungi have been carried out. As an
example, in a study by Rolshausen and Gubler in 2005 on
Eutypa dieback of grapevines, it has been shown that
application of B can affect the growth of the fungi as well
as the germination of fungal spores and reduced
them.Also, application of B on wood discoloration fungi
and Monilinialaxa, could also have a significant inhibitory
effect (Keane & Sackston, 1970; Thomidis &
Exadaktylou, 2010).
Correlation:
There was a significant correlation between all treatments
(between 6.27 and 9.77) at the 0.01 level. By decreasing
the number of fungal spores and the number of bacteria in
the solution, the activity of water absorption by the plant
increased and the longevity of the cut flower vase- life was
increased. Subsequently, the length of the rotten end stem
was reduced. Hu and Brown in 1997 said that the rate of
absorption of water was directly correlated with the rate of
B absorption (Hu and Brown, 1997). The lack of blockage
of the veins by fungi and bacteria, as well as the arrival of
sugars (sucrose here), and finally the existence of Bwhich
plays an important role in the strength of the cell wall of
the plants, increase the cut flower stem endurance to decay
significantly. In the end,these factors could together
increase the longevity of Anthurium cut flower vase-life
when it is separated from its mother plant.
Extending the shelf life of cut flowers:
One way to prolong the vase life of our Anthurium cut
flowers is by preparing a good holding solution, a holding
solution which contains energy supplier components, such
as sucrose in this experiment and also components with
fungicidal and bactericidal properties such as B. Sucrose
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as an energy source, in many cases, can also be used by the
other microorganisms and increase their growth.
Therefore, it leads to more pollution of the holding
solution.
Despite the benefits of sucrose for the plant, it could
promote the growth of microorganisms that are pathogen
to the plant or inhibit its growth. These pathogens can
cause stem rot. Such cut flowers, especially Anthurium,
are very susceptible to disease especially diseases causing
vessel closure. Therefore, it is better to complex it with
antifungal and antibacterial agents to prevent the use of
sucrose by such microorganisms and of course their
growth. The results showed that the bore containing
treatments improved stem water uptake by protecting the
cut stem ends by inhibiting the growth of Fungi and
bacteria.
Sucrose pollution caused by these fungi and bacteria might
be an environmental pollution. Nevertheless, if we use
both sterilized water and condition, this pollution can be
reduced.
Despite the role of B in inhibiting the sucrose pollution,
this element has other beneficial properties in relation to
plant.
Roles of B in the plant:
B moves through the Phloem in plants. It affects metabolic
pathways through the cell walls and membranes and can
counteract the toxic effects of some elements in the plant
(Blevins & Lukaszewski, 1998).B inhibits the starch
phosphorylase reaction and it may be the only one of the
many reactions it can do. Any reactions involving a
substrate capable of complexing with B may be influenced
by the element (Dugger, Humphreys, & Calhoun, 1957).
The complex of B and Sugar:
The high B level can be toxic to plants, but this toxicity
can be reduced by the formation of a sugar-borate complex
(Yokota & Konishi, 1990). Transfer of sugars as a sugar-
borate complex is another role of B in the plant. This
property of B can improve the absorption of sucrose from
water that has added sugar (Keane and Sackston, 1970).
According to Gauch and Dugger, (1953) B affects the
translocation of sugar in two ways: (1) in the form of the
borate-sugar complex; (2) increasing the speed of sugar
movement through cellular membranes.
V. CONCLUSION
According to the data of this research and available
information about these two elements, the sucrose-B
complex can increase the vase life of cut flowers such as
Anthurium that have economic importance. Also, use of
this compound has economic profits in two ways: 1)
Increasing the vase life and being inexpensive. 2) Sucrose
is accessible everywhere. So, this holding solution can be
used instead of many other holding solutions in markets. B
alone can increase the vase life in terms of reducing
pollution and reducing vessel blocking caused by bacteria
and fungi. However, in complexes with sucrose, it can
reduce sucrose absorption by plant too.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study was financially supported by Gorgan University
of agricultural sciences and natural resources, Iran. The
authors acknowledge Nochin Sepahan Company for giving
us cut flowers.
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