This document discusses various types of agricultural pollution including pesticide pollution, fertilizer pollution, poultry excrement pollution, and biological pollution. It also discusses their impacts on ecosystems, including loss of biodiversity and soil degradation. Various management approaches and policies are proposed to promote more sustainable agricultural practices like ecological agriculture. Case studies of demonstration zones show how circular systems and material recycling can reduce environmental harm.
This document discusses agricultural pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It identifies the main causes of agricultural pollution as pesticides, fertilizers, contaminated water, soil erosion, livestock, and pests/weeds. It explains that fertilizers provide necessary nutrients to soil while pesticides are used to kill pests and weeds, but overuse can degrade soil quality. Specifically, inorganic fertilizers and pesticides can contaminate groundwater, reduce soil fertility over time, and damage habitats. The document provides examples of fertilizer types and outlines some methods for reducing pollution, such as nutrient management and cover crops.
This document discusses organic matter decomposition in soil. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the decomposition process, factors affecting it, microorganisms involved, and plant nutrient cycles. It then covers properties of soil, the major microorganism groups in soil, essential plant nutrients and their sources in soil, and the basic plant nutrient cycle. Finally, it discusses decomposition of organic matter in depth, including the decomposers, the three processes of decomposition, and factors like temperature, moisture, pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratios that influence the rate of decomposition.
Agriculture & environmental pollution_Dr Harikumar (The Kerala Environment Co...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Harikumar, Scientist, CWRDM made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Enviroment and Development provides information about the pollutants in the environmental sectors produced as a consequence of agricultural activities
Organic and inorganic Pollutants in Soil by Abdul Aleem Memon.Abdul Aleem Memon
This document discusses organic and inorganic pollutants in soils. It notes that heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, zinc, mercury and arsenic are present in soils due to industrial discharges and sewage sludge. Heavy metal levels are increased by industry, agriculture, waste incineration, fossil fuel combustion and road traffic. Pollution of agricultural soils by heavy metals can lead to reduced crop yields and their introduction into the food chain. The document also discusses nitrogen, phosphorus and pesticides as organic pollutants in soils, and their negative effects such as eutrophication and destruction of soil microorganisms.
Fertilizers and pesticides are discussed. Fertilizers supply essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to support plant growth. They are produced from minerals or synthetic processes. Common nitrogen fertilizers include ammonia, urea, and sodium nitrate. Phosphate and potassium fertilizers are extracted from minerals. Fertilizer use can impact the environment through water pollution, soil acidification, and greenhouse gas emissions. Proper application and integrated pest management can help minimize these effects. Pesticides are also discussed as substances used to control pests that damage crops or humans.
Fertilizer is added to soil to improve plant growth and contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Plants need these nutrients for metabolic reactions but remove them from the soil, so fertilizers replenish them. A lack of nitrogen causes reduced growth and yellow leaves, while a lack of phosphorus or potassium stunts growth and causes other issues. Fertilizers must be balanced to include nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients. The global population growth increases food demand, so 40-60% of crops rely on fertilizers and over 50% of people eat fertilizer-grown food. However, using too much synthetic fertilizer can harm the environment and deplete soil quality long term.
This document discusses fertilizers and pesticides. It defines fertilizers as chemicals or natural substances added to soil to increase fertility. It describes the main categories of fertilizers - organic (such as compost, manure, guano) and inorganic (nitrogen, phosphate, potassium). It outlines the importance and negative effects of both organic and inorganic fertilizers. The document also defines pesticides as substances used to destroy organisms harmful to plants or animals. It describes different types of pesticides and their uses and health and environmental effects. Finally, it provides ways to prevent harm from pesticides.
This document discusses agricultural pollution caused by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It identifies the main causes of agricultural pollution as pesticides, fertilizers, contaminated water, soil erosion, livestock, and pests/weeds. It explains that fertilizers provide necessary nutrients to soil while pesticides are used to kill pests and weeds, but overuse can degrade soil quality. Specifically, inorganic fertilizers and pesticides can contaminate groundwater, reduce soil fertility over time, and damage habitats. The document provides examples of fertilizer types and outlines some methods for reducing pollution, such as nutrient management and cover crops.
This document discusses organic matter decomposition in soil. It begins by outlining the key topics to be covered, including the decomposition process, factors affecting it, microorganisms involved, and plant nutrient cycles. It then covers properties of soil, the major microorganism groups in soil, essential plant nutrients and their sources in soil, and the basic plant nutrient cycle. Finally, it discusses decomposition of organic matter in depth, including the decomposers, the three processes of decomposition, and factors like temperature, moisture, pH, and carbon-nitrogen ratios that influence the rate of decomposition.
Agriculture & environmental pollution_Dr Harikumar (The Kerala Environment Co...India Water Portal
This presentation by Dr Harikumar, Scientist, CWRDM made at the Kerala Environment Congress, Trivandrum organised by the Centre for Enviroment and Development provides information about the pollutants in the environmental sectors produced as a consequence of agricultural activities
Organic and inorganic Pollutants in Soil by Abdul Aleem Memon.Abdul Aleem Memon
This document discusses organic and inorganic pollutants in soils. It notes that heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, zinc, mercury and arsenic are present in soils due to industrial discharges and sewage sludge. Heavy metal levels are increased by industry, agriculture, waste incineration, fossil fuel combustion and road traffic. Pollution of agricultural soils by heavy metals can lead to reduced crop yields and their introduction into the food chain. The document also discusses nitrogen, phosphorus and pesticides as organic pollutants in soils, and their negative effects such as eutrophication and destruction of soil microorganisms.
Fertilizers and pesticides are discussed. Fertilizers supply essential nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to support plant growth. They are produced from minerals or synthetic processes. Common nitrogen fertilizers include ammonia, urea, and sodium nitrate. Phosphate and potassium fertilizers are extracted from minerals. Fertilizer use can impact the environment through water pollution, soil acidification, and greenhouse gas emissions. Proper application and integrated pest management can help minimize these effects. Pesticides are also discussed as substances used to control pests that damage crops or humans.
Fertilizer is added to soil to improve plant growth and contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Plants need these nutrients for metabolic reactions but remove them from the soil, so fertilizers replenish them. A lack of nitrogen causes reduced growth and yellow leaves, while a lack of phosphorus or potassium stunts growth and causes other issues. Fertilizers must be balanced to include nutrients like calcium, magnesium, and micronutrients. The global population growth increases food demand, so 40-60% of crops rely on fertilizers and over 50% of people eat fertilizer-grown food. However, using too much synthetic fertilizer can harm the environment and deplete soil quality long term.
This document discusses fertilizers and pesticides. It defines fertilizers as chemicals or natural substances added to soil to increase fertility. It describes the main categories of fertilizers - organic (such as compost, manure, guano) and inorganic (nitrogen, phosphate, potassium). It outlines the importance and negative effects of both organic and inorganic fertilizers. The document also defines pesticides as substances used to destroy organisms harmful to plants or animals. It describes different types of pesticides and their uses and health and environmental effects. Finally, it provides ways to prevent harm from pesticides.
Agriculture pollution notes BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses various topics related to eutrophication and fertilizers. It begins by defining eutrophication and describing the six stages of the eutrophication process. It then defines fertilizer and discusses the differences between organic and inorganic fertilizers in terms of their composition and methods of application. The document also discusses limitations of organic and inorganic fertilizers, defines crop residue, and lists benefits of nutrient management plans and positive impacts of fertilizer use. It concludes by describing integrated pest management strategies and soil conservation practices.
IMPLICATIONS OF FERTILIZER USE VIS-À-VIS ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONmunishsharma0255
This document discusses the implications of fertilizer use on environmental pollution in India. It provides background on India's increasing fertilizer usage to boost agricultural productivity since the Green Revolution. While fertilizers have significantly increased food production, contributing to over half of overall production gains, their overuse can pollute the environment. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers can leach into groundwater or run off into water bodies, lowering water quality and causing eutrophication. The document examines fertilizer usage and composition trends in India as well as their effects on soil, water, air quality, and human and crop health.
This study examines the ecotoxicological effects of wastes and fertilizers on various target organisms. Experiments were conducted on earthworms, ornamental fish (tiger barb), marigold plants, and capsicum plants. The earthworm experiment observed mortality and reproduction under different fly ash concentrations. The fish experiment observed mortality under different concentrations of domestic wastewater. The marigold experiment observed growth under different fertilizer doses. The capsicum experiment observed growth under different fly ash proportions. The results found that fly ash up to 25% and wastewater up to 7ml/L had minimal effects, but higher concentrations inhibited growth or increased mortality. Excessive fertilizers also inhibited plant growth and soil cultivability
Water pollution adversely affects aquatic life. Fishes are particularly impacted and die from pesticide pollution from nearby farms. Large quantities of untreated wastes from leather and other industries also pollute water bodies. Sewage discharge near coasts can poison shellfish and make swimming unsafe. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down pollutants into less toxic forms and helps clean contaminated ponds, soils and water. It has benefits over other remediation methods like being natural, lower cost, and less disruptive to the environment. Both in situ and ex situ bioremediation can be used to treat different types of contamination.
Here are some potential options for the polluted sand besides dumping in a landfill:
- The sand could be used in phytoremediation. Plants that are known to absorb and break down fats and oils could be grown in the sand to remediate the butter pollution. Once cleaned, the sand could be reused.
- The sand could undergo bioremediation. By providing the right nutrients and environmental conditions, microbes in the sand could break down the butterfat pollution over time. The sand may then be suitable for reuse.
- The solid butter scraped from roads could potentially undergo anaerobic digestion to break it down into biogas and fertilizer. This would reduce its volume and toxicity before landfilling.
The document discusses bioremediation techniques for treating fish processing waste. It provides background on the large quantities of solid waste and wastewater generated by fish processing plants. Both aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation techniques can be used, including intrinsic and accelerated bioremediation which use indigenous or added microorganisms. Specific in situ techniques mentioned are bioventing, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. Essential factors for effective microbial bioremediation include suitable microbial populations, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Bioremediation is seen as a cost effective and environmentally friendly way to treat fish processing waste and other pollutants.
Environmental Pollution in Agriculture: Factors & Strategies for MitigationMdAbdullahAlAslam
Agricultural pollution is a major contributor to environmental degradation, accounting for 58% of water pollution according to the FAO. Pollution occurs from pesticides, fertilizers, machinery exhaust, and agricultural waste, and has wide-ranging effects. Water pollution kills organisms and disrupts food chains, potentially causing sickness or death in humans and reducing fish populations. Soil pollution decreases fertility and nutrients, lowering crop yields. Air pollution reduces oxygen and causes health issues. Mitigation strategies include using less fertilizer and pesticides, adopting green manure, drainage management, solar energy, conservation tillage, and solid waste management.
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
This document discusses xenobiotics, which are artificial substances that pollute the environment and food chain. Some sources of xenobiotics are pharmaceutical industries, chemical industries, agriculture, and city waste. Xenobiotics accumulate as they move up the food chain and can contaminate crops, vegetables, fruit, and water sources. Both direct and indirect human contamination from xenobiotics is discussed. Indirect contamination can occur through consumption of contaminated plants, animals, or water. Direct contamination can happen from drinking polluted water. The risks of xenobiotics include abnormalities, infertility, cancer, and development of resistant bacteria strains. More research is still needed on the health and environmental effects.
Fertilizers and pesticides are important for agriculture but can harm the environment if overused. Fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are either natural (leaves, manure) or artificial (ammonium sulfate, urea). While fertilizers increase crop yields, excessive use leads to water pollution from nutrient runoff and eutrophication. Pesticides are chemicals that kill insects, weeds and other pests, but can accumulate in animals and humans in toxic amounts. Their overuse also kills beneficial organisms and develops pest resistance. Biofertilizers from microorganisms are a more environmentally friendly alternative to supplement chemical fertilizers. Proper application of fertilizers and pesticides is
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants and clean contaminated sites. It describes different types of bioremediation including microbial remediation, which uses bacteria and fungi, and phytoremediation, which uses plants. The goals, methods, applications, advantages and limitations of bioremediation are summarized. Key bioremediation techniques mentioned are bioventing, land-farming, bioaugmentation, and biopiles.
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to remove pollution from soil, water, and air. There are two types of bioremediation - in situ, which treats pollution at the site, and ex situ, which treats pollution off site. In situ bioremediation can be intrinsic, using native microbes, or engineered, by adding nutrients or microbes. Ex situ involves removing contaminated material and treating it through methods like slurry phase bioremediation, which mixes soil and water, or solid phase bioremediation using land farming or piles. Bioremediation is effective but performance is difficult to evaluate and volatile organic compounds remain challenging to degrade.
This document discusses various engineering strategies for bioremediation. It begins by outlining the importance of site characterization, pollutant characterization, and geohydrochemical characterization. It then discusses approaches like biotreatability tests, bioaugmentation, biopiling, biosparging, and different ex-situ techniques like land farming and composting. The key factors that affect bioremediation like nutrient requirements, oxygen supply, and mass transfer are also summarized.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. It can be used to treat sites contaminated with organic compounds by stimulating bacteria and fungi that are naturally present or introduced. The microbes use the contaminants for food and break them down into simpler, less toxic substances. Two types of bioremediation are discussed - in situ, which treats contaminants on-site without removing soil, and ex situ, which treats removed soil. Specific in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging, and biostimulation. The document also summarizes a study that used a fungal consortium to treat wastewater from a pulp and paper mill, significantly
Bioremediation - prospects for the future application of innovative appliedIvan Vera Montenegro
1) Bioremediation uses biological processes to eliminate, attenuate, or transform polluting substances. Traditional techniques like biopiling and landfarming rely on microbial degradation of contaminants in soil. Phytoremediation uses plants and their rhizospheres to uptake or degrade contaminants.
2) Phytobial remediation combines phytoremediation and bioremediation by using microbes like Trichoderma harzianum colonized in plant roots to efficiently degrade toxicants while providing an energy source from plant root exudates.
3) Initial experiments found T. harzianum could detoxify cyanides and metallocyanides in soil, allowing plant
slow release fertilizer in crop productionirfan mohammad
Slow release chemical fertilizers release nutrients at a gradual rate that matches plant uptake, improving fertilizer use efficiency. They include fertilizers coated with polymers, resins or sulfur to delay solubility. Others contain organic compounds of nitrogen that break down slowly. Coatings and compounds can prolong nutrient release from weeks to months. Research shows slow release fertilizers reduce losses from leaching and gas emissions, requiring less frequent application than soluble fertilizers.
Major phosphorus in soils is unavailable, yet critical for plant development. Phosphorus makes up about 0.2% of a plant's dry weight and is essential for processes like photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer. However, 85-95% of phosphorus in soils is unavailable to plants due to chemical reactions that bind phosphorus to metals like aluminum, iron and calcium, forming insoluble compounds. Microbes like bacteria and fungi can solubilize phosphorus through secretion of organic acids and other compounds. Factors like soil pH and temperature influence phosphorus availability. A better understanding of phosphorus dynamics in soils and rhizosphere is needed to improve phosphorus management and efficiency.
The document discusses soil pollution from various sources. It begins by defining soil and its components. Soil pollution is then defined as a decrease in soil quality from natural or human-caused sources. Various human activities are listed as factors contributing to soil pollution, including excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, industrial and urban waste, and land use changes. Specific issues affecting China, India, Europe, and other regions are then outlined. The main types of soil pollutants like physical, biological, airborne, and chemical agents are described. Remediation methods for soil pollution include in-situ and ex-situ techniques.
Agriculture pollution notes BY Muhammad Fahad Ansari 12IEEM14fahadansari131
The document discusses various topics related to eutrophication and fertilizers. It begins by defining eutrophication and describing the six stages of the eutrophication process. It then defines fertilizer and discusses the differences between organic and inorganic fertilizers in terms of their composition and methods of application. The document also discusses limitations of organic and inorganic fertilizers, defines crop residue, and lists benefits of nutrient management plans and positive impacts of fertilizer use. It concludes by describing integrated pest management strategies and soil conservation practices.
IMPLICATIONS OF FERTILIZER USE VIS-À-VIS ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTIONmunishsharma0255
This document discusses the implications of fertilizer use on environmental pollution in India. It provides background on India's increasing fertilizer usage to boost agricultural productivity since the Green Revolution. While fertilizers have significantly increased food production, contributing to over half of overall production gains, their overuse can pollute the environment. Excess nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizers can leach into groundwater or run off into water bodies, lowering water quality and causing eutrophication. The document examines fertilizer usage and composition trends in India as well as their effects on soil, water, air quality, and human and crop health.
This study examines the ecotoxicological effects of wastes and fertilizers on various target organisms. Experiments were conducted on earthworms, ornamental fish (tiger barb), marigold plants, and capsicum plants. The earthworm experiment observed mortality and reproduction under different fly ash concentrations. The fish experiment observed mortality under different concentrations of domestic wastewater. The marigold experiment observed growth under different fertilizer doses. The capsicum experiment observed growth under different fly ash proportions. The results found that fly ash up to 25% and wastewater up to 7ml/L had minimal effects, but higher concentrations inhibited growth or increased mortality. Excessive fertilizers also inhibited plant growth and soil cultivability
Water pollution adversely affects aquatic life. Fishes are particularly impacted and die from pesticide pollution from nearby farms. Large quantities of untreated wastes from leather and other industries also pollute water bodies. Sewage discharge near coasts can poison shellfish and make swimming unsafe. Bioremediation uses microorganisms to break down pollutants into less toxic forms and helps clean contaminated ponds, soils and water. It has benefits over other remediation methods like being natural, lower cost, and less disruptive to the environment. Both in situ and ex situ bioremediation can be used to treat different types of contamination.
Here are some potential options for the polluted sand besides dumping in a landfill:
- The sand could be used in phytoremediation. Plants that are known to absorb and break down fats and oils could be grown in the sand to remediate the butter pollution. Once cleaned, the sand could be reused.
- The sand could undergo bioremediation. By providing the right nutrients and environmental conditions, microbes in the sand could break down the butterfat pollution over time. The sand may then be suitable for reuse.
- The solid butter scraped from roads could potentially undergo anaerobic digestion to break it down into biogas and fertilizer. This would reduce its volume and toxicity before landfilling.
The document discusses bioremediation techniques for treating fish processing waste. It provides background on the large quantities of solid waste and wastewater generated by fish processing plants. Both aerobic and anaerobic bioremediation techniques can be used, including intrinsic and accelerated bioremediation which use indigenous or added microorganisms. Specific in situ techniques mentioned are bioventing, biostimulation, and bioaugmentation. Essential factors for effective microbial bioremediation include suitable microbial populations, oxygen, water, nutrients, temperature, and pH. Bioremediation is seen as a cost effective and environmentally friendly way to treat fish processing waste and other pollutants.
Environmental Pollution in Agriculture: Factors & Strategies for MitigationMdAbdullahAlAslam
Agricultural pollution is a major contributor to environmental degradation, accounting for 58% of water pollution according to the FAO. Pollution occurs from pesticides, fertilizers, machinery exhaust, and agricultural waste, and has wide-ranging effects. Water pollution kills organisms and disrupts food chains, potentially causing sickness or death in humans and reducing fish populations. Soil pollution decreases fertility and nutrients, lowering crop yields. Air pollution reduces oxygen and causes health issues. Mitigation strategies include using less fertilizer and pesticides, adopting green manure, drainage management, solar energy, conservation tillage, and solid waste management.
• Bioremediation – process of cleaning up environmental sites contaminated with chemical pollutants by using living organisms to degrade hazardous materials into less toxic substances
This document discusses xenobiotics, which are artificial substances that pollute the environment and food chain. Some sources of xenobiotics are pharmaceutical industries, chemical industries, agriculture, and city waste. Xenobiotics accumulate as they move up the food chain and can contaminate crops, vegetables, fruit, and water sources. Both direct and indirect human contamination from xenobiotics is discussed. Indirect contamination can occur through consumption of contaminated plants, animals, or water. Direct contamination can happen from drinking polluted water. The risks of xenobiotics include abnormalities, infertility, cancer, and development of resistant bacteria strains. More research is still needed on the health and environmental effects.
Fertilizers and pesticides are important for agriculture but can harm the environment if overused. Fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are either natural (leaves, manure) or artificial (ammonium sulfate, urea). While fertilizers increase crop yields, excessive use leads to water pollution from nutrient runoff and eutrophication. Pesticides are chemicals that kill insects, weeds and other pests, but can accumulate in animals and humans in toxic amounts. Their overuse also kills beneficial organisms and develops pest resistance. Biofertilizers from microorganisms are a more environmentally friendly alternative to supplement chemical fertilizers. Proper application of fertilizers and pesticides is
The document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down environmental pollutants and clean contaminated sites. It describes different types of bioremediation including microbial remediation, which uses bacteria and fungi, and phytoremediation, which uses plants. The goals, methods, applications, advantages and limitations of bioremediation are summarized. Key bioremediation techniques mentioned are bioventing, land-farming, bioaugmentation, and biopiles.
This document provides information about bioremediation. It begins with an introduction defining bioremediation as using microorganisms to degrade hazardous chemicals into less toxic forms. It then discusses the types of microorganisms involved, including Pseudomonas genus and Xenobiotics-degrading microorganisms. Several examples of pollutants and degrading microorganisms are given. The mechanisms of bioremediation include aerobic and anaerobic transformations such as respiration, fermentation, and methane fermentation. Factors affecting bioremediation like moisture, nutrients, oxygen levels, pH, temperature, and pollutant characteristics are outlined. Methods of bioremediation include in-situ and ex-situ techniques
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to remove pollution from soil, water, and air. There are two types of bioremediation - in situ, which treats pollution at the site, and ex situ, which treats pollution off site. In situ bioremediation can be intrinsic, using native microbes, or engineered, by adding nutrients or microbes. Ex situ involves removing contaminated material and treating it through methods like slurry phase bioremediation, which mixes soil and water, or solid phase bioremediation using land farming or piles. Bioremediation is effective but performance is difficult to evaluate and volatile organic compounds remain challenging to degrade.
This document discusses various engineering strategies for bioremediation. It begins by outlining the importance of site characterization, pollutant characterization, and geohydrochemical characterization. It then discusses approaches like biotreatability tests, bioaugmentation, biopiling, biosparging, and different ex-situ techniques like land farming and composting. The key factors that affect bioremediation like nutrient requirements, oxygen supply, and mass transfer are also summarized.
This document discusses bioremediation, which uses microorganisms to break down contaminants in soil and water. It can be used to treat sites contaminated with organic compounds by stimulating bacteria and fungi that are naturally present or introduced. The microbes use the contaminants for food and break them down into simpler, less toxic substances. Two types of bioremediation are discussed - in situ, which treats contaminants on-site without removing soil, and ex situ, which treats removed soil. Specific in situ techniques include bioventing, biosparging, and biostimulation. The document also summarizes a study that used a fungal consortium to treat wastewater from a pulp and paper mill, significantly
Bioremediation - prospects for the future application of innovative appliedIvan Vera Montenegro
1) Bioremediation uses biological processes to eliminate, attenuate, or transform polluting substances. Traditional techniques like biopiling and landfarming rely on microbial degradation of contaminants in soil. Phytoremediation uses plants and their rhizospheres to uptake or degrade contaminants.
2) Phytobial remediation combines phytoremediation and bioremediation by using microbes like Trichoderma harzianum colonized in plant roots to efficiently degrade toxicants while providing an energy source from plant root exudates.
3) Initial experiments found T. harzianum could detoxify cyanides and metallocyanides in soil, allowing plant
slow release fertilizer in crop productionirfan mohammad
Slow release chemical fertilizers release nutrients at a gradual rate that matches plant uptake, improving fertilizer use efficiency. They include fertilizers coated with polymers, resins or sulfur to delay solubility. Others contain organic compounds of nitrogen that break down slowly. Coatings and compounds can prolong nutrient release from weeks to months. Research shows slow release fertilizers reduce losses from leaching and gas emissions, requiring less frequent application than soluble fertilizers.
Major phosphorus in soils is unavailable, yet critical for plant development. Phosphorus makes up about 0.2% of a plant's dry weight and is essential for processes like photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer. However, 85-95% of phosphorus in soils is unavailable to plants due to chemical reactions that bind phosphorus to metals like aluminum, iron and calcium, forming insoluble compounds. Microbes like bacteria and fungi can solubilize phosphorus through secretion of organic acids and other compounds. Factors like soil pH and temperature influence phosphorus availability. A better understanding of phosphorus dynamics in soils and rhizosphere is needed to improve phosphorus management and efficiency.
The document discusses soil pollution from various sources. It begins by defining soil and its components. Soil pollution is then defined as a decrease in soil quality from natural or human-caused sources. Various human activities are listed as factors contributing to soil pollution, including excessive fertilizer and pesticide use, industrial and urban waste, and land use changes. Specific issues affecting China, India, Europe, and other regions are then outlined. The main types of soil pollutants like physical, biological, airborne, and chemical agents are described. Remediation methods for soil pollution include in-situ and ex-situ techniques.
This document provides a summary of a presentation on pesticides and fertilizer pollution in agriculture. It begins with an introduction to modern agricultural practices and increasing use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It then discusses several impacts of overusing these agrochemicals, including soil and water pollution, reduced soil fertility, effects on human health, and impacts on the environment and biodiversity. The presentation examines alternatives to chemical pesticides and fertilizers such as organic manures, biofertilizers, slow-release fertilizers, and cultural pest control methods. It also provides examples of research studies on issues related to overuse of agrochemicals.
Definition Cause, effects and control measures of :- a. Air pollution b. Water pollution c. Soil pollution d. Marine pollution e. Noise
pollution f. Thermal pollution g. Nuclear hazards Solid waste Management : Causes, effects and control measures of urban and industrial
wastes. Role of an individual in prevention of pollution. Pollution case studies.
Soil contamination occurs when contaminants are present in soil above safe levels, deteriorating soil functions. It occurs through point pollution from specific events or diffuse pollution of low contaminant levels spread widely. Human activities are the main source, such as industry, agriculture, and waste. Contamination decreases soil biodiversity, stability, and decomposition, increasing erosion risk. It harms biomass production, nutrient storage and filtering, and gene pool diversity. Soil pollution contains toxic chemicals that pose health or ecosystem risks, and is mainly caused by improper waste disposal and industrial/agricultural activities. Common pollutants include heavy metals, pesticides, and polyaromatic hydrocarbons.
Soil pollution occurs through direct sources like waste disposal and indirect sources like acid rain. It harms soil quality and plant/animal health. Common direct causes are poor management of domestic, industrial, and agricultural waste, as well as soil erosion. Indirect causes include acid rain and radioactive waste disposal. Pesticides, faulty agricultural practices, and industrial/domestic solid wastes are major pollution sources. Effects include reduced fertility, water contamination, and release of toxic gases. Control methods center around reducing waste, using natural fertilizers and pesticides, afforestation, legislation, proper disposal, and soil remediation.
The document defines biological sickness of soils as an unfavorable condition for plant and microbe growth caused by biological problems that hinder decomposition and nutrient transformation. It discusses several types of biological sickness including low soil organic carbon, reduced soil respiration, lack of earthworms, and poor soil enzyme activity. The document then provides management practices for each type of sickness, such as no-till farming, manure application, and soil pH management, to improve soil biological conditions.
Bioremediation of Chlorpyrifos Contaminated Soil by MicroorganismIJEAB
India is agricultural based country where 70% of the population survives on it. In order to increase the production of field various pesticides are used. Chlorpyrifos (O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphorothioate) is an organophosphate pesticide which is widely used as insecticide for crop protection. But due to its persistent nature into the environment, it is leading to various hazards including neurotoxic effects, cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases. Bioremediation is a technology to eliminate chlorpyrifos efficiently from the environment. In bioremediation of chlorpyrifos the potential degradative microorganisms possess opd (organophosphate degrading) gene which hydrolyses the chlorpyrifos and utilizes it as a sole carbon source.Thus the present review discusses about how through bioremediation the pesticide chlorpyrifos can be degraded using potential soil microorganisms.
IRJET - An Overview Of Agricultural Pollution: An Emerging IssueIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of agricultural pollution as an emerging issue. It discusses various sources of agricultural pollution including fertilizers, pesticides, contaminated water, soil erosion, livestock, weeds and pests. Effects of agricultural pollution include health issues, impacts on aquatic animals, eutrophication, soil pollution and depletion of soil fertility, and water pollution. Prevention methods center around proper management of fertilizer application, manure, and adoption of organic farming practices.
Pesticides play a vital role in agricultural production by controlling pests and increasing crop yields, though they can also negatively impact the environment if not properly disposed of. The document discusses methods for disposing of and treating pesticide waste, including land cultivation, which uses soil microbes to break down pesticides over time, and composting, where microbes decompose biodegradable pesticide compounds. The conclusion evaluates different disposal and treatment methods based on criteria like detoxification ability and cost to determine suitable options for on-farm use.
The document discusses different causes of soil pollution, including human activities like excessive use of pesticides, fertilizers, and plastics. Pesticide use can contaminate soils and enter the food chain, potentially causing health issues. Long term fertilizer use can acidify soils and contaminate them. Plastic waste in soils makes them less fertile, and releases toxic chemicals when burned that pollute the soil and water sources. Soil pollution degrades soil quality and makes the soil uninhabitable for organisms.
This document provides training material on composting and vermicomposting. It discusses the impact of current sanitation practices, the differences between chemical and organic fertilizers, and various biological degradation processes like anaerobic digestion, aerobic digestion, composting, and vermicomposting. It also addresses factors that affect composting like carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture, temperature, aeration, surface area, and pH. The document aims to educate on converting human waste into organic fertilizer through appropriate treatment methods.
Training Material on Composting and Vermicompostingx3G9
This document provides training material on composting and vermicomposting. It discusses the impacts of current sanitation practices, the differences between chemical and organic fertilizers, the processes of composting and vermicomposting, and design considerations for composting systems. The key topics covered include the roles of nutrients for plant growth, the impacts of chemical fertilizers on soil and water, how composting and vermicomposting convert organic wastes into nutrient-rich fertilizer, and factors that affect the composting process such as carbon-nitrogen ratio, moisture, temperature, and aeration.
IRJET - An Overview of Agricultural Pollution: An Emerging IssueIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of agricultural pollution as an emerging issue. It discusses several key sources of agricultural pollution including fertilizers, pesticides, contaminated water, soil erosion, livestock, weeds and pests. The effects of agricultural pollution are outlined such as health issues, impacts on aquatic animals, eutrophication, soil pollution and depletion of soil fertility, and water pollution. Prevention methods like proper fertilizer application, planting grasses/trees as buffers, composting animal waste, and organic farming are presented to reduce pollution from agricultural activities.
Distillery Wastewater: it's Impact on Environment and Remedies_ Crimson Publi...CrimsonpublishersEAES
Distillery Wastewater: it's Impact on Environment and Remedies by Pankaj Chowdhary, Nawaz Khan and Ram Naresh Bharagava* in Environmental Analysis & Ecology Studies
This document discusses organic farming technology in Japan. It provides background on the development of organic farming practices over the past 50 years in response to issues with chemical-intensive agriculture. The core principles and practices of organic farming are described, including soil enrichment through compost and bokashi fertilizers, crop rotation, and natural pest and disease control. Specific techniques for producing high-quality compost and bokashi fertilizers from locally available materials are outlined.
Biology project on Causes of loss of biodiversitynaren25106
The document is a project study on the causes of biodiversity loss. It discusses several key factors that contribute to loss of biodiversity, including pollution, habitat loss, hunting, overexploitation of species, climate change, invasive species, and natural disasters. Pollution such as air, water, soil, light, and noise pollution negatively impact ecosystems. Habitat loss from activities like deforestation, agriculture, and urbanization fragments and destroys natural habitats. Overhunting and overexploitation of plant and animal species can drive them to extinction. Climate change also threatens biodiversity by disrupting ecosystems. Invasive species introduced by human activities can outcompete native species. Finally, natural disasters such as floods, wildfires,
This document provides an overview of soil pollution. It begins with an introduction that defines soil pollution and its impacts. The main causes of soil pollution are then outlined as industrial activity, agriculture, waste disposal, oil spills, and acid rain. The consequences of soil pollution are described as crop contamination, water pollution, reduced agricultural productivity, harm to wildlife, health risks, and ecosystem disruption. Methods to prevent soil pollution include proper waste management, separate waste collection, recycling, and safe disposal of hazardous materials. The document also discusses the effects of soil pollution on nature, flora and fauna, various chemical pollutants, classifications of soil pollution, and techniques for remediating polluted soils.
Earthworms Vermicompost - A Powerful Crop Nutrient over the Conventional Compost & Protective Soil Conditioner; Gardening Guidebook for Australia www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Griffith University ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Similar to 31 .Agro environment A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan (20)
49. Energy Sources ( Production of biodiesel from jatropha) A Series of Prese...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Jatropha is a plant that can be used to produce biodiesel. Mr. Allah Dad Khan, an agriculture consultant and adviser from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, gave a presentation on jatropha production for biodiesel. The presentation discussed using jatropha to produce an alternative fuel source.
47. Energy Sources ( Jatropha oil as bio -diesel ) A Series of Presentation t...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Jatropha oil has potential as a biodiesel source. Mr. Allah Dad Khan, an agriculture consultant and adviser in KPK Pakistan, gave a presentation on jatropha oil as bio diesel. The presentation discussed jatropha oil's viability as an alternative energy source for fuel.
36. Energy sources (Nuclear energy ) A Series of Presentation to Class By Mr...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Nuclear energy is a promising source of clean energy that can help address energy demands and climate change issues. However, it also carries risks from radioactive waste and potential safety issues from accidents that must be carefully managed. Overall, if developed responsibly with strong safety protocols, nuclear power could make an important zero-carbon contribution to the global energy mix.
32. Energy Sources ( Energy sources the fuel) A Series of Presentation to ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
The document discusses various sources of energy, dividing them into conventional and non-conventional sources. Conventional sources include fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and natural gas. These are used in thermal power plants to produce electricity. Hydro power plants use the kinetic energy of flowing water for electricity. Non-conventional sources include solar, wind, biomass, tidal, geothermal and nuclear energy. These provide alternatives to fossil fuels and many are renewable but also have challenges like cost, land use or waste disposal.
17. Energy sources ( Tidal energy waves facts) A Series of Presentation to ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tidal energy has the potential to be a renewable source of energy. Mr. Allah Dad Khan, an agriculture consultant and adviser in KPK Pakistan, gave a presentation about tidal energy and waves. The presentation provided facts about harnessing the power of tides and waves for energy production.
15. Energy sources ( Fourteen main advantages and disadvantages of tidal en...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Tidal energy is a renewable source of energy that harnesses the power of tides. It has several advantages, including being renewable as tides are driven by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun, being a green energy source that doesn't emit greenhouse gases, and having a predictable output. However, tidal energy also has disadvantages such as potentially impacting the environment, only being available when tides are surging for around 10 hours per day so requiring effective energy storage, and being an expensive new technology that is not yet cost-effective.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
For more information about PECB:
Website: https://pecb.com/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/pecb/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/PECBInternational/
Slideshare: http://www.slideshare.net/PECBCERTIFICATION
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
Your Skill Boost Masterclass: Strategies for Effective Upskilling
31 .Agro environment A Presentation By Mr Allah Dad Khan
1.
2. A Lecture By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan
Visiting Professor
The University Of Agriculture
Peshawar
3. ( 1 ) Pesticide pollution
Migration, proliferation, residues, aggregation behavior
will pollute the atmosphere, water and soil and is harmful
to the organisms
The organisms accumulate gradually in vivo by the
food chain,which make the top of the food chain
organisms (including humans) with higher pesticide
content in vivo
It makes ecosystems lose their balance, cause the
system’s structure variation and function decline, and loss
biodiversity.
4. Figure 20-2 The cycle of pesticide in the environment ( Li and Fleck, 1972 )
5. ① Organochlorine pesticides
Chlorinated aromatic derivatives,including BHC, Dieldrin,and
DDT etc.
Stable structure,difficult to be oxidized, difficult to be
dissociated ,high toxic, easy to be dissociated in organic solvents,
particularly in adipose tissue, and is high efficient, high toxic,and
high pesticide residue
It accumulates in the organisms’ fat and liver by the food chain in
a large number, harms the nerve center,casues liver enzyme
changing, has pathological changes by violating the kidney, and the
toxicity is difficult to degrade.
It has been forbidden to use since 1983, but the accumulation of
pesticides in the past, will continue to play a role in quite a long time
6. ② Organophosphorus pesticide
Most containing phosphorus organic compounds are phosphate
or amides, such as DDVP, 1605, malathion and kitazine etc.
Highly toxic, easy to break down,the time of residue in the
environment is short,not easy to accumulate in plants and
animals,so it is often considered safe pesticides
But it’s high toxicity to humans and animals,it can inhibit the
acetylcholine esterase, lipase and serine proteases aliphatic in the
body to disrupt normal nerve function, causing disorders of
biochemical processes in vivo with the symptoms as vomiting,
diarrhea, fecal incontinence and blood pressure rising, eventually
leading to death. Therefore, its environment toxicity still can not be
ignored.
7. ③ Carbamate pesticides
With phenyl-N-alkyl ester’s structure, the same as organic
phosphorus pesticides,they all have a role in anti-cholinesterase, the
same in poisoning symptoms, but there are differences in the
mechanism
It is easy to decompose in the natural environment, and can be
metabolized rapidly in vivo. Usually the metabolites have more
toxicity than their own, and are low-residue pesticides.
Some species have acute toxicity, such as furadan, its oral LD50
is 8-14mg/Kg,and it is a high toxic pesticide
This kind of pesticides may have the potential to cause
carcinoma and teratogenesis.
8. ( 2 ) Fertilizer pollution
It play a considerable role in agricultural production, but if
applying improperly it may be seriously cause the impact and
harm to the soil, air, water, agricultural products, and the
whole ecosystem.
Ecosystem pollution is a multi-media environment pollution
and contaminants in various environment media have physical,
chemical and biological processes.So the pollutants in multi-
media environment demonstrate relevance, transferability and
cycle. ( figure 20-3)
9. Figure 20-3 Migration transformation rule of chemical fertilizer nutrient element in the environment
11. ② Phosphate fertilizer pollution
Phosphate fertilizer is not to be volatiled and weted.It has
less effect to the atmospheric and ground water. However,it
usually contains a variety of heavy metal and has potential
impact to the soil and crops.
In our phosphate rock, the amount of its fluoride
containing is basically proportional to the phosphate
containing, resulting increasing the fluoride content in the
soil
Phosphate fertilizer also contains trace amounts of
natural radioactive elements. Especially in surrounding of
the phosphate rock, there is a potential danger of radioactive
pollution,and it is also polluting the environment in
production process, transportation, and the trial process.
12. ③ Potassium fertilizer and
microelement fertilizer pollution
With the development of agricultural production, potash
fertilizer and trace fertilizer are used widely. But if it is used
improperly,it may still harm to the environment
It may easy to destroy soil structure resulting in soil
compaction,if improper use of potassium sulfate;It may
accumulate the chloride ion in the soil, destroy soil structure, and
reduce the quality and yield of some crops ,if potassium chloride
is used improperly.
Excessive trace elements could easily pollute the soil poisoning
the crops, affecting the yield and quality
13. ( 3 ) Poultry excrement pollution
Large -scale livestock breeding base takes great pollution to the
environment
According to the statistics,the amount of livestock manure is
more than 2.5 billion ton in China in year 2000,and is much more
than the total national industrial solid waster
Take a sample of the Hangzhou Bay,which has the most
pollution in Yangtze River region. Its pollution is mainly caused
by agricultural pollution,especially pesticides, fertilizers and
poultry excrement pollution.
Research shows that poultry excrement is the main renson
which causing the pollution indicators of Hangzhou Bay exceeding
the standard seriously.(see table20-1) At the same time, the
pollution proportion is trending to increase(see table 20-2).
14. Table 20-1 The proportion of main sources of pollution indicators of Hangzhou Bay in
year 1994 ( unit : % )
pollution
source
livestock
manure
agricultur
e
fertilizers
industrial
pollution
domestic
pollutant
other
pollution
inorganic
nitrogen
35 40 5 10 10
total
phosphoru
s
21 6 0 14 59
BOD 18 0 17 22 43
Notes : quoted from Yang Chaofei , 2001
15. Table 20-2 The proportion of main sources of pollution indicators of Hangzhou Bay in
year 2013
( unit : % )
pollution
source
livestock
manure
agriculture
fertilizers
industrial
pollution
domestic
pollutant
other
pollution
inorganic
nitrogen
49 32 4 7 8
total
phosphorus
29 10 7 24 30
BOD 29 0 17 24 30
Notes : quoted from Yang Chaofei , 2001
16. The reason of why the faeces cause the pollution is that it has
high concentrations of pollutants,and also contains large amounts
of protein nitrogen, albuminoid nitrogen ,ammonia nitrogen and
many phosphorus and a large number of pathogens (see table 20-
3)
When the faeces was directly discharged into the
environment without treatment,it may :
Pollute the soil and groundwater
Pollute the surface water, even the drinking water and
endangering human health
Stench pollution of the livestock’s faeces
18. ( 4 ) Biological pollution
① Biology invasion
The harm caused by biology invasion to the agricultural
ecological environment and natural resources damage is
irreversible,and it accelerates biodiversity loss and species
extinction
Once the success alien species invasion, it will be very difficult
to eradicate, and it will be expensive to control the damage.
The direct economy loss caused by biological invasion is 122.6
billion U.S. dollars annually in America.
The economy loss caused by several main invasive species is
54.7 billion Yuan per year,in China
19. ② Transgenic organism
As unnatural evolution products, it has been
widely disputed for its potential impact in human
health and ecological environment safety since the
success of recombinant DNA technology.
Some experts believe that transgene crops or its
wild relatives species can be changed to "super"
weeds; may cause gene escape, resulting in "super
virus"; danger to biological diversity; may
adversely affect to human health
20. 20.1.2 Agro-ecosystems damage
( 1 ) The reduction of biodiversity
On one hand ,agricultural production activities such
as farming, the use of pesticide and fertilizer and
plant and animal genetic improvement in agriculture
improves the productivity ,on the other hand it also
impacts the biological diversity in agricultural
ecosystems. Figure 20-5 shows the components and
functions of biological diversity in agricultural
ecosystems
21. Figure 20-5 Component and function of biodiversity in agro-ecosystems
Notes : quoted from Chenxin,etc , 2002
22. ( 2 ) Soil degradation
It is a phenomena and process,which the soil environment
quality and carrying ability decline rapidly caused by human’s
improper development and utilization in natural environment.
In the early stage of reclamation soil, it only destroys the
balance of the natural vegetation and fertility of the soil and
the vegetation can also be restored by abandonment of
cultivated land and the fertility can be restored by use organic
manure.
But overuse of soil may cause the soil erosion,
desertification, salinization, swampiness and soil fertility
decline and other soil degradation phenomenon . Figure 20-6 is
the classification of soil degradation
24. 20.2 Agro - environmental management and practice
20.2.1 Agricultural environmental management system
(1) Agricultural environmental management agency
Our national first-level environment division is Environment
Protection Energy department of agriculture ministry.Meanwhile
Agriculture Ministry sets up Environment Protection Committee
to organize and coordinate environmental protection work in
various sectors of agriculture.The corresponding environment
management institution has also been set up in the agricultural
sector of each province, autonomous region and municipality.
26. 20.2.2 Agricultural environmental management approach
Figure 20-8 The classification of agricultural environmental management measures
27. 20.2.3 Agricultural environmental
management policy
(1) Environment management in the constructing process in small towns
a. industrialization makes agriculture lose the resources in process of urbanization
land occupation
the loss of high-quality workforce
the of resources
28. Table 20-4 The environment problem in small town construction
② The environment problem in small town construction
Main problem Cause
Production
problem
Occupy land in large number Abuse arable land, unreasonable land
planning ,large waste of land resources
Serious pollution of township
form
High energy consumption, high pollution,
increasing emissions, as the main
pollution source of small town
Ecological damage Many unreasonable conduct in
construction, resulting in the rapid decay
of natural resources even to depletion
Live problem Serious water pollution Lack appropriate sewage disposal system,
poor infrastructure
Solid waste pollution No facility for garbage to pile up
29. ③ Environment measures to
small towns construction
Adhere to balance the construction and ecological
protection, enlarge environment planning for the small
town
Adhere to innovate in Intermediated Financing
pluralistic system, enlarge investment in small-town
environment protection
Adhere to the sustainable development strategy,
enlarge the ecological environment construction of
small town
30. ( 2 ) Reform of agricultural production mode
Agricultural industrialization is the new reform of agricultural production mode
figure 20-9 The agricultural production mode change meaning to the environment
31. 20.3 Ecological agriculture
20.3.1 Basic principles of Chinese eco-agriculture construction
20.3.2 Technology type of ecological agriculture
Figure 20-10 Mulberry-Dyke-Fish-Pond—Schematic diagram of water and land exchange production
systems
( quoted from the State Environmental Protection Administration , Chinese Eco-Agriculture , 1
32. 20.3.3 Typical technology and environmental
protection
( 1 ) Main techniques and environment effects of material cycles in ecological agricu
system
Figure20-11 Main practical technology and environmental benefits
33. ( 2 ) In-system matter cycle process
Figure 20-12 Cycle model of Guquan ecological farm
( quoted from the State Environmental Protection Administration , 1991 )
34. ( 3 ) Ecological agricultural system and environment of
circular use of materials
Biogas is central link of system energy conversion, material
recycling and comprehensive utilization of organic fertilizers, is the
tie combining the primary producers, primary consumers and
decomposers
As the figure 20-13a,the energy substance is not fully used and
just used a part of it in the agricultural cycle without biogas.
The cycle becomes perfect and improves the utilization of
energy substance after using the biogas (see figure 20-13b).It
reduces the harm to the resource environment and is conducive to
agricultural environment protection
35. a. The traditional agricultural circulation ( incomplete circulation )
b. Virtuous circle of ecological agriculture system
Figure 20-13 Comparison figure of two agricultural circulation
36. ( 4 ) Ecological agricultural system energy analysis
of circular use of materials
The energy input of natural ecosystem is maily the solar
energy.But the energy inputs of artificial ecosystem are with
many additional energy beside the solar energy which is
named as artificial energy
Agro-ecosystem is an artificial ecosystem,it can determine
whether high yield and stability, and can find the problem in
certain places and certain aspects to adopt effective measures
by the analysis of energy input-output.
38. 20.4 Modern intensive sustainable agriculture
20.4.1 The concept and aim of modern intensive sustainable
agriculture
Definition: an acceptable mode of agricultural production operation
which adopts the base methods to maintain the natural resource, ensures
the people of present and future generations to meet the demand for
agricultural products by technology and mechanisms transform ,
maintains the land, water, plant and animal genetic resources,and will not
cause environment degradation.Its technology is appropriate,and also
feasible in economy point.
Aim : Resource intensivism
Production modernization
Management industrialization
44. ② Analysis on biogas ecological
project
Dazu county is an agricultural county, and the
straw output of rice, wheat, corn, beans, sorghum and
other crops is much.The annual output of straw is
355,300 tons. It can produce 71 million m3 biogas if
fully used the straw as raw material
45. Figure 20-5 Analysis on typical model
Samples of
model
Financial
analysis
Environment
Economy
analysis
The main problem of
effecting the
promotion
Policy focus
Rice-fish
culture
excellent excellent Whether the financial
benefits can be
achieved smoothly ,it
mainly depends on
whether the output and
price of fish is stable
Maintain the
financial benefits
of the farmers
Biogas
engineering
Just so so excellent One-time investment is
too large and it needs
operating cost.
Farmers’s direct
financial benefit is not
high
external benefits
from the society
to the farmers
Grain for
Green Project
Poor excellent It requires considerable
material and labor, and
financial gain is
difficult to implement
in a short term
Encourage and
guide the farmers
to adjust mode of
operation
大气
挥发
生物固氮
电化学和光化学固氮
畜产品
农作物
工业固氮
废物
氨肥
磷矿石
磷肥
在植物体内富集转化
枯枝落叶
挥发反硝化
重金属污染
吸收反硝化
吸收
土壤板结、盐渍化
盐类积累
淋滤
吸收
物理反应
化学反应
生物反应
吸收
细菌和真菌分解
可溶离子,如硝酸盐、压硝酸盐类
迁移
淋溶
冲洗排入地表径流
鱼类死亡
水体富营养化
藻类大量繁殖
地下水污染
atmosphere
volatile
Biological nitrogen fixation
The electrochemical and optical chemical nitrogen fixation
livestock product
crops
Industrial nitrogen fixation
waste
ammonia fertilizer
Phosphate rock
phosphate fertilizer
Enrichment transformation plant in vivo
Leaves twigs
Volatile denitrifying
Heavy metal pollution
Absorption denitrifying
absorption
Soil harden, salinization
Salt accumulating
leaching
absorption
Physical reaction
Chemical reaction
Biological reaction
absorption
Bacteria and fungi decomposition
Soluble ion, such as nitrate, nitrite
migration
leaching
Flush into surface runoff
Fish die
eutrophication
Algal blooms
Groundwater pollution
对大气臭氧造成破坏
反硝化作用生成N2、N2O
对人和动物都有危害
造成硝酸盐、压硝酸盐的积累
氮肥
长期大量使用
土壤性质变化(如土壤板结、盐渍化等)
硝化作用生成NO3的淋失
地下水污染及水体富营养化
Damage of atmospheric ozone
Denitrification,form N2, N2O
have harm to people and animals
Causing the accumulation of nitrate and nitrite
nitrogen
used in abundance in long-term
Soil properties change (such as soil harden, salinization, etc.)
Nitrification, form NO3 leaching
Groundwater pollution and eutrophication
农业生态系统生物多样性
组成
传粉生物
捕食者和寄生着
草食者
蚯蚓
非作物植被
土壤中型动物
土壤小型动物
功能
授粉促进、基因交流
种群调节、生物控制
食物链与养分循环
竞争、天敌保护、作物野生近缘种
土壤结构与养分循环
分解、捕食与养分循环
病害控制
Agricultural ecosystem biodiversity
composition
Pollination biology
Predators and parasitic
Plant-eating
earthworms
Non-crop vegetation
Soil medium animals
Soil small animals
function
promote pollination, gene exchanges
Population regulation, biological control
The food chain and nutrient cycling
Competition, parasitoid protection, wild relatives of crops
The soil structure and nutrient cycling
Decomposition, hunting and nutrient cycling
Diseases control
农业环境管理对象
人群(以户、村或一定关系的组织)
农业生产要素管理
土地管理
劳动管理
农机具管理
物质管理
农业科技与质量管理
农业生产部门管理
种植业生产管理
畜牧业生产管理
农产品加工生产管理
农村服务组织管理
销售管理
资金与成本管理
Agricultural environmental management object
The crowd (organized by household, village or a certain relationship)
Agricultural product factor management
Land management
Labor management
agricultural machinery management
Material management
Agricultural technology and quality management
Agricultural production department management
production management of planting
production management of livestock
production management of agricultural products processing
Rural service organization management
Sales management
Funds and the cost management
农业环境管理措施
经济手段
农业环境经济政策
排污收费和超标罚款制度
奖励制度
非经济手段
行政管理手段
法制管理手段
技术管理手段
环境教育手段
Agricultural environmental management measures
Economic means
Agricultural environmental economic policies
Pollution charges and overweight fines system
Incentive system
Non-economic means
Administrative means
Legal management means
Technology management means
Environmental education means
粗放型
以牺牲资源和环境为代价,高投入、高消耗、低产出、低效益、产投比低的类型,如石油农业
农业生产方式
转变方向
集约型
要求
农业技术的创新
农业制度、形式的创新
出现一系列新的生产方式,如生态农业、有机农业,集约可持续农业等
农业生产化
形成规模经营
便于环境保护政策的实施
农业比较效益提高
加大对环境防治的资金投入
各项产业良性循环
促进农业生态系统良性循环
extensive
at the cost of sacrifice the resources and environment, high investment, high consumption, low output, low efficiency, low ratio of output value and production cost, such as oil agriculture
Agricultural production mode
change of direction
intensive
requirements
innovation of agricultural technological
innovation of agricultural system, forms
Appear a series of new production methods, such as ecological agriculture, organic agriculture, intensive sustainable agriculture, etc
agricultural industrialization
Form scale operation
for the implementation of environmental protection policy
improved the agricultural comparative efficiency
increase invest capital of environmental prevention and control
benign circulation of various industries
Promoting benign circulation of agricultural ecosystem
系统中主要技术
沼气发酵技术
物质和能量利用的中心环节
食物链结构的工程技术
利用生态学原理向人类所需要的方向获取产品
生物防治技术
减少农药的用量,有利于环境保护
根据具体情况采用的技术
既能取得经济效益又无损环境的技术
the main technology of system
Biogas fermentation technology
the central link of material and energy utilization
The engineering of food chain structure
Using the ecology principle to get the product that human need
Bio-control technology
Reduce the dosage of pesticides, it is favorable to the environment protection
According to the specific circumstances to use the technique
The technology that not only make the economic benefits and but also nondestructive environment
塘泥
鱼池
水面
粪便
鸭场
沼水
有些能源
粪便
猪场
猪粪
沼渣沼水
鸡粪
生活能源
沼气池
增温能源
鸡粪
鸡场
植物残体
沼渣
沼渣沼水
鸡粪
饲料
鸡粪
粪便
果园
底层空间
肥土
蚯蚓养殖
菌床
废物
蘑菇房
FWFPM
fishpond
Water surface
feces
duckery
Marshy water
Some energy
feces
pig
pig
Produce marshy water
Chicken manure
Life energy
digester
Heating energy
Chicken manure
chicken
Plant residues
produce
Produce marshy water
Chicken manure
feed
Chicken manure
feces
orchard
the low-rise space
Fat soil
Earthworms breeding
The fungus bed
waste
Mushroom room
太阳能
燃料
农作物
种子
肥料
人类食物
畜牧饲料
采用生态农业技术
太阳能
农作物
人类食物
牲畜饲料
作物秸秆
发电
沼气发酵
沼气肥
燃料
solar
fuel
crops
seeds
fertilizer
Human food
Livestock feed
Using ecological agriculture technology
solar
crops
Human food
Livestock feed
Crops straw
power
Biogas fermentation
methane fermentations waste
fuel
电
煤
机械
化肥
农药
饲料
太阳能
种植业
人
饲养业
沼气
秸秆发酵产生能源
粪便
沼水沼渣
粪便
沼气池
呼吸
鱼
肉
蛋
奶
粮食
蔬菜
水果
草
electricity
coal
machinery
fertilizer
pesticide
feed
solar
planting
people
feeding
biogas
Straw fermentation can product energy
feces
biogas water and biogas residue
feces
digester
breathing
fish
meat
eggs
milk
food
vegetables
fruit
grass
生态农业建设
退耕还林1000亩,营造溪河林带13,000米,四旁植物312万株
根据生态工程原理建立六种类型的生态户
发展小水果,如建设葡萄园
利用草山和草坡发展畜牧业
发展加工业,兴办各类加工厂
加工-养殖-沼气-蚯蚓-种植型
果-草-牧型
荞-灌-草型
粮-菌-猪-沼气型
稻-桑-鱼共生型
稻-鱼共生型
Construction of ecological agriculture
Converting cropland to forest 1000 mu, build up river and forest belt 13,000 meters, four-side tree 312 million
According to the principle of ecological engineering to established six types of ecological households
Developing small fruit, such as building a vineyard
Use grassplot and slopes to develop the stockbreeding
developing processing, build up all kinds of processing factories
Processing - breeding - biogas - earthworms - planting type
Fruit - grass - grazing
Buckwheat - Shrub - grass
Food - bacteria - pig - biogas
Rice - mulberry - fish symbiotic type
Rice - fish symbiotic type
太阳能
输出
水稻
浮游生物
搅动充氧
输出
鱼类
鱼粪
一定的人工输入(如化肥等)
solar
output
rice
plankton
Stirring oxygen-rich
output
fish
Fish manure
Certain artificially input (such as chemical fertilizers, etc.)