US Turkey Alliance
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The document discusses strengthening the US-Turkey alliance to meet 21st century challenges. It provides historical context of the alliance since WWII when Turkey was dependent on the West. However, tensions have emerged in recent decades over issues like the Iraq war and Israel policy. The document argues the alliance must focus on common interests, mutual respect, and shared goals to move past obstacles. It proposes strengthening the American-Turkish Council business group to enhance economic and cultural ties as a way to facilitate dialogue and integrate the two countries.
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This document summarizes key events of the Cold War that demonstrated the ideological struggle between Soviet communist ideals and Western capitalist ideals. These events include the division of Germany after WWII, the Berlin Blockade, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, the formation of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, the U-2 espionage incident, and arms limitation treaties like SALT and START. Images are included that depict each event.
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what is War? Reasons and types of War
War is the oldest and most prevalent issue in international relations according to the document. The document discusses different types of war such as interstate wars between states, intrastate wars within states, and total wars involving multiple great powers. Theoretical reasons for war presented include the international system structure, power transitions between states, and miscalculations between states. The document also discusses the just war tradition which asserts criteria for a just cause of war and conduct during war, differentiating between combatants and noncombatants and using proportionate violence.
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1) Foreign policy refers to a government's strategy for dealing with other nations and can be influenced by both the President and Congress through various actions.
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3) NATO plays a role in foreign policy by undertaking crisis management operations through diplomatic conflict resolution or under a UN mandate, while also encouraging defense industry cooperation among allies.
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CSS International Relations 2 Notes
I. International Relation between two Wars
Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
End of History, Clash of Civilization, Terrorism, Globalization, unipolarity New
world Order
IV. International and Regional Organizations
League of Nation, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA,
SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan.
India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people
contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
95
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear
Doctrines
Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear
Non- proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty;
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Civil Deal Regime
The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
Indian Ocean and PACIFIC Ocean; Great Powers Moves and hegemony
Kashmir Issue
Palestine Issue
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“Point # 14: A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants to afford mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike”.
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Korean War
The Korean War began in 1950 when North Korean troops invaded South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel border between the two countries. In response, United Nations forces led by the United States launched a counterattack and pushed the North Korean army back above the 38th parallel. However, Chinese troops then entered the war on the side of North Korea and drove UN forces back south. Fighting continued back and forth across the parallel until an armistice was signed in 1953, leaving Korea still divided along the 38th parallel between the communist North and non-communist South. Over 10 million people died during the three-year Korean War.
Korean War
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel. The United States aided South Korea while China and the Soviet Union supported North Korea. The war lasted until July 27, 1953 and resulted in approximately 10 million deaths. It divided the Korean Peninsula along the 38th parallel and created lasting political and economic effects.
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The document discusses issues related to Iran and North Korea's nuclear programs. For Iran, it outlines the country's history of nuclear development since the 1950s under the Shah, the suspension after the 1979 revolution, and renewed activities. It describes international sanctions and the 2015 nuclear deal, as well as US opposition. For North Korea, it provides background on the country's division after WWII and tensions with the US. It notes North Korea's nuclear tests and the goal of reunification amidst the crisis.
6. detente
Détente was a period in the 1960s-1970s marked by efforts to reduce tensions between the US and USSR through arms control agreements like SALT I and cooperation in space. However, arms continued to increase on both sides after SALT I. Cooperation grew in areas like Antarctica research and space stations, but arms talks proved limited in curbing weapons buildups. Overall, détente had mixed success in improving relations versus controlling arms.
U.s. foreign policy presentation
The document discusses U.S. foreign policy and how it is established. Foreign policy is created by the government to manage relationships with other countries and achieve national goals. The president can independently enact policy or propose legislation to Congress. Congress can influence policy through resolutions, restrictions, or denying funds. Key historical policies and organizations that shaped U.S. foreign policy include the Marshall Plan, NATO, and the United Nations. Current foreign policy aims to progress international relationships but also deals with conflicts in countries like Iran, Iraq and Israel, which can impact American public opinion.
Pakistan and war on terror
1) Joining the US-led war on terror after 9/11 had both benefits and costs for Pakistan. It helped Pakistan overcome sanctions and gain economic/military assistance, but also resulted in heavy security and economic costs domestically.
2) Pakistan faced difficult foreign policy choices in revising its Afghan policy and balancing support for Kashmir independence while cooperating with the US.
3) Unilateral US drone strikes inside Pakistan fueled anti-American sentiment and made counterterrorism efforts more difficult, while also threatening Pakistan's sovereignty. Overall, Pakistan paid a heavy price for its role in the US-led war on terror.
FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable advising which tools are best for cutting trees or shaving without proper context and safety considerations.
Lecture1. Realism and Liberalism
This document provides an overview of realism and liberalism as major international relations theories. It discusses key thinkers and principles of political realism such as Hans Morgenthau, E.H. Carr, and Reinhold Niebuhr. Realism focuses on the state as the key actor and priorities of survival and self-help under conditions of anarchy. It also discusses structural realism and the differences between defensive and offensive structural realism. The document then discusses liberalism, highlighting Immanuel Kant's idea of a federation of free states and Richard Cobden's views on free trade promoting peace. It provides a four-fold definition of liberalism and discusses how its principles can be applied to international relations.
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International Relations Theory outlines three main perspectives - Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism. Realism views states as seeking power and security above all else, competing in a zero-sum system. Liberalism acknowledges other actors beyond states and believes cooperation is possible. Constructivism sees states' interests shaped by their unique histories and cultures. The document recommends blending theories, as no single perspective can fully explain complex international dynamics.
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About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
Carl von clausewitz
Carl von Clausewitz was a Prussian military strategist born in 1780. He served in the Prussian and Russian armies against Napoleon. He is most famous for his book "On War" published after his death, which analyzed the political and moral aspects of war. He believed that war is a continuation of politics and developed theories of "absolute war" and the role of the state in limiting war to achieve political goals. His ideas on the nature of war and the relationship between war and politics have been highly influential in military and international relations theory.
PPT - Monroe Doctrine - IIB1
The Monroe Doctrine was a policy initiated by President James Monroe in 1823 that aimed to limit European colonial expansion in the Western Hemisphere. It declared that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. While originally intended to discourage European influence over former Spanish colonies, it established the principle that the Americas were under the U.S. sphere of influence and off limits to future European colonization.
Us iraq war
The US-Iraq War began with the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 over Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction. No such weapons were found. The invasion led to an insurgency and sectarian violence. US forces captured Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in 2003 but violence continued. US troops withdrew from Iraq in 2011 after nearly 9 years of war that resulted in over 150,000 civilian deaths.
Middle East in Transition - Lesson 1 - US Interests in the Middle East
1. The United States has significant geostrategic interests in the Middle East due to its location along important trade routes and its large oil reserves. The U.S. seeks to ensure regional stability and prevent hostile powers from gaining control of the region.
2. U.S. involvement in the Middle East has grown since the early 20th century. A key goal of U.S. policy was originally to counter Soviet influence during the Cold War. More recently, concerns about weapons proliferation and human rights have also shaped U.S. strategy.
3. Support for Israel remains an important factor in U.S. Middle East policy due to historical, strategic and domestic political considerations. Ensuring secure oil supplies also remains
Final
The document discusses the Korean War and its impacts. It provides background on how the Cold War led to the division of Korea and tensions between North and South Korea. It then describes the key events of the Korean War, including North Korea's invasion of South Korea in 1950 and the UN's response. Finally, it outlines several impacts of the Korean War, such as the destruction in Korea, increased US involvement in Asia to contain communism, and China emerging as a major military power.
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2) It discusses the reasons given by President Bush for declaring war on Iraq, including Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction and desire to instill democracy. However, others believe the true reason was to maintain control over Iraqi oil.
3) The consequences of the war have been high death tolls estimated at 655,000, economic hardship in Iraq with unemployment as high as 60%, and the destruction of Iraqi culture and infrastructure.
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Security is the deepest and most abiding issue in politics. At its heart is the question: How can people live a decent and worthwhile existence, free from threats, intimidation and violence?' The search for security is therefore linked to the pursuit of order; and for the establishment of relative peace and stability amongst individuals and groups with different needs and interests. These concerns are commonly thought to resolved in the domestic realm by the existence of a sovereign state, a body capable of imposing its will on all the groups and institutions within its borders. Nevertheless, domestic security raises important issues, particularly about the roles of the institutions of the 'coercive state'; the police and the military. However, the issue of security is often considered to be especially pressing in international politics because the international realm, unlike the domestic realm, is anarchical, and therefore threatening and unstable by its nature. There has been fierce theoretical debate about whether this implies that international conflict and war are inevitable features of world affairs, and about the extent to which states are able to keep war at bay through cooperation. These debates have become increasingly pressing due to the advent of new challenges to international security, such as the rise of transnational terrorism and the proliferation of nuclear weapons. Finally, growing interest in the concept of 'human security' has shifted attention from the security of the state to the security of the individual, and, in the process, widened the notion of security to include, for instance, economic security, food security and personal security.
Realists advance a power politics model of world affairs in which security is primarily understood in terms of 'national security' and war is kept in check by the balance of power. The liberal belief in interdependence and balance in world affairs inclines them to place their faith in 'collective security', while critical theorists have either emphasized the extent to which state interactions are mediated by beliefs, values and assumptions, or exposed masculinist biases in the conventional realist paradigm.
CSS International Relations 2 Notes
I. International Relation between two Wars
Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
End of History, Clash of Civilization, Terrorism, Globalization, unipolarity New
world Order
IV. International and Regional Organizations
League of Nation, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA,
SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan.
India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people
contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
95
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear
Doctrines
Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear
Non- proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty;
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Civil Deal Regime
The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
Indian Ocean and PACIFIC Ocean; Great Powers Moves and hegemony
Kashmir Issue
Palestine Issue
League of nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded in 1920 after World War 1 to promote international cooperation and peace. It lacked power because major countries like the US, Germany, and Russia did not join. Additionally, the terms of the Treaty of Versailles that established the League were unfair to Germany and caused resentment. As a result, the League failed to prevent aggression by countries in the 1930s and lost legitimacy.
League of Nations (1919)
This is a very important topic in the history of the world......
-The League of Nations was to be an organization where representatives of the world´s Nations would meet settle their difference by discussion instead of war. It was founded in Geneva Switzerland in1919.
In 1918, The president of the United States Woodrow Wilson gave a speech with a special contribution called “The Fourteen Points”.
“Point # 14: A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants to afford mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike”.
Iran and Iraq War
The document discusses the Iran-Iraq war that occurred from 1980 to 1988. It was the longest 20th century war, lasting nearly 9 years, and was triggered by ethnic, religious, economic, and territorial conflicts between Iran and Iraq. The war began when Iraq invaded Iran by air in September 1980. Both sides suffered enormous casualties and economic losses over the nearly decade long conflict that ended with a 1988 ceasefire.
Korean War
The Korean War began in 1950 when North Korean troops invaded South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel border between the two countries. In response, United Nations forces led by the United States launched a counterattack and pushed the North Korean army back above the 38th parallel. However, Chinese troops then entered the war on the side of North Korea and drove UN forces back south. Fighting continued back and forth across the parallel until an armistice was signed in 1953, leaving Korea still divided along the 38th parallel between the communist North and non-communist South. Over 10 million people died during the three-year Korean War.
Korean War
The Korean War began on June 25, 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea, crossing the 38th parallel. The United States aided South Korea while China and the Soviet Union supported North Korea. The war lasted until July 27, 1953 and resulted in approximately 10 million deaths. It divided the Korean Peninsula along the 38th parallel and created lasting political and economic effects.
Nuclear proliferation in Iran and North Korea
The document discusses issues related to Iran and North Korea's nuclear programs. For Iran, it outlines the country's history of nuclear development since the 1950s under the Shah, the suspension after the 1979 revolution, and renewed activities. It describes international sanctions and the 2015 nuclear deal, as well as US opposition. For North Korea, it provides background on the country's division after WWII and tensions with the US. It notes North Korea's nuclear tests and the goal of reunification amidst the crisis.
6. detente
Détente was a period in the 1960s-1970s marked by efforts to reduce tensions between the US and USSR through arms control agreements like SALT I and cooperation in space. However, arms continued to increase on both sides after SALT I. Cooperation grew in areas like Antarctica research and space stations, but arms talks proved limited in curbing weapons buildups. Overall, détente had mixed success in improving relations versus controlling arms.
U.s. foreign policy presentation
The document discusses U.S. foreign policy and how it is established. Foreign policy is created by the government to manage relationships with other countries and achieve national goals. The president can independently enact policy or propose legislation to Congress. Congress can influence policy through resolutions, restrictions, or denying funds. Key historical policies and organizations that shaped U.S. foreign policy include the Marshall Plan, NATO, and the United Nations. Current foreign policy aims to progress international relationships but also deals with conflicts in countries like Iran, Iraq and Israel, which can impact American public opinion.
Pakistan and war on terror
1) Joining the US-led war on terror after 9/11 had both benefits and costs for Pakistan. It helped Pakistan overcome sanctions and gain economic/military assistance, but also resulted in heavy security and economic costs domestically.
2) Pakistan faced difficult foreign policy choices in revising its Afghan policy and balancing support for Kashmir independence while cooperating with the US.
3) Unilateral US drone strikes inside Pakistan fueled anti-American sentiment and made counterterrorism efforts more difficult, while also threatening Pakistan's sovereignty. Overall, Pakistan paid a heavy price for its role in the US-led war on terror.
FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS
I apologize, upon further reflection I do not feel comfortable advising which tools are best for cutting trees or shaving without proper context and safety considerations.
Lecture1. Realism and Liberalism
This document provides an overview of realism and liberalism as major international relations theories. It discusses key thinkers and principles of political realism such as Hans Morgenthau, E.H. Carr, and Reinhold Niebuhr. Realism focuses on the state as the key actor and priorities of survival and self-help under conditions of anarchy. It also discusses structural realism and the differences between defensive and offensive structural realism. The document then discusses liberalism, highlighting Immanuel Kant's idea of a federation of free states and Richard Cobden's views on free trade promoting peace. It provides a four-fold definition of liberalism and discusses how its principles can be applied to international relations.
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons - NPT
What is the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons?
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What are the outcomes of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons?
Realism and liberalism
International Relations Theory outlines three main perspectives - Realism, Liberalism, and Constructivism. Realism views states as seeking power and security above all else, competing in a zero-sum system. Liberalism acknowledges other actors beyond states and believes cooperation is possible. Constructivism sees states' interests shaped by their unique histories and cultures. The document recommends blending theories, as no single perspective can fully explain complex international dynamics.
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About Us:
UltraSpectra is a full-service online company dedicated to providing the services of internet marketing and
IT solutions to professionals and businesses looking to fully leverage the internet.
http://www.ultraspectra.com
http://www.ultraspectra.net
Join Our Network:
facebook.com/ultraspectra
twitter.com/ultraspectra
youtube.com/user/ultraspecra
Carl von clausewitz
Carl von Clausewitz was a Prussian military strategist born in 1780. He served in the Prussian and Russian armies against Napoleon. He is most famous for his book "On War" published after his death, which analyzed the political and moral aspects of war. He believed that war is a continuation of politics and developed theories of "absolute war" and the role of the state in limiting war to achieve political goals. His ideas on the nature of war and the relationship between war and politics have been highly influential in military and international relations theory.
PPT - Monroe Doctrine - IIB1
The Monroe Doctrine was a policy initiated by President James Monroe in 1823 that aimed to limit European colonial expansion in the Western Hemisphere. It declared that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. While originally intended to discourage European influence over former Spanish colonies, it established the principle that the Americas were under the U.S. sphere of influence and off limits to future European colonization.
Us iraq war
The US-Iraq War began with the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 over Iraq's alleged possession of weapons of mass destruction. No such weapons were found. The invasion led to an insurgency and sectarian violence. US forces captured Iraqi president Saddam Hussein in 2003 but violence continued. US troops withdrew from Iraq in 2011 after nearly 9 years of war that resulted in over 150,000 civilian deaths.
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Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons - NPT
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Similar to US Turkey Alliance
Middle East in Transition - Lesson 1 - US Interests in the Middle East
1. The United States has significant geostrategic interests in the Middle East due to its location along important trade routes and its large oil reserves. The U.S. seeks to ensure regional stability and prevent hostile powers from gaining control of the region.
2. U.S. involvement in the Middle East has grown since the early 20th century. A key goal of U.S. policy was originally to counter Soviet influence during the Cold War. More recently, concerns about weapons proliferation and human rights have also shaped U.S. strategy.
3. Support for Israel remains an important factor in U.S. Middle East policy due to historical, strategic and domestic political considerations. Ensuring secure oil supplies also remains
Final
The document discusses the Korean War and its impacts. It provides background on how the Cold War led to the division of Korea and tensions between North and South Korea. It then describes the key events of the Korean War, including North Korea's invasion of South Korea in 1950 and the UN's response. Finally, it outlines several impacts of the Korean War, such as the destruction in Korea, increased US involvement in Asia to contain communism, and China emerging as a major military power.
Project 4COMPLETE ALL OF THE ACTIVITIES (QUESTIONS)SUBMIT VIA .docx
The document provides background information on the origins of the Truman Doctrine through a series of activities and discussion questions. It explains that in 1947, Britain informed the US it could no longer provide financial aid to Greece and Turkey. This prompted the US to take on responsibility for supporting the governments of Greece and Turkey to prevent the spread of communism. President Truman then requested aid for Greece and Turkey and established the Truman Doctrine to contain communism and support free peoples resisting subjugation.
Ch 22_World War II
The document provides an overview of several topics in 20th century American history, including the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America, U.S. isolationism in the interwar period, events leading to U.S. entry in World War II such as Pearl Harbor, the war on the home front, FDR's Four Freedoms, and the use of the atomic bomb which ended the war. It also discusses civil rights issues and the beginnings of the modern civil rights movement during this time. The document recommends online lecture resources on various history and government topics.
The Role of the United States in the Turkish Coup of 1960
This paper examines the role of the US in the 1960 Turkish coup. It argues that US economic aid to Turkey in the 1950s, intended to stabilize the country and develop its economy, instead empowered corrupt Prime Minister Adnan Menderes. Menderes used the aid to consolidate political power rather than economic development, weakening Turkey's democracy and economy. By 1960, unrest led to a military coup removing Menderes. The paper aims to analyze primary sources on US-Turkish relations and the coup to better understand US influence on foreign regimes through economic aid.
Nato
NATO was created in 1949 by the United States and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was formed in response to concerns about security in Western Europe following World War 2 and tensions with the Soviet Union. The organization committed members to collectively defend any member that was attacked. Over time, NATO integrated defense forces and adopted policies of deterring Soviet aggression, including the threat of massive nuclear retaliation. NATO has endured beyond the Cold War and expanded its membership.
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947
CAMBRIDGE A2 HISTORY: TRUMAN DOCTRINE 1947. Content: assistance to democratic nations, Truman doctrine, supporting Greece, aid for Greece and Turkey, strategic importance, against Soviet totalitarianism.
AP Cold War 2014.ppt
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the UN General Assembly in 1948. It recognizes the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family. It establishes that all people are free and equal, regardless of attributes like race, color, sex, language, religion, political opinion, or other status. Everyone is entitled to the rights and freedoms in the Declaration without discrimination.
Ch28
The document provides an overview of Chapter 28 of a textbook on the Cold War era from 1945-1991. It includes summaries of the key events and developments covered in each of the 5 sections of the chapter, including: the origins of the Cold War; the Korean War period; regional conflicts involving areas like Cuba, Africa, Asia, and Latin America; the Vietnam War; and the end of the Cold War. The summaries describe the emergence of tensions between the US and Soviet Union after WWII, the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, and several crises like the Berlin blockade, Korean War, and Cuban missile crisis that characterized the escalating geopolitical rivalry known as the Cold War.
THE COLD WAR - USA X USSR ( The Soviet Union )
- The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies from 1945 to 1991. It arose from ideological and strategic conflicts between capitalism and communism.
- The US and Western nations formed NATO in response to Soviet control of Eastern Europe, while the Soviet Union established the Eastern Bloc. Tensions escalated during events like the Berlin Blockade and Cuban Missile Crisis.
- The Cold War ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union, leaving the US as the sole superpower but new challenges emerging for global politics and security.
Ch.20 Foreign Policy Slideshow
P.1-3 Chapter 20: Foreign Policy
The in-class presentation felt inadequate, so the slideshow is now available online for after-school use! :)
Cold War in a Global Context
The document provides background information on the early Cold War period from 1947 to 1970. It discusses key events like the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan that established the US policy of containment of communism. It also covers the establishment of military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact, proxy wars in Korea and Vietnam, and crises over places like Berlin, Cuba, and Czechoslovakia. The arms race between the US and USSR is examined, as well as the emergence of the Non-Aligned Movement led by countries seeking to avoid alignment with either superpower.
Us policy of containment of communism auto saved
A presentation that explains how USA tried to stop spread of communism through its policy of Containment.
In the same month, the western part of Germany officially beca.docx
In the same month, the western part of Germany officially became a new
nation, the Federal Republic of Germany, also called West Germany. It included
West Berlin. A few months later, from its occupation zone, the Soviet Union creat-
ed the German Democratic Republic, called East Germany. It included East Berlin.
THE NATO ALLIANCE The Berlin
blockade increased Western European
fear of Soviet aggression. As a result,
ten Western European nations—
Belgium, Denmark, France, Great
Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg,
the Netherlands, Norway, and
Portugal—joined with the United
States and Canada on April 4, 1949, to
form a defensive military alliance
called the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO). (See map,
page 830.) The 12 members of NATO
pledged military support to one
another in case any member was
attacked. For the first time in its histo-
ry, the United States had entered into
a military alliance with other nations
during peacetime. The Cold War had
ended any hope of a return to U.S.
isolationism. Greece and Turkey joined
NATO in 1952, and West Germany
joined in 1955. By then, NATO kept a
standing military force of more than
500,000 troops as well as thousands of
planes, tanks, and other equipment.
814 CHAPTER 26
•United Nations (UN)
•satellite nation
•containment
•iron curtain
•Cold War
•Truman Doctrine
•Marshall Plan
•Berlin airlift
•North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
1. TERMS & NAMES For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
MAIN IDEA
2. TAKING NOTES
Use a graphic organizer like the one
below to describe the U.S. actions
and the Soviet actions that
contributed most to the Cold War.
Write a paragraph explaining which
country was more responsible and
why you think so.
CRITICAL THINKING
3. EVALUATING LEADERSHIP
People who had served as aides to
President Franklin Roosevelt worried
that Truman was not qualified to
handle world leadership. Considering
what you learned in this section,
evaluate Truman as a world leader.
Think About:
• his behavior toward Stalin
• his economic support of
European nations
• his support of West Berlin
4. MAKING INFERENCES
Which of the two superpowers do
you think was more successful in
achieving its aims during the period
1945–1949? Support your answer
by referring to historical events.
5. ANALYZING MOTIVES
What were Stalin’s motives in
supporting Communist governments
in Eastern Europe?
U.S. Actions Soviet
Actions
▼
This cartoon depicts the nations that signed the North Atlantic Pact,
which created NATO in 1949. The nations, shown as hats, are arranged
in a pyramid to show the bigger countries on the bottom supporting the
smaller, weaker nations on top.
D
Superpowers Struggle over Germany
As Europe began to get back on its feet, the United States and its allies clashed
with the Soviet Union over the issue of German reunification. At the end of World
War II, Germany was divided into four zones occupied by the United States, Great
Britain, and France i.
USA Foreign policy Analysis
The document discusses the foreign policy of the United States in three phases: before 1945, after 1945, and after 9/11. It outlines the major objectives and instruments of US foreign policy in each phase. Before 1945, the US pursued isolationism and focused on security, promoting ethical values, and individual liberty. After 1945, it abandoned isolationism due to the bipolar world, military developments, and ideological differences. It expanded alliances, provided foreign aid, used sanctions, pursued open markets and free trade. After 9/11, countering terrorism became a major focus, through objectives like bringing terrorists to justice and promoting democracy.
The Truman Doctrine, from Sage American History, is available .docx
The Truman Doctrine, from Sage American History, is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. © 2014, Henry J. Sage.
The Truman Doctrine
March 12, 1947
President Harry S. Truman learned most of what he knew about the Cold War on the job, starting with
his meeting with Stalin at Potsdam outside Berlin in July, 1945. By 1947 he, like many Americans, saw
Communism as a threat to international peace and stability that had to be contained. Here is the speech
to Congress in which he outlined his "containment doctrine."
The gravity of the situation which confronts the world today necessitates my appearance before a joint
session of the Congress. The foreign policy and the national security of this country are involved. One
aspect of the present situation, which I wish to present to you at this time for your consideration and
decision, concerns Greece and Turkey.
The United States has received from the Greek Government an urgent appeal for financial and economic
assistance. Preliminary reports from the American Economic Mission now in Greece and reports from
the American Ambassador in Greece corroborate the statement of the Greek Government that
assistance is imperative if Greece is to survive as a free nation.
I do not believe that the American people and the Congress wish to turn a deaf ear to the appeal of the
Greek Government.
The very existence of the Greek state is today threatened by the terrorist activities of several thousand
armed men, led by Communists, who defy the Government's authority at a number of points,
particularly along the northern boundaries. A commission appointed by the United Nations Security
Council is at present investigating disturbed conditions in Northern Greece and alleged border violations
along the frontiers between Greece on the one hand and Albania, Bulgaria and Yugoslavia on the other.
Meanwhile, the Greek Government is unable to cope with the situation. The Greek Army is small and
poorly equipped. It needs supplies and equipment if it is to restore the authority to the Government
throughout Greek territory.
Greece must have assistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-respecting democracy. The
United States must supply this assistance. We have already extended to Greece certain types of relief
and economic aid but these are inadequate. There is no other country to which democratic Greece can
turn. No other nation is willing and able to provide the necessary support for a democratic Greek
Government.
The British Government, which has been helping Greece, can give no further financial or economic aid
after March 31. Great Britain finds itself under the necessity of reducing or liquidating its commitments
in several parts of the world, including Greece.
1
http://www.sageamericanhistory.net/coldwar/documents/TrumanDoct.htm
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/deed.en_US
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Cold war beginnings aya and sarah ts
The Cold War began after WWII as Truman wanted peace and democracy for Western Europe while Stalin wanted to spread communism. This led to an ideological division between Eastern Europe dominated by the Soviet Union and the democratic West. In response, Truman adopted a policy of containment to prevent further communist expansion and launched the Marshall Plan, Truman Doctrine, and Berlin Airlift to support Western Europe economically and militarily against Soviet influence.
Turkish foreign policy-Post cold war era
This document discusses Turkey's strategic importance in the post-Cold War era. It outlines Turkey's support for the US-led coalition during the Gulf War in an attempt to prove its importance to the West. It also explores Turkey's relationships with neighboring regions that destabilized after the Cold War, including the Balkans, Caucasus, and Middle East. Finally, it argues that due to its geographic position connecting Europe, the Middle East and Central Asia, as well as its NATO membership, Turkey remains an important global and regional actor for balancing powers in the Middle East.
Why Turkey is strategically important?
This document discusses Turkey's strategic importance in the post-Cold War era. It outlines Turkey's support for the US-led coalition during the Gulf War in an attempt to prove its importance to the West. Turkey began considering economic cooperation structures with neighboring regions. Its location between Europe, the Balkans, Caucasus and Middle East, as well as its NATO membership and role in energy transit, make Turkey strategically important. It aims to balance powers in the volatile Middle East region. In conclusion, Turkey's position and cultural ties allow it to be an important actor for peace.
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The document outlines several factors that contributed to good relations between Pakistan and the United States from the 1950s through the 1980s, including both countries' anti-communist stances, US economic and military support for Pakistan, and Pakistan's support for the US during times of conflict like the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. However, it also notes several elements that damaged the relationship, such as fluctuating political situations, the US response during Pakistan's war of independence in 1971, and pressure from the US regarding Pakistan's nuclear program and testing.
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US Turkey Alliance
- 1. The Strategic Alliance Restoring US-Turkish Relations to Meet 21st Century Challenges Paige Steffen
- 2. How can the US strengthen its alliance with Turkey?
- 3. US-Turkey History Post WWII: Turkey dependant on West Outpost of NATO & US in Middle East 1947 Truman Doctrine: Isolate Turkey from Soviet Union communist influence To date, US given/lent over $26.5 billion to Turkey Strategic Alliance Crucial link between East-West Democracy, economic growth, anti-terrorism
- 4. Cooperation Cooperation: Energy Trade Investment Security Anti-terrorism Common goals: Peace/stability in ME (Israel, Palestine, Iraq) Iran without nuclear weapons
- 5. Tension Historical: 1975 – Congress cut economic & military spending as result of invasion of Cyprus 2003 Iraq War: Turkey refuse to let US troops pass through Turkey send troops into Northern Iraq against US wishes
- 6. Tension Spring 2010: Turkey’s criticism of US ally – Israel, after fatal raid of Turkey aid ship US House Foreign Affairs Committee: pass resolution declaring deaths of Armenians during Ottoman Empire genocide Turkey recalled ambassador in protest Annual American-Turkish Council Conference canceled
- 7. Improvement Must strengthen alliance with Turkey Move past current obstacles Reevaluate US approach to neglected Turkey
- 8. Reevaluation Focus on: Common interests Mutual respect Shared goals
- 9. Alternative Soultions Publicity: Focus on Turkey public opinion polls Increase Obama visitation BUT – How? Will it work? Turkey join EU: Encourage Turkey to develop democratic institutions, freedoms, reforms Reunite with West BUT – failed attempt, long process, contingent
- 10. Solution American-Turkish Council (ATC) Business association dedicated to enhancing the promotion of US-Turkish commercial, defense, technology, and cultural relations. Encourage trade and investment Educate public about strategic alliance Increase appreciation of history, culture, tradition Facilitate dialogue between government agencies and private sectors
- 11. American-Turkish Council Removes US paternalism/Turkish dependence Integrate: Markets Cultures Education Strengthen, endorse, support