Urine Alkalizer.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
0 likes•318 views
Urinary alkalinizers work by reducing the acidity of urine to treat painful and burning urination caused by acidic urine from bacterial infections. They are also used to treat acidosis from kidney failure by raising urine pH levels and dissolving uric acid stones. Sodium bicarbonate is commonly used as it breaks down into sodium and bicarbonate ions, making the urine more alkaline and increasing excretion of alkaline bicarbonate ions in the urine to raise pH.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Acidifiers
This document discusses acidifiers, which are drugs used to treat metabolic alkalosis by neutralizing excess alkali in the body and restoring normal pH. It classifies common acidifiers such as ammonium chloride and ascorbic acid. Ammonium chloride works by excreting bases in the urine, while ascorbic acid acts as an acidifier to reduce pH toward normal levels. The document provides dosing guidelines and notes nursing responsibilities like cautious use in certain patients and slow IV administration.
Bronchoconstrictor Drugs
This document discusses bronchoconstrictors and beta blockers. It defines bronchoconstriction as a side effect of many drugs that act on beta-2 receptors in the lungs, reducing bronchodilation. Several beta blockers are named that can cause bronchoconstriction, including propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, sotalol, and timolol. Details are provided on the mechanisms and dosages of propranolol, nadolol, sotalol, and timolol. Nursing responsibilities in administering these drugs include monitoring for signs of slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, and hypoglycemia. Patients are educated on self-monitoring and not
Salbutamol
Salbutamol is a short-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat bronchospasm and respiratory diseases. It works by directly acting on beta2-receptors in the lungs and other tissues to cause bronchodilation. Common side effects include tremors, headache, and tachycardia. Salbutamol has a rapid onset of action via inhalation and is dosed every 4-6 hours as needed to relieve symptoms. Special precautions are needed in patients at risk of hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, or arrhythmias.
Furosemide
Diuretics work by preventing the body from absorbing too much salt and increasing the excretion of water and salt in urine. Furosemide is a common diuretic ("water pill") that is prescribed to treat high blood pressure and reduce excess fluid in the body from conditions like heart failure or kidney disease. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of the kidney, which leads to increased water excretion in urine. Potential side effects include headaches, dizziness, thirst, and electrolyte imbalances.
Mucolytic Drugs
This document discusses mucolytic drugs, which are used to thin mucus in the respiratory tract. It classifies common mucolytics - bromhexine, ambroxol, and acetylcysteine. It describes their mechanisms of action, dosages, and nursing responsibilities when administering them. Mucolytics work by breaking down mucus polymers to decrease viscosity and make mucus easier to cough up or suction out of the airways. Nurses should prepare for suctioning, encourage fluid intake, and maintain patients' airways when using mucolytics to treat respiratory disorders associated with excessive mucus production.
Anti-hypertensive drugs for Nursing Students
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its classification. It then describes various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators and their mechanisms of action, side effects and uses. It concludes with nursing implications of administering antihypertensive drugs like monitoring for hypotension and palpitations.
Frusemide
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention caused by conditions like heart failure and liver disease. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which increases sodium and water excretion through urine. Common brands include Lasix. It has a fast onset of 30-60 minutes when taken orally and a duration of action of 6-8 hours. Adverse effects can include electrolyte imbalances and dehydration, so caution is needed in patients with renal or liver impairment. Drug interactions can occur with other diuretics, NSAIDs, and some antibiotics.
Aspirin (drug presentation) for medical students .
The document is a presentation on aspirin submitted by a nursing student. It provides information on aspirin including what it is, its dosages and routes of administration, its actions and indications, contraindications, side effects, and nursing considerations for its use. It also includes information on teaching the patient about aspirin and lists some references used in preparing the presentation.
Recommended
Acidifiers
This document discusses acidifiers, which are drugs used to treat metabolic alkalosis by neutralizing excess alkali in the body and restoring normal pH. It classifies common acidifiers such as ammonium chloride and ascorbic acid. Ammonium chloride works by excreting bases in the urine, while ascorbic acid acts as an acidifier to reduce pH toward normal levels. The document provides dosing guidelines and notes nursing responsibilities like cautious use in certain patients and slow IV administration.
Bronchoconstrictor Drugs
This document discusses bronchoconstrictors and beta blockers. It defines bronchoconstriction as a side effect of many drugs that act on beta-2 receptors in the lungs, reducing bronchodilation. Several beta blockers are named that can cause bronchoconstriction, including propranolol, nadolol, pindolol, sotalol, and timolol. Details are provided on the mechanisms and dosages of propranolol, nadolol, sotalol, and timolol. Nursing responsibilities in administering these drugs include monitoring for signs of slowed heart rate, low blood pressure, and hypoglycemia. Patients are educated on self-monitoring and not
Salbutamol
Salbutamol is a short-acting, selective beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist used to treat bronchospasm and respiratory diseases. It works by directly acting on beta2-receptors in the lungs and other tissues to cause bronchodilation. Common side effects include tremors, headache, and tachycardia. Salbutamol has a rapid onset of action via inhalation and is dosed every 4-6 hours as needed to relieve symptoms. Special precautions are needed in patients at risk of hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, or arrhythmias.
Furosemide
Diuretics work by preventing the body from absorbing too much salt and increasing the excretion of water and salt in urine. Furosemide is a common diuretic ("water pill") that is prescribed to treat high blood pressure and reduce excess fluid in the body from conditions like heart failure or kidney disease. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the ascending loop of the kidney, which leads to increased water excretion in urine. Potential side effects include headaches, dizziness, thirst, and electrolyte imbalances.
Mucolytic Drugs
This document discusses mucolytic drugs, which are used to thin mucus in the respiratory tract. It classifies common mucolytics - bromhexine, ambroxol, and acetylcysteine. It describes their mechanisms of action, dosages, and nursing responsibilities when administering them. Mucolytics work by breaking down mucus polymers to decrease viscosity and make mucus easier to cough up or suction out of the airways. Nurses should prepare for suctioning, encourage fluid intake, and maintain patients' airways when using mucolytics to treat respiratory disorders associated with excessive mucus production.
Anti-hypertensive drugs for Nursing Students
This document discusses hypertension and its treatment with antihypertensive drugs. It defines hypertension and its classification. It then describes various classes of antihypertensive drugs including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, sympatholytics, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators and their mechanisms of action, side effects and uses. It concludes with nursing implications of administering antihypertensive drugs like monitoring for hypotension and palpitations.
Frusemide
Furosemide is a loop diuretic used to treat fluid retention caused by conditions like heart failure and liver disease. It works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the kidneys, which increases sodium and water excretion through urine. Common brands include Lasix. It has a fast onset of 30-60 minutes when taken orally and a duration of action of 6-8 hours. Adverse effects can include electrolyte imbalances and dehydration, so caution is needed in patients with renal or liver impairment. Drug interactions can occur with other diuretics, NSAIDs, and some antibiotics.
Aspirin (drug presentation) for medical students .
The document is a presentation on aspirin submitted by a nursing student. It provides information on aspirin including what it is, its dosages and routes of administration, its actions and indications, contraindications, side effects, and nursing considerations for its use. It also includes information on teaching the patient about aspirin and lists some references used in preparing the presentation.
Nitroglycerine drug. ppt
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator used to treat angina pectoris, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. It works by relaxing blood vessels, reducing the workload on the heart. It is rapidly absorbed through the skin or oral mucosa and has a quick onset of action within 1-3 minutes. Nitroglycerin is administered sublingually for acute angina attacks or before exertion. It can also be given intravenously to treat heart attacks or control blood pressure during surgery. Common side effects include headaches, dizziness, and hypotension.
Digitalis nikku ppt
This document discusses digitalis, a drug derived from foxglove plants that increases heart contraction and decreases heart rate. It focuses on digoxin and digitoxin, two cardiac glycosides used to treat heart conditions like congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. Digoxin is the preferred drug due to its longer half-life, while digitoxin is rarely used now. Both work by inhibiting sodium-potassium pumps, increasing intracellular calcium levels and strengthening heart muscle contractions. The document also covers digitalis toxicity treatment using digoxin immune fab antibody fragments.
Calcium gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement used to treat hypocalcemia and as an adjunct in magnesium intoxication. It contains 90mg or 4.5mEq of elemental calcium per gram. Calcium gluconate is administered intravenously or orally and plays an important role in muscle contraction and cell signaling. Adverse reactions include CNS effects, cardiac issues, constipation, and hypercalcemia. It should be used cautiously in patients with cardiac or renal diseases. Nursing considerations include monitoring calcium levels and signs of hypercalcemia.
Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)
Digoxin is a drug derived from foxglove that increases the strength of heart contractions and regulates heart rhythm. It is used to treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms. Digoxin works by increasing the amount of calcium available to heart muscles to improve contraction. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and heart palpitations. In cases of toxicity, treatment includes administering digoxin immune fab to remove digoxin from the bloodstream.
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels. It is used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries and reducing the workload on the heart. Nitroglycerin is administered sublingually as a tablet or spray for
Emetics
This document discusses emetics, which are drugs that induce vomiting. It defines emetics and describes the vomiting reflex and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) that emetics target. Emetics work by stimulating the CTZ and gastric mucosa. The document lists indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and classifications of emetics. It provides details on commonly used emetics like ipecacuanha, apomorphine, mustard, and their mechanisms of action, dosages, and side effects. Nursing responsibilities are outlined when administering emetics to induce vomiting.
Diazepam
Diazepam is an antianxiety agent that works by potentiating the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the central nervous system. It can be used orally or parenterally to treat anxiety, muscle relaxation, seizures, alcohol withdrawal, and other conditions. Common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and lethargy. Nurses are responsible for monitoring patients receiving diazepam for changes in vital signs and level of consciousness, instructing patients on proper administration and side effects, and ensuring patient safety during and after administration.
Alkalinizers
This document discusses alkalinizers, which are agents used to neutralize acidity in the body caused by conditions like metabolic acidosis. It describes several types of alkalinizers including sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, and potassium citrate. Sodium bicarbonate is discussed in more detail, explaining that it neutralizes gastric acidity and raises pH towards normal. The document also covers indications, contraindications, dosing, side effects, and the nursing responsibilities for several alkalinizers.
Calcium Gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement used to treat hypocalcemia. It contains calcium ions which are essential for muscle contraction, cardiac function, blood clotting and nerve signaling. Calcium gluconate is prepared by oxidizing glucose in the presence of calcium. It is used therapeutically to treat hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, magnesium sulfate overdose, and hydrofluoric acid burns. Side effects include nausea and constipation while drug interactions can occur with digoxin, antacids, and certain antibiotics. It is contraindicated in cases of hypercalcemia, kidney problems or ventricular fibrillation.
Calcium gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement and medication used to treat low blood calcium, high blood potassium, and help absorb minerals. It occurs naturally in fruits and honey. As a supplement, it is used to treat or prevent osteoporosis and rickets. As a medication, it is administered by injection or taken orally, and is also used to counteract magnesium sulfate overdoses during pregnancy or treat hydrofluoric acid burns. Antimony gluconate is a pale yellow solid compound with the formula C12H37Na3O27Sb2 that is slightly soluble in water.
Drug used in skin and mucus membrane
This document discusses drugs used on the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, ears, and nose. It covers corticosteroids like glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids which suppress inflammation. It also discusses antipruritics for itching including anti-inflammatories, antibacterials, antifungals, and others. Specific drugs are provided for various conditions affecting the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and treatment of scabies and lice. Nursing responsibilities are outlined like monitoring for side effects and ensuring proper application of topical medications.
Urinary antiseptics
This document discusses urinary antiseptics, which are substances that prevent bacterial infections in the urinary tract. It outlines two common urinary antiseptics - metenamine and nitrofurantoin. Methenamine works by hydrolyzing in acidic urine to form ammonia and formaldehyde, which are bactericidal. It is used to treat chronic urinary infections. Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic antibiotic that works by interfering with bacterial cell metabolism and wall formation. It is commonly used to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections. Both drugs can cause adverse effects like diarrhea, vomiting, and allergic reactions, so nurses must monitor patients taking these medications.
Fluid and electrolyte therapy
A presentation done at the paediatrics department, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Metoclopramide Midication
Metoclopramide is a prokinetic agent that increases stomach and upper intestine movements. It is used to treat certain stomach problems, nausea, and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Metoclopramide works by antagonizing dopamine, stimulating upper GI tract motility, and accelerating gastric emptying and intestinal transit. It is available as tablets, injections, and oral solutions. Common uses include nausea and vomiting in adults, diabetic gastroparesis, GERD, and preventing postoperative nausea. Usual dosing is 15-30mg per day divided into three doses with at least 6 hours between doses.
Pantoprazole
Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used to reduce stomach acid production. It is used to treat stomach ulcers, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Pantoprazole works by covalently binding to proton pumps in the stomach's gastric parietal cells for up to 24 hours to inhibit acid secretion. Potential side effects include nausea, diarrhea, weakness, headaches, and skin rashes. Drug interactions can occur with medications like nelfinavir, warfarin, and digoxin, so caution is recommended when taking other drugs. Pantoprazole should also be used carefully in patients with liver disease or osteoporosis, and its safety during pregnancy
Heparin
Heparin is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by interacting with antithrombin to accelerate the inhibition of enzymes involved in clot formation. Heparin can be unfractionated or low molecular weight and is derived from animal tissues, administered intravenously or subcutaneously, and has a short half-life of 1.5 hours. Its indications include treating and preventing deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and arterial clots. Common adverse effects include bleeding risks and hematologic issues.
LASIX - Furosemide(loop diuretics)
This document provides information on the loop diuretic furosemide, including its chemical and pharmacological classification, dosing, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects, contraindications, and drug interactions. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle, promoting increased excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water. It is indicated for conditions like edema, hypertension, and hyperkalemia. Adverse effects include ototoxicity and electrolyte disturbances. It can interact with other diuretics or drugs that affect electrolyte levels.
Unit 10 cardivascular drugs
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a 5 hour unit on cardiovascular drugs. The unit will discuss haematinics, cardiotonics, antianginals, antihypertensives, anti-arrhythmics, plasma expanders, coagulants, anticoagulants, antiplatelets, thrombolytics, and hypolipidemics. For each drug class, the document outlines the composition, action, dosage, indications, contraindications, drug interactions, side effects, and nursing responsibilities. The instructor for the unit is Mr. Dipti Y. Sorte from Himalayan College of Nursing.
Bronchodilator drugs
Bronchodilator drugs work by relaxing the muscles in the airways to open breathing passages. There are three main types of bronchodilators: beta-adrenergic bronchodilators, anticholinergic bronchodilators, and xanthine derivatives. Each works through a different mechanism to dilate the bronchial airways. Common side effects among the drug types include dry mouth, headache, nausea, and difficulty breathing. Nurses monitor patients' vital signs and educate them on proper inhaler use when prescribing bronchodilators.
Antidiuretics drugs
This document discusses drugs used in the urinary system. It focuses on antidiuretics, which reduce urine volume. The main antidiuretic discussed is vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is produced in the brain and tells the kidneys to conserve water. It is used to treat conditions like diabetes insipidus and bedwetting. Nurses must monitor patients taking antidiuretics for electrolyte imbalances, vital signs, signs of allergic reactions, and stop the medication if hypertension develops.
Drugs acting on G.I. system
Drugs acting on the GI system include:
- Antiemetics which prevent nausea and vomiting like ondansetron and metoclopramide.
- Laxatives and purgatives like lactulose, bisacodyl, and docusate which are used to treat constipation.
- Antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate which neutralize stomach acid.
- Cholinergic drugs which increase GI motility and secretions. Anticholinergic drugs block acetylcholine and decrease motility and secretions.
Gastro ia ppt
Gastrointestinal agents are drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders like achlorhydria, hyperacidity, constipation, and diarrhea. Acidifiers increase acid concentration in the GI tract and are used to treat achlorhydria. Dilute hydrochloric acid maintains or increases stomach acid levels and pH. Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid in hyperacidity. Common acidifiers and antacids include ammonium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, and sodium bicarbonate.
F.Y. (PIC) Gastrointestinal Agents.pptx
Gastrointestinal agents are classified into different groups based on their mechanism of action. These include acidifying agents, antacids, adsorbents, laxatives, cathartics, purgatives, and protective agents. Acidifying agents like dilute hydrochloric acid are used to increase acid levels in the stomach. Antacids like aluminum hydroxide gel and magnesium hydroxide are used to neutralize excess stomach acid in conditions like hyperacidity. Laxatives, cathartics and purgatives help promote bowel movements and treat constipation.
More Related Content
What's hot
Nitroglycerine drug. ppt
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator used to treat angina pectoris, heart failure, and myocardial infarction. It works by relaxing blood vessels, reducing the workload on the heart. It is rapidly absorbed through the skin or oral mucosa and has a quick onset of action within 1-3 minutes. Nitroglycerin is administered sublingually for acute angina attacks or before exertion. It can also be given intravenously to treat heart attacks or control blood pressure during surgery. Common side effects include headaches, dizziness, and hypotension.
Digitalis nikku ppt
This document discusses digitalis, a drug derived from foxglove plants that increases heart contraction and decreases heart rate. It focuses on digoxin and digitoxin, two cardiac glycosides used to treat heart conditions like congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. Digoxin is the preferred drug due to its longer half-life, while digitoxin is rarely used now. Both work by inhibiting sodium-potassium pumps, increasing intracellular calcium levels and strengthening heart muscle contractions. The document also covers digitalis toxicity treatment using digoxin immune fab antibody fragments.
Calcium gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement used to treat hypocalcemia and as an adjunct in magnesium intoxication. It contains 90mg or 4.5mEq of elemental calcium per gram. Calcium gluconate is administered intravenously or orally and plays an important role in muscle contraction and cell signaling. Adverse reactions include CNS effects, cardiac issues, constipation, and hypercalcemia. It should be used cautiously in patients with cardiac or renal diseases. Nursing considerations include monitoring calcium levels and signs of hypercalcemia.
Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)
Digoxin is a drug derived from foxglove that increases the strength of heart contractions and regulates heart rhythm. It is used to treat heart failure and abnormal heart rhythms. Digoxin works by increasing the amount of calcium available to heart muscles to improve contraction. Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, and heart palpitations. In cases of toxicity, treatment includes administering digoxin immune fab to remove digoxin from the bloodstream.
Nitroglycerin is a vasodilator that relaxes blood vessels. It is used to treat angina by dilating coronary arteries and reducing the workload on the heart. Nitroglycerin is administered sublingually as a tablet or spray for
Emetics
This document discusses emetics, which are drugs that induce vomiting. It defines emetics and describes the vomiting reflex and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) that emetics target. Emetics work by stimulating the CTZ and gastric mucosa. The document lists indications, contraindications, adverse effects, drug interactions, and classifications of emetics. It provides details on commonly used emetics like ipecacuanha, apomorphine, mustard, and their mechanisms of action, dosages, and side effects. Nursing responsibilities are outlined when administering emetics to induce vomiting.
Diazepam
Diazepam is an antianxiety agent that works by potentiating the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA in the central nervous system. It can be used orally or parenterally to treat anxiety, muscle relaxation, seizures, alcohol withdrawal, and other conditions. Common side effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and lethargy. Nurses are responsible for monitoring patients receiving diazepam for changes in vital signs and level of consciousness, instructing patients on proper administration and side effects, and ensuring patient safety during and after administration.
Alkalinizers
This document discusses alkalinizers, which are agents used to neutralize acidity in the body caused by conditions like metabolic acidosis. It describes several types of alkalinizers including sodium bicarbonate, sodium acetate, sodium citrate, and potassium citrate. Sodium bicarbonate is discussed in more detail, explaining that it neutralizes gastric acidity and raises pH towards normal. The document also covers indications, contraindications, dosing, side effects, and the nursing responsibilities for several alkalinizers.
Calcium Gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement used to treat hypocalcemia. It contains calcium ions which are essential for muscle contraction, cardiac function, blood clotting and nerve signaling. Calcium gluconate is prepared by oxidizing glucose in the presence of calcium. It is used therapeutically to treat hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia, magnesium sulfate overdose, and hydrofluoric acid burns. Side effects include nausea and constipation while drug interactions can occur with digoxin, antacids, and certain antibiotics. It is contraindicated in cases of hypercalcemia, kidney problems or ventricular fibrillation.
Calcium gluconate
Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement and medication used to treat low blood calcium, high blood potassium, and help absorb minerals. It occurs naturally in fruits and honey. As a supplement, it is used to treat or prevent osteoporosis and rickets. As a medication, it is administered by injection or taken orally, and is also used to counteract magnesium sulfate overdoses during pregnancy or treat hydrofluoric acid burns. Antimony gluconate is a pale yellow solid compound with the formula C12H37Na3O27Sb2 that is slightly soluble in water.
Drug used in skin and mucus membrane
This document discusses drugs used on the skin, mucous membranes, eyes, ears, and nose. It covers corticosteroids like glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids which suppress inflammation. It also discusses antipruritics for itching including anti-inflammatories, antibacterials, antifungals, and others. Specific drugs are provided for various conditions affecting the skin, eyes, ears, nose, and treatment of scabies and lice. Nursing responsibilities are outlined like monitoring for side effects and ensuring proper application of topical medications.
Urinary antiseptics
This document discusses urinary antiseptics, which are substances that prevent bacterial infections in the urinary tract. It outlines two common urinary antiseptics - metenamine and nitrofurantoin. Methenamine works by hydrolyzing in acidic urine to form ammonia and formaldehyde, which are bactericidal. It is used to treat chronic urinary infections. Nitrofurantoin is a synthetic antibiotic that works by interfering with bacterial cell metabolism and wall formation. It is commonly used to prevent recurrent urinary tract infections. Both drugs can cause adverse effects like diarrhea, vomiting, and allergic reactions, so nurses must monitor patients taking these medications.
Fluid and electrolyte therapy
A presentation done at the paediatrics department, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria.
Metoclopramide Midication
Metoclopramide is a prokinetic agent that increases stomach and upper intestine movements. It is used to treat certain stomach problems, nausea, and vomiting caused by chemotherapy. Metoclopramide works by antagonizing dopamine, stimulating upper GI tract motility, and accelerating gastric emptying and intestinal transit. It is available as tablets, injections, and oral solutions. Common uses include nausea and vomiting in adults, diabetic gastroparesis, GERD, and preventing postoperative nausea. Usual dosing is 15-30mg per day divided into three doses with at least 6 hours between doses.
Pantoprazole
Pantoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor used to reduce stomach acid production. It is used to treat stomach ulcers, GERD, and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Pantoprazole works by covalently binding to proton pumps in the stomach's gastric parietal cells for up to 24 hours to inhibit acid secretion. Potential side effects include nausea, diarrhea, weakness, headaches, and skin rashes. Drug interactions can occur with medications like nelfinavir, warfarin, and digoxin, so caution is recommended when taking other drugs. Pantoprazole should also be used carefully in patients with liver disease or osteoporosis, and its safety during pregnancy
Heparin
Heparin is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat blood clots. It works by interacting with antithrombin to accelerate the inhibition of enzymes involved in clot formation. Heparin can be unfractionated or low molecular weight and is derived from animal tissues, administered intravenously or subcutaneously, and has a short half-life of 1.5 hours. Its indications include treating and preventing deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and arterial clots. Common adverse effects include bleeding risks and hematologic issues.
LASIX - Furosemide(loop diuretics)
This document provides information on the loop diuretic furosemide, including its chemical and pharmacological classification, dosing, pharmacokinetics, mechanism of action, indications, adverse effects, contraindications, and drug interactions. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that works by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the loop of Henle, promoting increased excretion of sodium, chloride, potassium, and water. It is indicated for conditions like edema, hypertension, and hyperkalemia. Adverse effects include ototoxicity and electrolyte disturbances. It can interact with other diuretics or drugs that affect electrolyte levels.
Unit 10 cardivascular drugs
This document provides an overview of the topics that will be covered in a 5 hour unit on cardiovascular drugs. The unit will discuss haematinics, cardiotonics, antianginals, antihypertensives, anti-arrhythmics, plasma expanders, coagulants, anticoagulants, antiplatelets, thrombolytics, and hypolipidemics. For each drug class, the document outlines the composition, action, dosage, indications, contraindications, drug interactions, side effects, and nursing responsibilities. The instructor for the unit is Mr. Dipti Y. Sorte from Himalayan College of Nursing.
Bronchodilator drugs
Bronchodilator drugs work by relaxing the muscles in the airways to open breathing passages. There are three main types of bronchodilators: beta-adrenergic bronchodilators, anticholinergic bronchodilators, and xanthine derivatives. Each works through a different mechanism to dilate the bronchial airways. Common side effects among the drug types include dry mouth, headache, nausea, and difficulty breathing. Nurses monitor patients' vital signs and educate them on proper inhaler use when prescribing bronchodilators.
Antidiuretics drugs
This document discusses drugs used in the urinary system. It focuses on antidiuretics, which reduce urine volume. The main antidiuretic discussed is vasopressin, also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is produced in the brain and tells the kidneys to conserve water. It is used to treat conditions like diabetes insipidus and bedwetting. Nurses must monitor patients taking antidiuretics for electrolyte imbalances, vital signs, signs of allergic reactions, and stop the medication if hypertension develops.
Drugs acting on G.I. system
Drugs acting on the GI system include:
- Antiemetics which prevent nausea and vomiting like ondansetron and metoclopramide.
- Laxatives and purgatives like lactulose, bisacodyl, and docusate which are used to treat constipation.
- Antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate which neutralize stomach acid.
- Cholinergic drugs which increase GI motility and secretions. Anticholinergic drugs block acetylcholine and decrease motility and secretions.
What's hot (20)
Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)
Digoxin & Nitroglycerin by Dr. Sanaullah Aslam (Complete)
Similar to Urine Alkalizer.pptx
Gastro ia ppt
Gastrointestinal agents are drugs used to treat gastrointestinal disorders like achlorhydria, hyperacidity, constipation, and diarrhea. Acidifiers increase acid concentration in the GI tract and are used to treat achlorhydria. Dilute hydrochloric acid maintains or increases stomach acid levels and pH. Antacids neutralize excess stomach acid in hyperacidity. Common acidifiers and antacids include ammonium chloride, dilute hydrochloric acid, and sodium bicarbonate.
F.Y. (PIC) Gastrointestinal Agents.pptx
Gastrointestinal agents are classified into different groups based on their mechanism of action. These include acidifying agents, antacids, adsorbents, laxatives, cathartics, purgatives, and protective agents. Acidifying agents like dilute hydrochloric acid are used to increase acid levels in the stomach. Antacids like aluminum hydroxide gel and magnesium hydroxide are used to neutralize excess stomach acid in conditions like hyperacidity. Laxatives, cathartics and purgatives help promote bowel movements and treat constipation.
Antacids and Antiulcerants
This document summarizes information about gastric acid secretion and factors that influence it. It discusses:
1) Gastric acid is produced by parietal cells in the stomach and plays a key role in protein digestion. Parietal cells secrete acid in response to gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine.
2) Peptic ulcers are caused by an imbalance between gastric acid and the protective mucus lining, often due to H. pylori infection. Antacids and proton pump inhibitors are used to treat ulcers by reducing acid.
3) Proton pump inhibitors irreversibly block the proton pump in parietal cells, strongly inhibiting gastric acid secretion.
Chemproject
The document describes an experiment conducted by a student named Sandeep Yadav to determine the effectiveness of various antacids in neutralizing stomach acid. The experiment involved titrating a standardized hydrochloric acid solution with different antacid samples and measuring the amount of acid each antacid could neutralize. The results showed that the antacid Acid 10 was the most effective at neutralizing stomach acid among the samples tested.
Antacids
pharmacology of antacids, Ulcers its types, causes, treatments and description of ulcers with a detailed note on Antacids
To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach Acid
The document describes an experiment to determine which antacid could neutralize the most stomach acid. Materials used included various antacid samples, hydrochloric acid solution, and sodium carbonate solution. The antacids were tested by adding them to hydrochloric acid and titrating with sodium carbonate. The amount of sodium carbonate solution required indicated how much acid was neutralized. The results showed that Ocid was the most effective antacid, neutralizing the most stomach acid as it required the least amount of sodium carbonate solution at 7 mL.
Antacids
Antacids are a class of medicines that neutralize stomach acid. They work by increasing the pH of the stomach to reduce acidity and symptoms like heartburn and indigestion. Common antacids contain aluminum, magnesium, calcium, or sodium salts. They can provide quick relief but their effects don't last long. Antacids are generally safe but some forms may cause side effects like constipation or diarrhea depending on their ingredients. They also can interact with other medications if taken around the same time.
Chemistry investigaroy
hellloo everyone !!! i have made this chemistry investigatory project on the topic = " how much antacid can neutalise stomach acid . felll free to downlaod
Urine ph
The kidneys and lungs work together to maintain acid-base balance. The kidneys reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete ammonium ions and hydrogen ions to regulate pH. Urine pH reflects acid-base status and is normally between 4.5-8, varying with diet and fasting. Abnormal urine pH can indicate conditions like renal tubular acidosis or infections. Therapeutic urine alkalinization is used to treat some kidney stones and poisonings.
Uric Acid.pptx
Uric acid is the end product of purine metabolism and is excreted in urine. It is produced from the breakdown of purines from food and cells. There are two main methods for determining serum uric acid levels - the Caraway method which uses phosphotungstic acid and measures absorbance at 700nm, and the enzymatic method using uricase and peroxidase to produce a colored product measured at 500-540nm. Normal serum uric acid levels are 3.5-7.2 mg/dl for males and 2.5-6.2 mg/dl for females. Hyperuricemia can be caused by reduced excretion due to renal disorders or increased production from metabolic disorders and diseases
SM_b70c6b76-9696-41a0-a265-34b997ffbbee_75.pdf
The document discusses gastrointestinal agents and provides information about antacids. It defines antacids as alkaline substances used to neutralize hydrochloric acid in the stomach and provides relief from pain caused by excess stomach acid. The summary discusses classification of antacids as systemic or non-systemic based on absorption and criteria for an ideal antacid preparation. It also mentions combination antacid preparations can help avoid side effects of individual compounds.
Gastrointestinal agents
Subject : Pharmaceutical Inorganic Chemistry
As per syllabus of Gujarat Technological University
Gastrointestinal Agents
diuretics.pptx
Diuretics are medicines that help reduce fluid buildup in the body. They are sometimes called water pills. Most diuretics help the kidneys remove salt and water through the urine. This lowers the amount of fluid flowing through the veins and arteries. As a result, blood pressure goes down.
Diuretics are drugs that increase the flow of urine. They are commonly used to treat edema, hypertension, and heart failure. Typically, the pharmacological group consists of five classes: thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, osmotic diuretics, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.
There are three main types of diuretic: loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics and potassium-sparing diuretics.
New microsoft power point presentation
CLASS XII CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
AIM- TO DETERMINE WHICH ANTACID NEUTRALIZE THE STOMACH MOST
10 Home Remedies for Gastroenteritis
This document lists 10 home remedies for gastroenteritis: salt, ginger, asafetida, apple cider vinegar, baking soda, basil, peppermint, chamomile, bananas, and probiotics. These natural remedies help treat and prevent gastroenteritis by fighting infection, reducing inflammation and symptoms like nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, and promoting proper digestive function.
CATHARTICS constitution classification etc.pptx
This document discusses various laxatives and cathartics including their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and implications for use. It describes bulk forming, emollient, hyperosmotic, saline, and stimulant laxatives. Specific laxatives covered include magnesium sulfate, sodium orthophosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, kaolin, bentonite, and their properties and uses. The document emphasizes the importance of assessing patients' symptoms and fluid/electrolyte status when using laxatives due to potential side effects like dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and dependency issues with long term use.
Antidiarrhoeal drugs& laxatives
The document discusses antidiarrheal agents and laxatives. It defines diarrhea and constipation and lists various causes. It describes the mechanisms of action and side effects of different classes of antidiarrheal medications including adsorbents, anticholinergics, intestinal flora modifiers, and opiates. It also covers the mechanisms of various laxative classes including bulk-forming, emollient, hyperosmotic, saline, and stimulant laxatives. Nursing considerations are provided around the use of these agents.
Antacid ppt
Antacids are bases that neutralize excess stomach acid. They work by reacting with hydrochloric acid in the stomach to reduce acidity when levels are too high, such as during indigestion, heartburn, or acid reflux. Common antacids contain ingredients like calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, and sodium bicarbonate. While they can relieve symptoms, antacids are not a treatment for underlying causes of excess stomach acid. Some people may experience side effects like diarrhea, constipation, or changes in bowel movements from regular antacid use.
Acidity8
This document discusses natural herbal supplements for treating acid reflux. It recommends Acikill capsules, which work to neutralize stomach acid and manage acid levels in a natural way without side effects. The capsules provide relief from acidity symptoms by controlling acid production and maintaining a healthy digestive system. Some common causes of acidity mentioned are low-fiber diets, stress, smoking, spicy foods, and excessive tea, coffee, garlic or onions.
Urinary disorders,diuresis,urine infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system — your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra
Similar to Urine Alkalizer.pptx (20)
To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach Acid
To Determine which Antacid could Neutralize the most Stomach Acid
More from Bimal Magar
Drug acting on Skin and Mucus membrane.pptx
This document summarizes various types of drugs acting on the skin and mucous membranes. It describes demulcents which form a soothing film, relieving minor pain. Emollients are similar but are oily substances that soften skin. Adsorbents are powders that bind irritants. Astringents cause skin contraction. Keratolytics dissolve skin flakes. Antiseborrheics and antipsoriatics treat seborrhea, psoriasis, and acne. Antiseptics and disinfectants inhibit or kill microorganisms. Scabicides and pediculicides treat scabies and lice infections.
Miscellenious Drug.pptx
Immunosuppressant drugs suppress the immune system and are primarily used after organ transplantation to prevent transplant rejection. There are two main types of immunosuppressants: induction drugs used short-term after transplantation and long-term maintenance drugs. Common immunosuppressants include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, corticosteroids, and monoclonal antibodies. These drugs work by inhibiting T-cell activation and cytokine production to decrease the immune response to foreign transplanted organs.
Drug used in special population.pptx
Nearly all drugs taken by pregnant mothers will cross the placenta and expose the fetus. When considering drug treatment during pregnancy, the risks and benefits must be weighed carefully. The timing of exposure is also important, as drugs administered between 18-55 days can cause organ malformations, while after 55 days the effects may involve organ dysfunction. The FDA categorizes drugs into A, B, C, D or X based on available evidence from animal and human studies, with Category X drugs demonstrating clear fetal risk that outweighs any potential benefit.
Anti-cancer drug.pptx
The document discusses various types of cancer, tumors, and anti-cancer drugs. It defines cancer and different types such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. It describes characteristics of cancer like uncontrolled cell proliferation and metastasis. It then discusses different classes of anti-cancer drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, and antibiotics. It provides details on specific drugs like cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, doxorubicin, bleomycin, paclitaxel, vincristine, and cytarabine. It explains the mechanism of action, indications, side effects, contraindications, and dosages of these drugs.
THERAPEUTIC DRUG MONITORING (TDM).pptx
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) involves measuring drug levels in a patient's bloodstream to maintain an optimal concentration range. It is important because the effects of drugs can vary between patients due to differences in pharmacokinetic parameters like bioavailability. TDM allows for individualized dosing by considering a patient's serum drug concentrations, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and maintaining therapeutic levels. Key parameters monitored in TDM include drug clearance, concentrations, half-life, and timing of administration.
Drug Interaction.pptx
This document discusses drug interactions, beginning with definitions and components. It then covers the epidemiology, causes, and factors contributing to drug interactions. The document classifies drug interactions by likelihood, predictability, drugs most commonly involved, and susceptible patients. It further classifies interactions by consequence, site, and pharmacokinetic vs. pharmacodynamic mechanisms. The document concludes by discussing the clinical significance of drug interactions.
CLINICAL PHARMACY.pptx
Clinical pharmacy is focused on optimizing medication therapy and promoting health. It is more developed in Western countries than in Nepal, where pharmacy education is industry-oriented and hospital pharmacy roles are undefined. Clinical pharmacists perform various patient care activities like taking medication histories, patient education, monitoring drug therapy, formulating policies, providing drug information, research, and adverse drug reaction reporting to optimize outcomes. Pharmaceutical care involves designing and monitoring therapeutic plans between pharmacists and other providers to improve patients' quality of life. Key responsibilities of clinical pharmacists include identifying and resolving medication-related problems.
Adverse Drug Reaction.pptx
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions from WHO and FDA, classification of ADRs as Type A or B reactions, factors affecting ADR incidence and severity, and methods for detecting and monitoring ADRs. It provides details on the national pharmacovigilance program in Nepal and the role pharmacists play in ADR monitoring and pharmacovigilance.
DRUG ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx
This document discusses drugs acting on the respiratory system. It begins by defining cough and its types. It then discusses common respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD in detail. The causes, symptoms and treatment options for cough, asthma and COPD are explained. Finally, it discusses various classes of drugs used for cough like expectorants, suppressants and adjuvents. Specific drugs like codeine, dextromethorphan, ammonium chloride, guaifenesin, bromhexine and bronchodilators are also explained in terms of their mechanisms, indications, doses and side effects.
Antimicrobial Drugs.pptx
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and microbial resistance. It defines infection and describes different types of infections. It then classifies antimicrobial drugs based on their chemical structure, spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, and type of organism targeted. The document outlines general principles of antimicrobial therapy including selection of drugs, administration, dosing, and preventing resistance. It also describes causes, mechanisms, and types of microbial resistance that can develop.
Store Management.pptx
This document discusses best practices for managing medical stores and supplies. It recommends that medicines be stored separately from the main pharmacy with high demand and emergency drugs kept in stock. Proper storage conditions like temperature control and cleanliness are important to preserve drug quality. Objectives of good management include maintaining continuous supply, quality, and accurate inventory records. Stock should be rotated using a first expiry, first out system to ensure older supplies are used first before their expiration dates.
Life saving Drug.pptx
1. The document provides guidelines for managing medical emergencies, including activating a crisis plan, assessing airway, breathing and circulation, obtaining history, administering oxygen, and monitoring the patient once stable.
2. It then lists various drugs used to treat conditions like anaphylactic shock, myocardial infarction, circulatory collapse, status epilepticus, and hypertensive crisis.
3. The document also provides directions for administering antisnake venom, including recommended initial dosages, dilution, administration time, and monitoring the patient afterwards.
More from Bimal Magar (12)
Recently uploaded
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
we have mentioned the best 10 ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups. You can check all these products and choose the best one for yourself.
Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Do you have abnormal smell after periods? It may be vaginitis. Do not worry, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can help you get a cure.
The Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India
Treat the symptoms of indigestion, heartburn and stomach reflux with the 10 Best Ayurvedic Antacid Tablets in India.
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Ketone bodies and metabolism-biochemistry
This slide consists of all the topics of ketone . This can be used for exam purpose for writing about Diabetic keto acidosis etc . Thank you
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptx
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Recently uploaded (20)
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Tests for analysis of different pharmaceutical.pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
Top 10 Best Ayurvedic Kidney Stone Syrups in India
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Urine Alkalizer.pptx
- 2. Urinary Alkalinizers It works by reducing the acidity of the urine. Bacterial infections of the urinary tract can cause the urine to become more acidic than normal, resulting in painful and burning sensations when passing urine. they may be used to treat acidosis due to renal failure. Used for oral or parenteral therapy, sodium bicarbonate is the commonly preferred alkalinizing agent. These substances are used for treatment and prevention of kidney stones by lowering the
- 3. Sodium bicarbonate Sodium bicarbonate is a salt that breaks down to form sodium and bicarbonate in water. This makes a solution alkaline, meaning it's able to neutralize acid. Mechanism of action It increases the excretion of free bicarbonate ions in the urine thus effectively raising the urinary pH. By maintaining alkaline urine the actual dissolution of uric acid stones may be accomplished. Indication: an antacid that neutralizes stomach acid. It is used to treat heartburn and upset stomach and indigestion It is used to treat high acid levels in the blood.
- 4. Side-effect: Alkalosis Hypernitraemia Irregular heartbeat urinating more than usual. dry mouth; increased thirst Gas, Abdominal Bloating Contraindication: hypernatraemia, metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, hypocalcaemia Dose: Adults and teenagers: At first, four grams is given then 1 to 2 grams in every four hours Children: The usual dose is 23 to 230 mg/kg/day.