This document discusses drugs acting on the respiratory system. It begins by defining cough and its types. It then discusses common respiratory conditions like asthma and COPD in detail. The causes, symptoms and treatment options for cough, asthma and COPD are explained. Finally, it discusses various classes of drugs used for cough like expectorants, suppressants and adjuvents. Specific drugs like codeine, dextromethorphan, ammonium chloride, guaifenesin, bromhexine and bronchodilators are also explained in terms of their mechanisms, indications, doses and side effects.
The human respiratory system involves breathing controlled by the medulla oblongata. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, with oxygen diffusing into the blood and carbon dioxide diffusing out. Breathing in and out is achieved through contractions and relaxations of the diaphragm and rib cage. Diseases of the respiratory system include bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, lung cancer, and asthma.
- Coughing is a protective reflex action that aims to clear irritants from the airway. Most coughs are caused by viral upper respiratory tract infections and will improve on their own within a few days.
- Coughs can be classified as productive (with sputum) or unproductive (dry). Productive coughs may indicate bacterial infection. Coughs lasting over 2 weeks should be referred to a doctor.
- Treatment depends on cough type but includes suppressants for dry coughs and expectorants for productive coughs. Demulcents soothe the throat. While evidence for efficacy is limited, cough remedies provide relief for many through placebo effect.
This document provides an overview of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It begins with an introduction to COPD, describing it as a common lung disease that makes breathing difficult. It then covers the anatomy and physiology of COPD, defining it as a progressive lung disease involving chronic inflammation and airflow obstruction. The document discusses the incidence of COPD globally and risk factors. It provides details on the pathophysiology, stages and symptoms of the disease. Diagnostic tests like spirometry and chest x-rays are described. The document outlines complications of COPD and approaches to medical management including pharmacology, surgery, and nursing care. It provides details on specific drugs like bronchodilators and corticosteroids used to
This document provides information about asthma, including its definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, management, and nursing considerations. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief medications. The goals of nursing management are to stabilize respiratory status, relieve symptoms, reduce anxiety, promote health, prevent complications, and prevent further asthma episodes.
This document discusses cough physiology and antitussives. It begins by explaining the physiology of cough including the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways involved. It then classifies antitussives as expectorants, which promote secretion clearance, anti-tussives which suppress cough, and other drugs. Specific expectorants discussed include mucolytics like acetylcysteine and carbocisteine. Anti-tussives are classified as opioids like codeine, non-opioids like dextromethorphan, and antihistamines. The document cautions against fixed dose combinations of antitussives that are not rational.
This document provides information on various respiratory emergencies including definitions, types, causes, and management. The types discussed are asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, hyperventilation, anaphylactic shock, and COPD. For each condition, the document outlines the definition, etiology or causes, and approaches to management such as medications, therapies, and in some cases surgery. Prevention strategies are also discussed for some conditions.
This document provides information about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a group of lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that cause breathing-related problems due to airflow blockages. The document discusses the prevalence of COPD globally, common causes such as smoking, symptoms, stages of the disease, diagnosis typically involving spirometry, and treatments including medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy and surgery.
The human respiratory system involves breathing controlled by the medulla oblongata. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, with oxygen diffusing into the blood and carbon dioxide diffusing out. Breathing in and out is achieved through contractions and relaxations of the diaphragm and rib cage. Diseases of the respiratory system include bronchitis, emphysema, pneumonia, lung cancer, and asthma.
- Coughing is a protective reflex action that aims to clear irritants from the airway. Most coughs are caused by viral upper respiratory tract infections and will improve on their own within a few days.
- Coughs can be classified as productive (with sputum) or unproductive (dry). Productive coughs may indicate bacterial infection. Coughs lasting over 2 weeks should be referred to a doctor.
- Treatment depends on cough type but includes suppressants for dry coughs and expectorants for productive coughs. Demulcents soothe the throat. While evidence for efficacy is limited, cough remedies provide relief for many through placebo effect.
This document provides an overview of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). It begins with an introduction to COPD, describing it as a common lung disease that makes breathing difficult. It then covers the anatomy and physiology of COPD, defining it as a progressive lung disease involving chronic inflammation and airflow obstruction. The document discusses the incidence of COPD globally and risk factors. It provides details on the pathophysiology, stages and symptoms of the disease. Diagnostic tests like spirometry and chest x-rays are described. The document outlines complications of COPD and approaches to medical management including pharmacology, surgery, and nursing care. It provides details on specific drugs like bronchodilators and corticosteroids used to
This document provides information about asthma, including its definition, prevalence, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic studies, management, and nursing considerations. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by variable and recurring symptoms of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough. It affects over 300 million people globally. Management involves both long-term control medications and quick-relief medications. The goals of nursing management are to stabilize respiratory status, relieve symptoms, reduce anxiety, promote health, prevent complications, and prevent further asthma episodes.
This document discusses cough physiology and antitussives. It begins by explaining the physiology of cough including the receptors, afferent and efferent pathways involved. It then classifies antitussives as expectorants, which promote secretion clearance, anti-tussives which suppress cough, and other drugs. Specific expectorants discussed include mucolytics like acetylcysteine and carbocisteine. Anti-tussives are classified as opioids like codeine, non-opioids like dextromethorphan, and antihistamines. The document cautions against fixed dose combinations of antitussives that are not rational.
This document provides information on various respiratory emergencies including definitions, types, causes, and management. The types discussed are asthma, emphysema, bronchitis, hyperventilation, anaphylactic shock, and COPD. For each condition, the document outlines the definition, etiology or causes, and approaches to management such as medications, therapies, and in some cases surgery. Prevention strategies are also discussed for some conditions.
This document provides information about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a group of lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that cause breathing-related problems due to airflow blockages. The document discusses the prevalence of COPD globally, common causes such as smoking, symptoms, stages of the disease, diagnosis typically involving spirometry, and treatments including medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy and surgery.
This document provides information about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a group of lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that cause breathing problems due to airflow blockages. The document discusses the prevalence of COPD globally, common causes such as smoking, symptoms, stages of the disease, diagnosis typically involving spirometry, and treatments including medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, diet, and lifestyle changes.
The document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. The document provides statistics on the prevalence and mortality of COPD worldwide and in India. It identifies the major risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management including medications, oxygen therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. It also discusses nursing care for patients with COPD.
COPD is a chronic lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe by damaging the lungs over time. The main symptoms are shortness of breath, chronic cough, and excess mucus production. COPD is usually caused by smoking and long-term exposure to lung irritants. The diagnosis involves lung function tests and chest imaging. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking. Managing symptoms and staying active are important for living well with COPD.
This document discusses drugs for cough. It begins by describing the mechanism and causes of cough. Cough can be voluntary or reflexive, and has afferent and efferent pathways involving various nerves. Causes include upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other conditions. The document then classifies drugs for cough into four main categories: pharyngeal demulcents to soothe the throat; expectorants to increase or thin mucus; antitussives to suppress coughing; and bronchodilators to relieve cough caused by bronchospasm. Specific drugs and combinations are provided as examples for each category. The document concludes by describing specific treatments for cough based on its underlying cause.
The document discusses several respiratory disorders including asthma, pneumonia, and emphysema. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and treatments for each. Asthma is a chronic lung disease involving inflammation and constriction of the airways. It can be controlled but not cured through medication and avoiding triggers. Pneumonia is the inflammation of lung tissues caused by bacteria, viruses, or irritants. It poses high risks for elderly, immunosuppressed, and smokers. Emphysema is a lung disease classified as COPD where lung tissue is destroyed, causing shortness of breath. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of emphysema.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to progressive lung diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It is characterized by increasing breathlessness over many years that is caused by an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles, primarily from cigarette smoking. While COPD affects the lungs, it also produces systemic effects. The main symptoms include worsening shortness of breath, chronic cough, and excess mucus production. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, medical history, and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation and medications to relieve symptoms.
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis. It defines each condition and discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, medical management, nursing management, and prevention. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs that can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard treatments and preventative measures are outlined for each condition.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to chronic lung diseases characterized by airflow limitation. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways and excessive mucus production, while emphysema involves breakdown of lung tissue and enlargement of the airspaces. The primary cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Management focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and preventing and treating exacerbations. Nursing care involves positioning, breathing exercises, suctioning and airway clearance techniques.
This document summarizes different types of drugs used to treat cough, including demulcents, expectorants, mucolytics, and antitussives. Demulcents soothe the throat to reduce coughing, while expectorants aim to loosen mucus and make it easier to cough up. Mucolytics work to break down mucus in the airways. Antitussives suppress coughing by acting on the cough center in the brain or peripherally in the respiratory tract. Examples of commonly used drugs from each class are provided, along with their mechanisms of action and dosages.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction due to bronchospasms, increased mucus secretion, and mucosal edema. It is triggered by both extrinsic allergens like pollen, animal dander, and foods as well as intrinsic factors like respiratory infections, stress, and pollution. Symptoms range from mild wheezing to difficulty breathing and low oxygen levels. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, allergy testing, and monitoring lung function and oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using bronchodilators and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and open airways, and humidified oxygen for severe attacks to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
This document provides an overview of cough, including its definition, phases, reflex, types, evaluation, investigations, treatment, and complications. It discusses the cough reflex pathway and various receptors involved. It describes acute, subacute and chronic cough and their typical causes. Various types of cough are defined based on their characteristics. A detailed evaluation and focused testing is recommended for cough lasting more than 3 weeks. Common antitussive medications are outlined along with their mechanisms and side effects.
This document discusses cough, including its definition, phases, types, evaluation, investigations, treatment, and complications. It describes the cough reflex and fibers involved. It outlines acute, subacute and chronic cough causes and characteristics. Investigations discussed include sputum analysis, pulmonary function tests, and imaging. Treatment approaches are described for different cough types and durations. Various antitussive medications and their mechanisms and side effects are explained. Complications of cough are also summarized.
The document discusses several respiratory disorders:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing hyperresponsiveness and mucus production. Common triggers include allergies, irritants, exercise and stress. Symptoms are coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Treatment includes preventative inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators for relief.
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation in the air sacs. Symptoms are cough, fever, chest pain and shortness of breath. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Treatment involves antibiotics, fever relief medications and oxygen therapy.
- COPD is a lung disease characterized by obstruction of
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough. It begins by describing the types of cough as being either non-productive (dry) or productive (tenacious) and the appropriate treatments for each. It then covers the classification of cough medications, including peripherally-acting expectorants, centrally-acting antitussives, and combinations. Specific drug classes and examples like expectorants, antitussives, antihistamines, and bronchodilators are explained. The document concludes by discussing the treatment approach based on the underlying cause of cough.
Special considerations in design of clinical trials for special Disease condi...Dr. Pankaj Bablani
This document provides guidance on designing clinical trials for respiratory disorders like asthma and bronchitis. It discusses patient characteristics and selection criteria, including diagnosing based on symptoms and lung function tests. Trial design considerations are outlined, such as evaluating drugs that improve lung function, provide symptom relief, or modify disease progression. Methods to assess efficacy include lung function tests measured over multiple visits. Special populations like children require age-specific study designs. Guidelines from health authorities should be followed for clinical trial authorization.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the airways causing symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It can be triggered by allergens, infections, pollution, and other factors. There are two main types - intrinsic asthma which has no identifiable cause and extrinsic asthma triggered by allergies. Treatment involves bronchodilators to open airways, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, oxygen therapy, and avoiding triggers. Nursing care focuses on maintaining a clear airway, administering medications, monitoring for complications, and providing education to patients and families.
This document provides information on assessing and managing coughs presented in a pharmacy setting. It describes how to collect relevant information from patients such as age, duration of cough, nature of cough, associated symptoms, past medical history, and current medications. It explains the causes and characteristics of different types of coughs and makes recommendations on using cough suppressants, expectorants, and other treatments based on the assessment. The goal is to determine whether a cough is self-limiting or requires referral to a doctor for further evaluation and management.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by obstructed airflow from the lungs. It is typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter from cigarette smoke. The two most common conditions that contribute to COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema destroys lung tissue and chronic bronchitis causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes. While COPD is progressive, treatment options can help control symptoms and slow disease progression. Treatment may include quitting smoking, medications like bronchodilators and antibiotics, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and possibly surgery in severe cases.
Drug acting on Skin and Mucus membrane.pptxBimal Magar
This document summarizes various types of drugs acting on the skin and mucous membranes. It describes demulcents which form a soothing film, relieving minor pain. Emollients are similar but are oily substances that soften skin. Adsorbents are powders that bind irritants. Astringents cause skin contraction. Keratolytics dissolve skin flakes. Antiseborrheics and antipsoriatics treat seborrhea, psoriasis, and acne. Antiseptics and disinfectants inhibit or kill microorganisms. Scabicides and pediculicides treat scabies and lice infections.
Immunosuppressant drugs suppress the immune system and are primarily used after organ transplantation to prevent transplant rejection. There are two main types of immunosuppressants: induction drugs used short-term after transplantation and long-term maintenance drugs. Common immunosuppressants include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, corticosteroids, and monoclonal antibodies. These drugs work by inhibiting T-cell activation and cytokine production to decrease the immune response to foreign transplanted organs.
This document provides information about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a group of lung diseases including emphysema and chronic bronchitis that cause breathing problems due to airflow blockages. The document discusses the prevalence of COPD globally, common causes such as smoking, symptoms, stages of the disease, diagnosis typically involving spirometry, and treatments including medications, pulmonary rehabilitation, diet, and lifestyle changes.
The document discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It defines COPD as a progressive lung disease characterized by airflow obstruction caused by chronic bronchitis or emphysema. The document provides statistics on the prevalence and mortality of COPD worldwide and in India. It identifies the major risk factors, clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluations, management including medications, oxygen therapy, surgery, and rehabilitation. It also discusses nursing care for patients with COPD.
COPD is a chronic lung disease that makes it difficult to breathe by damaging the lungs over time. The main symptoms are shortness of breath, chronic cough, and excess mucus production. COPD is usually caused by smoking and long-term exposure to lung irritants. The diagnosis involves lung function tests and chest imaging. Treatment focuses on bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and lifestyle changes like quitting smoking. Managing symptoms and staying active are important for living well with COPD.
This document discusses drugs for cough. It begins by describing the mechanism and causes of cough. Cough can be voluntary or reflexive, and has afferent and efferent pathways involving various nerves. Causes include upper respiratory infections, pneumonia, and other conditions. The document then classifies drugs for cough into four main categories: pharyngeal demulcents to soothe the throat; expectorants to increase or thin mucus; antitussives to suppress coughing; and bronchodilators to relieve cough caused by bronchospasm. Specific drugs and combinations are provided as examples for each category. The document concludes by describing specific treatments for cough based on its underlying cause.
The document discusses several respiratory disorders including asthma, pneumonia, and emphysema. It provides details on the causes, symptoms, and treatments for each. Asthma is a chronic lung disease involving inflammation and constriction of the airways. It can be controlled but not cured through medication and avoiding triggers. Pneumonia is the inflammation of lung tissues caused by bacteria, viruses, or irritants. It poses high risks for elderly, immunosuppressed, and smokers. Emphysema is a lung disease classified as COPD where lung tissue is destroyed, causing shortness of breath. Cigarette smoking is the primary cause of emphysema.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to progressive lung diseases such as emphysema and chronic bronchitis. It is characterized by increasing breathlessness over many years that is caused by an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles, primarily from cigarette smoking. While COPD affects the lungs, it also produces systemic effects. The main symptoms include worsening shortness of breath, chronic cough, and excess mucus production. Diagnosis involves assessing symptoms, medical history, and lung function tests. Treatment focuses on smoking cessation and medications to relieve symptoms.
This document provides information on lower respiratory tract infections including bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary tuberculosis. It defines each condition and discusses causes, risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, medical management, nursing management, and prevention. Bronchitis is inflammation of the bronchial tubes caused by viruses or bacteria. Pneumonia is inflammation of the lungs that can be bacterial, viral, or fungal in origin. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic lung infection caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Standard treatments and preventative measures are outlined for each condition.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to chronic lung diseases characterized by airflow limitation. The two main conditions that make up COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic bronchitis involves inflammation of the airways and excessive mucus production, while emphysema involves breakdown of lung tissue and enlargement of the airspaces. The primary cause of COPD is cigarette smoking. Symptoms include cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. Management focuses on smoking cessation, bronchodilators, pulmonary rehabilitation, oxygen therapy, and preventing and treating exacerbations. Nursing care involves positioning, breathing exercises, suctioning and airway clearance techniques.
This document summarizes different types of drugs used to treat cough, including demulcents, expectorants, mucolytics, and antitussives. Demulcents soothe the throat to reduce coughing, while expectorants aim to loosen mucus and make it easier to cough up. Mucolytics work to break down mucus in the airways. Antitussives suppress coughing by acting on the cough center in the brain or peripherally in the respiratory tract. Examples of commonly used drugs from each class are provided, along with their mechanisms of action and dosages.
Asthma is a chronic lung disease characterized by episodic airway obstruction due to bronchospasms, increased mucus secretion, and mucosal edema. It is triggered by both extrinsic allergens like pollen, animal dander, and foods as well as intrinsic factors like respiratory infections, stress, and pollution. Symptoms range from mild wheezing to difficulty breathing and low oxygen levels. Diagnosis involves pulmonary function tests, allergy testing, and monitoring lung function and oxygen levels. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, using bronchodilators and corticosteroids to reduce inflammation and open airways, and humidified oxygen for severe attacks to prevent complications like respiratory failure.
This document provides an overview of cough, including its definition, phases, reflex, types, evaluation, investigations, treatment, and complications. It discusses the cough reflex pathway and various receptors involved. It describes acute, subacute and chronic cough and their typical causes. Various types of cough are defined based on their characteristics. A detailed evaluation and focused testing is recommended for cough lasting more than 3 weeks. Common antitussive medications are outlined along with their mechanisms and side effects.
This document discusses cough, including its definition, phases, types, evaluation, investigations, treatment, and complications. It describes the cough reflex and fibers involved. It outlines acute, subacute and chronic cough causes and characteristics. Investigations discussed include sputum analysis, pulmonary function tests, and imaging. Treatment approaches are described for different cough types and durations. Various antitussive medications and their mechanisms and side effects are explained. Complications of cough are also summarized.
The document discusses several respiratory disorders:
- Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways causing hyperresponsiveness and mucus production. Common triggers include allergies, irritants, exercise and stress. Symptoms are coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. Treatment includes preventative inhaled corticosteroids and bronchodilators for relief.
- Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that causes inflammation in the air sacs. Symptoms are cough, fever, chest pain and shortness of breath. It can be caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. Treatment involves antibiotics, fever relief medications and oxygen therapy.
- COPD is a lung disease characterized by obstruction of
This document discusses the pharmacotherapy of cough. It begins by describing the types of cough as being either non-productive (dry) or productive (tenacious) and the appropriate treatments for each. It then covers the classification of cough medications, including peripherally-acting expectorants, centrally-acting antitussives, and combinations. Specific drug classes and examples like expectorants, antitussives, antihistamines, and bronchodilators are explained. The document concludes by discussing the treatment approach based on the underlying cause of cough.
Special considerations in design of clinical trials for special Disease condi...Dr. Pankaj Bablani
This document provides guidance on designing clinical trials for respiratory disorders like asthma and bronchitis. It discusses patient characteristics and selection criteria, including diagnosing based on symptoms and lung function tests. Trial design considerations are outlined, such as evaluating drugs that improve lung function, provide symptom relief, or modify disease progression. Methods to assess efficacy include lung function tests measured over multiple visits. Special populations like children require age-specific study designs. Guidelines from health authorities should be followed for clinical trial authorization.
Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation of the airways causing symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. It can be triggered by allergens, infections, pollution, and other factors. There are two main types - intrinsic asthma which has no identifiable cause and extrinsic asthma triggered by allergies. Treatment involves bronchodilators to open airways, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, oxygen therapy, and avoiding triggers. Nursing care focuses on maintaining a clear airway, administering medications, monitoring for complications, and providing education to patients and families.
This document provides information on assessing and managing coughs presented in a pharmacy setting. It describes how to collect relevant information from patients such as age, duration of cough, nature of cough, associated symptoms, past medical history, and current medications. It explains the causes and characteristics of different types of coughs and makes recommendations on using cough suppressants, expectorants, and other treatments based on the assessment. The goal is to determine whether a cough is self-limiting or requires referral to a doctor for further evaluation and management.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by obstructed airflow from the lungs. It is typically caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter from cigarette smoke. The two most common conditions that contribute to COPD are emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Emphysema destroys lung tissue and chronic bronchitis causes inflammation of the bronchial tubes. While COPD is progressive, treatment options can help control symptoms and slow disease progression. Treatment may include quitting smoking, medications like bronchodilators and antibiotics, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and possibly surgery in severe cases.
Similar to DRUG ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.pptx (20)
Drug acting on Skin and Mucus membrane.pptxBimal Magar
This document summarizes various types of drugs acting on the skin and mucous membranes. It describes demulcents which form a soothing film, relieving minor pain. Emollients are similar but are oily substances that soften skin. Adsorbents are powders that bind irritants. Astringents cause skin contraction. Keratolytics dissolve skin flakes. Antiseborrheics and antipsoriatics treat seborrhea, psoriasis, and acne. Antiseptics and disinfectants inhibit or kill microorganisms. Scabicides and pediculicides treat scabies and lice infections.
Immunosuppressant drugs suppress the immune system and are primarily used after organ transplantation to prevent transplant rejection. There are two main types of immunosuppressants: induction drugs used short-term after transplantation and long-term maintenance drugs. Common immunosuppressants include cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, corticosteroids, and monoclonal antibodies. These drugs work by inhibiting T-cell activation and cytokine production to decrease the immune response to foreign transplanted organs.
Nearly all drugs taken by pregnant mothers will cross the placenta and expose the fetus. When considering drug treatment during pregnancy, the risks and benefits must be weighed carefully. The timing of exposure is also important, as drugs administered between 18-55 days can cause organ malformations, while after 55 days the effects may involve organ dysfunction. The FDA categorizes drugs into A, B, C, D or X based on available evidence from animal and human studies, with Category X drugs demonstrating clear fetal risk that outweighs any potential benefit.
Urinary alkalinizers work by reducing the acidity of urine to treat painful and burning urination caused by acidic urine from bacterial infections. They are also used to treat acidosis from kidney failure by raising urine pH levels and dissolving uric acid stones. Sodium bicarbonate is commonly used as it breaks down into sodium and bicarbonate ions, making the urine more alkaline and increasing excretion of alkaline bicarbonate ions in the urine to raise pH.
The document discusses various types of cancer, tumors, and anti-cancer drugs. It defines cancer and different types such as carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphoma, and leukemia. It describes characteristics of cancer like uncontrolled cell proliferation and metastasis. It then discusses different classes of anti-cancer drugs like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids, and antibiotics. It provides details on specific drugs like cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, doxorubicin, bleomycin, paclitaxel, vincristine, and cytarabine. It explains the mechanism of action, indications, side effects, contraindications, and dosages of these drugs.
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) involves measuring drug levels in a patient's bloodstream to maintain an optimal concentration range. It is important because the effects of drugs can vary between patients due to differences in pharmacokinetic parameters like bioavailability. TDM allows for individualized dosing by considering a patient's serum drug concentrations, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and maintaining therapeutic levels. Key parameters monitored in TDM include drug clearance, concentrations, half-life, and timing of administration.
This document discusses drug interactions, beginning with definitions and components. It then covers the epidemiology, causes, and factors contributing to drug interactions. The document classifies drug interactions by likelihood, predictability, drugs most commonly involved, and susceptible patients. It further classifies interactions by consequence, site, and pharmacokinetic vs. pharmacodynamic mechanisms. The document concludes by discussing the clinical significance of drug interactions.
Clinical pharmacy is focused on optimizing medication therapy and promoting health. It is more developed in Western countries than in Nepal, where pharmacy education is industry-oriented and hospital pharmacy roles are undefined. Clinical pharmacists perform various patient care activities like taking medication histories, patient education, monitoring drug therapy, formulating policies, providing drug information, research, and adverse drug reaction reporting to optimize outcomes. Pharmaceutical care involves designing and monitoring therapeutic plans between pharmacists and other providers to improve patients' quality of life. Key responsibilities of clinical pharmacists include identifying and resolving medication-related problems.
This document discusses adverse drug reactions (ADRs), including definitions from WHO and FDA, classification of ADRs as Type A or B reactions, factors affecting ADR incidence and severity, and methods for detecting and monitoring ADRs. It provides details on the national pharmacovigilance program in Nepal and the role pharmacists play in ADR monitoring and pharmacovigilance.
This document discusses antimicrobial drugs and microbial resistance. It defines infection and describes different types of infections. It then classifies antimicrobial drugs based on their chemical structure, spectrum of activity, mechanism of action, and type of organism targeted. The document outlines general principles of antimicrobial therapy including selection of drugs, administration, dosing, and preventing resistance. It also describes causes, mechanisms, and types of microbial resistance that can develop.
This document discusses best practices for managing medical stores and supplies. It recommends that medicines be stored separately from the main pharmacy with high demand and emergency drugs kept in stock. Proper storage conditions like temperature control and cleanliness are important to preserve drug quality. Objectives of good management include maintaining continuous supply, quality, and accurate inventory records. Stock should be rotated using a first expiry, first out system to ensure older supplies are used first before their expiration dates.
1. The document provides guidelines for managing medical emergencies, including activating a crisis plan, assessing airway, breathing and circulation, obtaining history, administering oxygen, and monitoring the patient once stable.
2. It then lists various drugs used to treat conditions like anaphylactic shock, myocardial infarction, circulatory collapse, status epilepticus, and hypertensive crisis.
3. The document also provides directions for administering antisnake venom, including recommended initial dosages, dilution, administration time, and monitoring the patient afterwards.
Hypertension and it's role of physiotherapy in it.Vishal kr Thakur
This particular slides consist of- what is hypertension,what are it's causes and it's effect on body, risk factors, symptoms,complications, diagnosis and role of physiotherapy in it.
This slide is very helpful for physiotherapy students and also for other medical and healthcare students.
Here is summary of hypertension -
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a serious medical condition that occurs when blood pressure in the body's arteries is consistently too high. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of blood vessels as the heart pumps it. Hypertension can increase the risk of heart disease, brain disease, kidney disease, and premature death.
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardso...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For Accounting Information Systems, 3rd Edition by Vernon Richardson, Verified Chapters 1 - 18, Complete Newest Version
LGBTQ+ Adults: Unique Opportunities and Inclusive Approaches to CareVITASAuthor
This webinar helps clinicians understand the unique healthcare needs of the LGBTQ+ community, primarily in relation to end-of-life care. Topics include social and cultural background and challenges, healthcare disparities, advanced care planning, and strategies for reaching the community and improving quality of care.
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
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Can Allopathy and Homeopathy Be Used Together in India.pdfDharma Homoeopathy
This article explores the potential for combining allopathy and homeopathy in India, examining the benefits, challenges, and the emerging field of integrative medicine.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - ...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
TEST BANK FOR Health Assessment in Nursing 7th Edition by Weber Chapters 1 - 34.
DECODING THE RISKS - ALCOHOL, TOBACCO & DRUGS.pdfDr Rachana Gujar
Introduction: Substance use education is crucial due to its prevalence and societal impact.
Alcohol Use: Immediate and long-term risks include impaired judgment, health issues, and social consequences.
Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
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2. COUGH
• Also known as tussis
• It is protective reflux which helps to expel irritant matter
from the respiratory system.
• A rapid expulsion of air from the lungs, typically in order
to clear the lung airways of fluids, mucus , or other
material. It occurs especially at night or in morning
• This is necessary for preventing mechanical
obstruction to breathing
• Frequent breathing indicates the presence of disease
• Many virus and bacteria benefit evolutionary by causing
the host to cough, which helps to spread disease to
new hosts
3. Types of cough
1. productive cough
• Also called wet cough
• It brings up mucus or other fluid, including blood
• It literally creates a gurgling obstruction sound when it occurs
2. Non-productive cough
• also known as a dry cough
• It is one that does not bring up any mucus or other secretions.
• It is caused by irritation in the throat, which many people
describe as a “scratchy” or “tickling” sensation.
4. CAUSES OF COUGH
• Enviromental cause i.e. dust smoke pollution etc
• Smoking cigarettes
• Common cold , lung infection, asthama, GERD
• Upper respiratory tract infection( URTI)
• Chronic pulmonary disease( bronchitis, tuberclosis, lung cancer
etc)
• Secondrary to acute left ventricular failure( Cardiac )
• Drug related: ACE inhibitor (..pril), Beta-blocker(..olol), inhaled
ether, inhaled corticosteroids, levodopa, nitrofurantine etc
5. ASTHMA
Some people refer to asthma as "bronchial asthma."
• Asthma is a long term inflammatory disease of the airways of
the lungs
• Asthma is a condition in which airways narrow and swell and
may produce extra mucus.
• This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a
whistling sound (wheezing) when breathe out and shortness of
breath.
• Asthma can't be cured, but its symptoms can be controlled.
Because asthma often changes over time, adjust treatment as
needed.
6. There are three major signs of asthma(major factor of causes of
asthama)
• Airway blockage.
When breathe as usual, the bands of muscle around airways
are relaxed, and air moves freely. But when asthma, the muscles
tighten. It’s harder for air to pass through it.
• Inflammation.
Asthma causes red, swollen bronchial tubes in lungs. This can
damage lung. Treating this is key to managing asthma in long
run.
• Airway irritability.
People with asthma have sensitive airways that tend to
overreact and narrow when they come into contact with even
slight triggers.
7. CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY
DISEASE(COPD)
• COPD refers to chronic bronchitis and emphysema, a
pair of two commonly co-existing disease of the lung in
which the airways become narrowed
• This leads to a limitation of the flow of air and from the
lungs causing shortness of breath
• COPD is also known as chronic obstructive lung
disease (COLD), chronic obstructive airway disease
(COAD), chronic airflow limitation (CAL), and chronic
obstructive respiratory disease (CORD)
8. Signs and symptoms of COPD:
• shortness of breath (dyspnea).
• In the advanced stages of COPD, dyspnea can
become so bad that it occurs during rest
• Other persistent cough, sputum or mucus production,
wheezing, chest tightness , and tiredness
• very severe COPD : respiratory failure.
• An excess of carbon dioxide in the blood can cause
headaches, drowsiness or twitching.
• Other Common signs are:
- Tachypnea, a rapid breathing rate,
- Wheezing sounds or crackles in the lungs is heard
through a stethoscope
- Breathing out taking a longer time than breathing in
9. Causes of COPD
1. Smoking
• It develops often as a result of smoking, but also occur from
long term inhalation of irritants into the lungs dust , chemical
• long-term exposure to second hand smoke
2. Occupational exposures
• Intense and prolonged exposure to workplace dusts found in
coal mining, gold mining, and the cotton textile industry and
chemicals such as cadmium, isocyanates, and fumes from
3. Air pollution
• people who live in large cities have a higher rate of COPD
compared to people who live in rural areas
• Urban air pollution may be contributing factor for COPD
• indoor air pollution from cooking fire smoke
10. 4. Genetics
• Alpha 1 -antitrypsin deficiency is a genetic condition that is
responsible for about 2% of cases of COPD
• In this condition, the body does not make enough of a protein,
Alpha 1 –antitrypsin protects the lungs from damage caused by
protease enzymes, such as elastase and trypsin that can be
released as a result of an inflammatory response to tobacco
smoke
11. Classification of drug for cough
1. Pharyngeal demulcent: Menthol, thymol, eucalyptus
2. Cough expectorants:
a. Bronchial secretion enhancer: Sod/pot. Citrate, pot. Iodide,
ammonium chloride, guaifenesin
b. Mucolytics: bromohexine, ambroxol, acetylcysteine,
3. Cough suppressants(anti-tussive) :-
a. Opioids : codeine, pholcodeine
b. Non-opioids : noscapine, dextromethorphan
c. Antihistamine: promethazine, chlorpheniramine
4 Adjuvents anti-tussive: salbutamol , terbutaline
12. Codeine
• It is an opioid central acting anti-tussive drug.
• It is pro-drug of morphine used to treat pain, coughing, and
diarrhea and is commonly abused
• It is found naturally from opium poppy, Papaver somniferum
Mechanism of action:
Codeine mimics the actions of endogenous opioids by binding to
the mu-opioid receptors
Indication:
pain, coughing and diarrhea
14. Dextromethorphan
• It is often referred to as DXM or DM, is a medication most often
used as a cough suppressant
• It is in the morphinan class of medications with sedative,
dissociative and stimulant properties
Mechanism of action:
• It reduce cough reflex by direct action on the cough center in the
brain medulla.
• It is glutamate receptor antagonist and sigma 1,2 opioid
receptor agonist
15. Indication:
• used as a cold and cough medicine
• With other combination used for neurological and
neuropsychiatric disorder
Side effect:
GI disturbance, dizziness, restlessness nerviousness,
hallucination etc.
Contraindication:
Respiratory failure, who use antidepressant (MAOI’s) drug,
asthma and renal failure
Dose: Adult: 20mg every 4 hour
child: 2-6 yr: 5mg every 4hr, 6-12 yr: 5-10mg every 4hr
16. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Ammonium chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula
NH4CI.
Uses and action:
• as an cough expectorant
• It’s expectorant action is caused by irritative action on the
bronchial mucosa which causes the production of excess
respiratory tract fluid which presumably is easier to cough up
• Ammonium chloride injection , after dilution in isotonic sodium
chloride injection, may be indicated in the treatment of patients
with hypochloremic states and metabolic alkalosis
17. Contraindication:
• severe impairment of renal or hepatic function
• pregnant women
Side effects:
• May occasionally produce gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea
and vomiting
Dose:
• Adults and children over 12 years: 10ml daily.
• Children under 12 years: Not recommended.
18. BROMHEXINE
• Bromhexine is a synthetic derivative of the herbal active
ingredient vasicine
• It is a mucolytic or expectorant agent used in the treatment of
respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus
Mechanism of action:
• It exerts its action as mucolytic by depolymerizing mucus
polysaccharides both by a direct action and through release of
lysosomal enzymes, thus liquefying the mucous plug of sputum
19. Indication:
• respiratory tract disorders, mostly in dry and productive cough
• dry eye syndrome
Contraindication and Precautions:
- Hypersensitivity -peptic ulceration and asthma
Side effects:
- Headache -Dizziness
- Lacrimation - GI upset
Dose: Adult: 8-10 mg TDS
• Child: 4 mg BD for 1-5yr and 4 mg TDS for 5-10 year of age
20. GUAIFENESIN
• Guaifenesin or guaiphenesin also known as glyceryl guaiacolate
• It is derived from the tree from Guaiacum officinale
Indication :
• For productive cough
• It is used to reduce chest congestion caused by the common
cold, infections, or allergies
Side Effects:
• GI disturbance
• Dizziness
• Headache
• Drowsiness
Contraindication and precautions:
• hypersensitivity
• asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema
22. DRUG USED IN ASTHMA and COPD
Bronchodilators:
• Bronchodilators are a type of medication that make breathing
easier by relaxing the muscles in the lungs and widening the
airways (bronchi).
• They're often used to treat long-term conditions where the
airways may become narrow and inflamed, such as: asthma and
COPD
• Bronchodilators also help remove mucus from lungs. Open
airways mean mucus can move more freely, too, and you
can cough it up
23. CLASSIFICATION OF BRONCHODILATORS
Bronchodilators are classified into four categories:
1. Sympathomimetics:
a. Selective Beta2-Agonist: Salbutamol, terbutaline, salmeterol
b. Non-selective Beta2-Agonist: Isoprenaline
c. Non-selective and adrenergic agonist: Adrenaline,
isoprenaline, ephedrine, etc
2. Methylxanthines: Aminophylline, theophylline, theobromine,
etophylline
3. Muscarinic antagonists: Ipratropium bromide, oxitropium
bromide, tiotropium bromide etc
24. COMMONLY USED BRONCHODILATORS
Salbutamol
• Salbutamol is a direct-acting sympathomimetic with mainly
Beta-adrenergic activity and a selective action on Beta2 –
receptors.
• This results in its bronchodilation action being more prominent
than its effect on the heart.
Mechanism of action:
It is a Beta2 –receptor agonist and c-AMP production by
activating adenylate cyclase that results in leading to a smooth
muscle relaxation and bronchodilation via lower calcium
concentration.
25. Indication:
• asthma and COPD
• It also decreases uterine contractility and may be given as the
sulfate to arrest premature labour
Adverse effects:
• Hypertension
• Palpitation
• Angioedema
• Urticaria
• Headache
• Muscle cramps
• Dry mouth
• Tremor
• Anxiety
26. Contraindication and precautions:
• antepartum haemorrhage (in pregnancy or before labour)
• cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, Ischaemic heart failure,
• thyrotoxicosis
• hypersensitivity,
DOSE:
• Adult: 2.5 to 5 mg inhalation; 2 to 4 mg PO
• Child: 0.25 mg/kg inhalation; 0.1 to 0.2 mg/kg PO
27. SALMETEROL
Salmeterol is a longer acting Beta2–adrenergic receptor agonist
used in the maintenance and prevention of asthma symptoms
and maintenance of COPD symptoms.
Mechanism of action:
• It binds to Beta2 –adrenergic receptor in which stimulation in
lungs results in the bronchial smooth muscle relaxation as well
as bronchodilation and increases bronchial air flow.
Indication :
• Used in the treatment of chronic bronchitis, COPD and exercise-
induced asthma
28. Contraindication and precautions:
Same as salbutamol.
Adverse effects:
Same as salbutamol
DOSE:
• Adult: 25 to 50 ug inhalation
• Child: 2 ug/kg inhalation
29. Methylxanthines
• These are a unique class of drug that are derived from the
purine base xanthine.
• Xanthine is produced naturally by both plants and animals.
• The aminophylline, theophylline are used in the treatment of
airways obstruction caused by conditions such as asthma,
chronic bronchitis
30. Mechanism of action:
• It inhibit phosphodiesterase enzyme (PDE) and increase levels
of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) This signal results
in bronchial smooth muscle relaxation and cardiac stimulation
• It inhibit cell surface receptor for adenosine( that cause
contraction of airway smooth muscle)
Side effect:
- Arrhythmias - headache
- Insomnia - anxiety
- Neurotoxicity - GI disorder
- Nausea & vomiting - diarrhea
31. • Contraindication:
- Hypersensitivity - alcohol dependence
- Hypertension - GI disorder
Dose:
Theophylline:
5 mg/kg oral; 4-5 mg/kg as loading dose by IV infusion
Aminophylline:
100-350 mg oral; 350 mg daily IV