Urinary Tract Infection(UTI) during Postnatal period
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Urinary tract infections are common after delivery, affecting 1-5% of women. Factors that increase the risk include a shorter urethra in women, trauma to muscles and ligaments during labor from excessive wear and tear, and catheterization during delivery. Signs of a urinary tract infection include burning during urination, urgency, and frequency, while a kidney infection may cause fever, chills, and flank pain. Infections are usually treated with antibiotics, though intravenous treatment may be needed in severe cases. Preventive measures include staying hydrated, drinking cranberry juice, and practicing good hygiene.
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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
Gastric Health is one of the most relevant concerns in human health, with gastrointestinal infections being among the main illnesses that affect humans.
Among gastric problems, we have GASTRITIS AND GASTRIC ULCERS as the main public health problems. Gastritis and gastric ulcers normally result from inflammation and corrosion of the walls of the stomach (gastric mucosa) and are generally associated (caused) by the bacterium Helicobacter pylor, which, according to the literature, this bacterium settles on these walls (of the stomach) and starts to release urease that ends up altering the normal pH of the stomach (acid), which leads to inflammation and corrosion of the mucous membranes and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
In addition to bacterial infections, gastritis and gastric ulcers are associated with several factors, with emphasis on prolonged fasting, chemical substances including drugs, alcohol, foods with strong seasonings including chilli, which ends up causing inflammation of the stomach walls and/or corrosion. of the same, resulting in the appearance of wounds and consequent gastritis or ulcers, respectively.
Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Selective α1-Blocker.pptx
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Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil and dead skin cells. It typically manifests as pimples, blackheads, or whiteheads, often on the face, chest, shoulders, or back. Acne can range from mild to severe and may cause emotional distress and scarring in some cases.
**Causes:**
1. **Excess Oil Production:** Hormonal changes during adolescence or certain times in adulthood can increase sebum (oil) production, leading to clogged pores.
2. **Clogged Pores:** When dead skin cells and oil block hair follicles, bacteria (usually Propionibacterium acnes) can thrive, causing inflammation and acne lesions.
3. **Hormonal Factors:** Fluctuations in hormone levels, such as during puberty, menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or certain medical conditions, can contribute to acne.
4. **Genetics:** A family history of acne can increase the likelihood of developing the condition.
**Types of Acne:**
- **Whiteheads:** Closed plugged pores.
- **Blackheads:** Open plugged pores with a dark surface.
- **Papules:** Small red, tender bumps.
- **Pustules:** Pimples with pus at their tips.
- **Nodules:** Large, solid, painful lumps beneath the surface.
- **Cysts:** Painful, pus-filled lumps beneath the surface that can cause scarring.
**Treatment:**
Treatment depends on the severity and type of acne but may include:
- **Topical Treatments:** Such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or retinoids to reduce bacteria and unclog pores.
- **Oral Medications:** Antibiotics or oral contraceptives for hormonal acne.
- **Procedures:** Such as chemical peels, extraction of comedones, or light therapy for more severe cases.
**Prevention and Management:**
- **Cleanse:** Regularly wash skin with a gentle cleanser.
- **Moisturize:** Use non-comedogenic moisturizers to keep skin hydrated without clogging pores.
- **Avoid Irritants:** Such as harsh cosmetics or excessive scrubbing.
- **Sun Protection:** Use sunscreen to prevent exacerbation of acne scars and inflammation.
Acne treatment can take time, and consistency in skincare routines and treatments is crucial. Consulting a dermatologist can help tailor a treatment plan that suits individual needs and reduces the risk of scarring or long-term skin damage.
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PGx Analysis in VarSeq: A User’s Perspective
Since our release of the PGx capabilities in VarSeq, we’ve had a few months to gather some insights from various use cases. Some users approach PGx workflows by means of array genotyping or what seems to be a growing trend of adding the star allele calling to the existing NGS pipeline for whole genome data. Luckily, both approaches are supported with the VarSeq software platform. The genotyping method being used will also dictate what the scope of the tertiary analysis will be. For example, are your PGx reports a standalone pipeline or would your lab’s goal be to handle a dual-purpose workflow and report on PGx + Diagnostic findings.
The purpose of this webcast is to:
Discuss and demonstrate the approaches with array and NGS genotyping methods for star allele calling to prep for downstream analysis.
Following genotyping, explore alternative tertiary workflow concepts in VarSeq to handle PGx reporting.
Moreover, we will include insights users will need to consider when validating their PGx workflow for all possible star alleles and options you have for automating your PGx analysis for large number of samples. Please join us for a session dedicated to the application of star allele genotyping and subsequent PGx workflows in our VarSeq software.
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Skin is the largest organ of the human body, serving crucial functions that include protection, sensation, regulation, and synthesis. Structurally, it consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
1. **Epidermis**: The outermost layer primarily composed of epithelial cells called keratinocytes. It provides a protective barrier against environmental factors, pathogens, and UV radiation.
2. **Dermis**: Located beneath the epidermis, the dermis contains connective tissue, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands. It plays a vital role in supporting and nourishing the epidermis, regulating body temperature, and housing sensory receptors for touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
3. **Hypodermis**: Also known as the subcutaneous layer, it consists of fat and connective tissue that anchors the skin to underlying structures like muscles and bones. It provides insulation, cushioning, and energy storage.
Skin performs essential functions such as regulating body temperature through sweat production and blood flow control, synthesizing vitamin D when exposed to sunlight, and serving as a sensory interface with the external environment.
Maintaining skin health is crucial for overall well-being, involving proper hygiene, hydration, protection from sun exposure, and avoiding harmful substances. Skin conditions and diseases range from minor irritations to chronic disorders, emphasizing the importance of regular care and medical attention when needed.
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Urinary Tract Infection(UTI) during Postnatal period
- 2. Urinary tract infection is defined as an infection of lining of urinary bladder and urethra. A urinary tract infection occurs when an infectious organism enters your urinary tract usually through the urethra and causes an infection. In some case the bacterial infection might travel up to the kidneys resulting in kidney infection. It is one of the common causes of puerperal pyrexia, the incidence being 1-5% of all deliveries
- 3. What causes UTI post-delivery? – A shorter urethra (4 cm) in females as compared to males (20 cm) makes it easy for the bacteria to infect the bladder. Hence UTI is very common in women than in men. And pregnancy makes them more vulnerable. – The pelvic floor muscles help in keeping the urethra closed so that urine doesn’t leak out. During labor, theses muscles go into an overdrive along with the ligaments, nerves and muscles of the lower abdomen. Excessive wear and tear during delivery can lead to injury or trauma to this set of muscles and ligaments. They subsequently might fail to do their job as they did pre-labour. Pregnancy may also cause the bladder to lose its tone making it difficult for women to completely empty their bladder. This makes the urine more susceptible to flow back up the ureters. The longer the urine stays in the urinary tract, the higher the chances of bacteria to multiply, and hence, higher the vulnerability to infection. – Certain factors that increased risk are cesarean birth, use of forceps and vacuum extraction, epidural anesthesia and catheterization during labor
- 4. Sign and Symptoms of Cystitis – Burning or pain on urination – Urgency – Frequency – Suprapubic tenderness – Low grade fever – Urinalysis examines the following a. Leukocytis b. RBC c. Bacteria
- 5. Signs and Symptoms of pyelonephritis – Dysuria – Urgency – Frequency – Temperature elevation – Chills – Flank pain – Lower abdominal pain – Costovertebral angle tenderness – Elevated WBC(20000-30000mm3) – Urinalysis similar to those of Cystitis
- 6. TREATMENT – Promote non-pharmacologic measures for comfort and proper nutrition, hydration and rest. – Careful monitoring of intake and output to prevent the hypovolemic shock – UTI is normally treated with antibiotics. In some severe cases an intravenous drip with antibiotics may be administered. For breastfeeding mother, antibiotics (Amoxicillin or ampicillin; for penicillin allergy or resistant bacteria,cephalexin,sulfamethoxazole-nitrofurantion or sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim are used that are safe to take during such postnatal period. – Antipyretics may be given to help bring down a fever. – Pain killers can help relieve pain. – If simple measure fails to initiate micturition, an indwelling catheter is to be kept in situ for about 48hours,it helps in regaining the normal bladder tone and sensation of fullness.Following removal of catheter the amount of residual urine found to be more than 100ml then continuous drainage is resumed – Appropriate urinary antiseptics should be administered for about 5-7 days
- 7. PREVENTIVE MEASURES – Drink plenty of water to help flush out bacteria from your excretory system – Drink cranberry juice. The juice is scientifically proven to treat as well as prevent UTI by preventing disease-causing organisms from sticking to the walls of the urethra. – Have plenty of vitamin C rich foods. They make the urine more acidic and help the body to destroy and reduce the number of UTI causing bacteria in the urinary system. – Practice good restroom hygiene. Avoid tampons and regularly change sanitary pads – Avoid using perfumed products, creams or gels around the genitals as they can greatly increase the susceptibility to UTI. – Wear loose clothes to allow the genitals to remain dry and prevent the growth of bacteria. – Avoid sex till 6 weeks. Urinate soon after having sexual intercourse to flush out organisms that may have reached the urethra. Also, wash the area with water thoroughly after having intercourse