The document discusses the urinary system and three main topics: frequency, urgency, and incontinence. Frequency refers to how often one urinates and normal ranges vary by age. Common causes of increased frequency include urinary tract infections, diabetes, and prostate problems. Urgency is a sudden urge to urinate and is often caused by irritation or inflammation of the bladder wall. Incontinence, or involuntary urination, can be stress-related, urge-related, overflow, or functional due to medications/health issues. It is more common in women and risks include pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause.

1. DR.QURATULAIN MUGHAL
(DPT)
ISRA UNIVERSITY,KARACHI
1
URINARY SYSTEM
(US)

2. CONTENTS
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1. Frequency
2. Urgency
3. Incontinence

3. 1. FREQUENCY
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 Pollakiuria is the scientific terminology for urinary
frequency.
DEFINITION:
“The normal number of times”.
 It varies according to the age of the person.
 Among young children urinating 8 to 14 times
each day is typical.
 This decreases to 6 to 12 times per day for older
children.
 And to 4 to 6 times per day among teenagers.

4. CAUSES
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 Frequent urination is a classic sign of urinary tract
infection, where inflammation reduces the
bladder's capacity to hold urine.
Other common causes are:
 Diabetes mellitus causing increased urine
production (polyuria)
 Prostate problems, causing disturbance along the
urinary tract.
 Pregnancy

5. 2. URGENCY
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 Is a sudden, compelling urge to urinate.
 It tends to increase with age.
 Urinary urgency often occurs as a result of
irritation and/or inflammation of the bladder wall
(urothelium).

6. 3. INCONTINENCE
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 Also known as involuntary urination.
 Is any leakage of urine.
 It is a common and distressing problem, which
may have a large impact on quality of life.
 It is twice as common in women as in men.
 RISK FACTORS: Pregnancy, childbirth, and
menopause.

7. TYPES OF INCONTINENCE
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1. URGE INCONTINENCE: due to an overactive
bladder.
2. STRESS INCONTINENCE: due to poor closure
of the bladder.
3. OVERFLOW INCONTINENCE: due to either
poor bladder contraction or blockage of the
urethra.
4. FUNCTIONAL INCONTINENCE: due to
medications or health problems making it
difficult to reach the bathroom.

8. CAUSES
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 Polyuria (excessive urine production)
 Enlarged prostate.
 Disorders like multiple sclerosis, spina
bifida, Parkinson's disease, strokes and spinal
cord injury can all interfere with nerve function of
the bladder.

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