This document discusses various urological diseases and their symptoms. It describes hematuria, which is the abnormal presence of red blood cells in urine, and its causes such as urinary tract infections. It also discusses urinary incontinence, anuria/oliguria, dysuria, enuresis, urinary urgency, urinary retention, renal colic, bladder pain, nocturia, orchialgia, polyuria, prostatodynia, pyuria, and urinary frequency. For each condition, it provides details on symptoms, types if applicable, and potential causes. The document serves as a comprehensive reference on urological diseases and their characteristics.

1. NAME: ADJEIBOSSMAN MENSAH KUFFOUR
GROUP NUMBER: M1503
COURSE: 4TH YEAR
DATE: 10TH OCTOBER2018
SYMPTOMS OF UROLOGICALDISEASES
Hematuria
Hematuria is the abnormal presence of red blood cells in the urine (>3-4 RBC). Hematuria is divided in
two categories:
 Microscopic Hematuria : Red blood cells in the urine are visible only with the microscope in the
general urinalysis.
 Macroscopic Hematuria (Gross Hematuria): There is such a large number of red blood cells in the
urine that the urine is red-coloured.
There are numerous causes associated with hematuria. Some of these are:
 Urinary tract infection (UTI)
 Prostatitis (in men)
 Urolithiasis
 Heavy physical exercise
 Urinary tract Injury
 Pharmaceutical agents, such as anticoagulants (heparin, aspirin) or immunosuppressants
(cyclophosphamide)
 Cancer of kidneys, bladder, prostate
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary Incontinence is the involuntary (uncontrollable) loss of urine from the urethra while exercising or
during a daily activity. It mainly concerns the femal population, as it is more rare in men. Urinary
incontinence causes hygiene problems (dermatitis) or may lead to social isolation (odors, clothes-
wetting). It is a symptom, not a disease. There are two main types of Incontinence:
 Effort Incontinence or Stress Incontinence: leakage of urine when there is high abdominal pressure
(due to cough, laughter, weight lifting etc).
 Urge Incontinence: leakage of urine following a sudden compelling urge to urinate.
These two types cover about 9 out of 10 cases and most times they are coexisting.
Anuria/ Oliguria
Anuria is the production of urine less than 50ml every 24 hours. There are numerous causes for anuria,
such as renal impairment, urinary tract obstruction (kidney stones), pharmaceutical agents or severe
infections (septicemia). Anuria is a symptom, not a disease. The patient often complains about weakness,
fatigue, lack of appetite, vomiting tendency and dyspnea.

2. Oliguria is low urine output (less than 400ml per 24 hours for adults). It is due to acute renal impairment.
Causes involved may be numerous, such as:
 Dehydration
 Excessive Drop of Blood Pressure
 Severe heart failure
 Renal diseases
 Nephrotoxic medication
 Urinary tract obstruction (due to kidney stones, cancer etc)
Dysuria
Dysuria is the difficulty in urinating and is usually accompanied with pain. It may occur at the onset of or
during the process of micturition which is usually intermittent. As a result, micturition has a prolonged
duration. The etiology may involve many causes, such as:
 Prostate hypertrophy
 Urinary tract infections (UTI)
 Interstitial cystitis
 Urinary stones
 Bladder cancer
 Perinatal injuries
 Vaginitis
 Prostatitis
 Radiotherapy to the bladder area (e.g. for uterine cervix cancer)
Enuresis
Enuresis is the child's inability to control micturition during day (clothes-wetting) or night (bed-wetting)
at least 2 times a week during the last 3 months despite the fact that the child is older than 5 years old
(both chronological and mental age). Enuresis is one of the most common disorders of childhood and
concerns both children and their families. It usually makes the child experience feelings of shame and
awkardness.There are two types of enuresis: Primary and Secondary Enuresis. Primary Enuresis occurs in
children who have never managed to control micturition. Secondary Enuresis occurs in children who,
although had once achieved urinary control for at least 1 year, later on suddenly started wetting
themselves again. 80% of the overal cases are cases of primary enuresis
Urinary Urgency
Urinary Urgency is the sudden compelling urge for urination. Urinary Frequency and Urinary Urgency
usually go together. There are many causes,such as the following:
 Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
 Over-Active Bladder (OAB)
 Interstitial Cystitis
 Chronic Urinary Retention
 Urolithiasis
 Bladder Cancer

3. Urinary Retention
Urinary Retention is the condition when the patient cannot urinate despite the strong desire to do so.
There are two types: the acute and chronic urinary retention. Acute Retention is the sudden and abrupt
retention occurring in patients who always had some difficulty in urinating but who used to succeed in
ultimately emptying their bladder to a satisfactory degree. It is an emergency condition, causing high
discomfort to the patient with bladder pain, agitation and heavy perspiration (oversweating). It is
imperative to void the bladder by immediately placing a catheter into the bladder. In Chronic Retention a
considerable amount of urine remains in the bladder after urination. This amount gradually increases and
urine output may reach even 3-4 litres. The patient may not be aware of his/her chronic retention, because
it usually does not cause intense symptoms; however, it may lead to severe problems, such as renal
failure.
Renal Colic
Renal Colic is classified among the most excruciatingly painful events a person can endure. The typical
renal colic usually occurs suddenly without any prior signalling symptom. Initially, it is localised in the
kidney area ( laterally between the spine and abdomen, right below the rib cage), but later on it expands
further towards the bladder, genitalia and urethra. Very often the pain is strong from the very beginning,
whereas other times it is manifested as a sensation of pressure or tightening in the kidney area which
progressively increases in tension, causing high discomfort to the patient. As a consequence, in an effort
to relieve pain, the patient cannot stand still at one place but continuously changes position, without being
able to relax at all. The pain is usually so strong that induces heavy sweating, vomiting or vomiting
tendency and flatulence (abdominal bloating). The colic may be accompanied by urinary
frequency and dysuria. There may also be cases of hematuria (blood in urine).
Bladder pain
Bladder pain may be induced due to urinary tract infection, chronic diseases (e.g.interstitial cystitis)
or injury. Symptoms may be stable or variable and may improve or aggravate with bladder distention,
(when the bladder is filled up with urine). Bladder pain can be described as an acute, deep, stabbing or
burning sensation -depending on the actual cause. Pain intensity may range from mild to severe. There are
many potential causes for a painful bladder. The most commmon one is urinary tract infection(UTI).
Interstitial Cystitis is a chronic disease inducing pain to the bladder that is often accompanied with pain in
genitalia, pelvis and anal area. When causing pain to the bladder, UTI usually results in dysuria (painful
micturition), urinary frequency or urgency. In more rare cases, painful bladder may be associated with a
chronic underlying disease, such as endometriosis and intestinal disorders,or expandedcancer. Malignant
tumours may induce bladder pain, as well as dysuria, abdominal pain and hematuria (blood in the urine)
Νocturia
Nocturia is the urgency to interrupt sleep for urinating. One (1) episode of nocturia per night is considered
to be within normal limits.
It should be pointed out that:
 Nocturia is a common symptom in both men and women and increases with age.
 Nocturia may be disturbing and cause sleep disorders with significant effect on the patient's quality
of life.
 Nocturia is a symptom, not a diagnosis.
 Nocturia has to be evaluated by the physician for identifying the deeper causes that are associated
with it (e.g. diabetes mellitus or prostate hypertrophy).
Orchialgia/ Orchidynia (Testicular pain)

4. Orchialgia or Orchidynia is the pain or discomfort in the one testis or in both testes. Pain may originate
from the testis or may be radiating from other organs (e.g. renal colic). There are many conditions that
may induce testicular pain, but some are real emergencies such as Testicular Torsion and Acute
Epidydimis. The pain may be acute, permanent or intermittent and its intensity may range from mild to
severe. Acute pain is usually induced by testicular injury, torsion and inflammation.
Chronic scrotal pain (chronic orchialgia) is a condition in which the symptom persists for more than 3
months and affects the patient's everyday life. It is usually of lower intensity than the acute pain and has a
periodic character. As for the etiology, it may be associated with varicocele,hydrocele, epididymal cysts,
prostate inflammation, urinary lithiasis, irritable bowel syndrome or it may be a manifestation of
the chronic pelvic pain syndrome.
Polyuria
Polyuria is the condition when the patient has frequent micturition but with normal urine output every
time. As a result, the overall amount of urine discharged every 24 hours exceeds 2-3 litres. Of course, the
amount of urine always depends on the amount of liquids consumed. Among the most common causes of
pyuria are:
 Diabetes mellitus
 Diabetes Insipidus (severely diluted urine)
 Pharmaceuticalagents, such as diuretics
 High coffee consumption
 High alcohol consumption
 Polydipsia (excessive thirst and fluid intake)
Prostatodynia (Painful Prostate)
Prostatodynia is a condition with many symptoms in the prostate area (dysuria, pain in the area between
the scrotum and anus, pain during ejaculation), but with no evidence of prostate infections or
inflammation. Symptoms may differ in intensity and are numerous. A patient with prostatodynia may
complain about:
 Pain or discomfort in genitalia, anum, rectum, perineum.
 Pain or discomfort in the suprapubic area (above the penis), bladder, groin and lower back.
 Sensation as if "having a golf ball" in the prostate area, mainly when sitting.
 Urinary frequency, urgency, burning sensation of the urethra and nocturia (urinary frequency in
the night).
 Pain during sexual intercourse or during ejaculation
 Anxiety and depression
Pyuria
Pyuria is the presence of pyospheres (white blood cells) in the urine (<3-4). It is possible that
macroscopically there is no change in the colour of urine and pyuria is diagnosed with the general urine
test (urinalysis). However, when there are too many pyospheres, there is macroscopic blurring of the
urine. There are numerous causes involved in Pyuria, but the most common one is infections. Other
causes may be urolithiasis, foreign bodies (e.g. bladder catheters) or specific infections (e.g. tuberculosis)

5. Urinary Frequency
Urinary Frequency is the need to urinate more often than usual, even though the voided volume may be
particularly small every time. The micturition rate is more than 8 times per day and urine output is less
than 200 ml per time