The document discusses the environmental impacts of industrialization and urbanization. It notes that industrialization places tremendous pressure on the environment through pollution from industrial effluents, degraded air quality, and greenhouse gas emissions. Rapid urbanization also strains waste disposal and sanitation systems. Issues like traffic congestion, noise pollution, water contamination, and proliferation of slums degrade urban environmental quality. The quality of the urban environment in India specifically is impacted by issues like acute housing shortages, overflowing solid waste, air pollution from vehicles and industries, and river pollution from untreated industrial discharge.

2. Concerns of
industrialization and
urbanization

4. industrialization
 Industrialization is a period of social and economic
change in that transforms a human group from un
agrarian society into an industrial one
 It is a part of modernization process, where social
change and economic closely related with
technological innovation, development and
particularly with development of large scale energy and
metallurgy production
 the first country to industrialize was the U K during the
industrial revolution commencing in 18th centaury
 East Asia had become one of the most recently
industrialized region in the world

5.  Industrialization is the name of growth has to added
tremendous pressure on environment
 Rapid industrialization to meet the public need has
detoriated the environment to its fullest extent during
last two decades
 Industrial effluents, polluted air, noise pollution,
green house gas effect etc not only a concern for
human habitat but also a concern for forthcoming
disasters
 In order to lead a healthy life we are detoriating the
environment in shadow

6.  Environmental disasters such as Bhopal tragedy, Rhine
pollution, Chernobyl disaster, acid rain damage,
ozone layer depletion has lead to growing public
pressure on government all over world which started
imposing stringent legislation with severe penalties in
environmental and safety system
 Industry is becoming increasingly concerned about
achieving and demonstrating environmental
performances because of growing compulsion from
stringent legislation and mounting public pressure

7.  Pollutants effect not only living environment but
also social, cultural, political and aesthetic values
 On the one hand the advancement of science and
technology have added human comfort by giving
automobiles, electrical appliance, better medicine to
control harmful insect and pest but on other hand they
give us serious problems also
 The continued increase in the pollution coupled with
industrial revolution has had the vital impact on rural
resources
 The resultant deterioration of environment and fast
depletion of natural resource threaten the sustainability
of economic development

9. Urbanization
 Urbanization refers a process in which an increasing
proportion of society live in cities and the suburbs
area.
 Historically, it has been closely connected with
industrialization
 Following industrialization, larger and larger
proportions of population could live in cities
 Economic forces were such that cities became the
ideal place to locate factories and theirworkers
 Cities are the focal point of opportunities. Hence
there is always a movement of population to cities

10. Causes of urbanization
 Industrial Revolution
 Emergent of large manufacturing centers
Job opportunities
Availability of easy transportation
Migration

12. Effects of urbanization
• Positive
• Negative

13. positives
 Social and religious taboos/ sanctions disappearing
 Education is a tool to eradicate social evils
 Diffusion of urban culture to rural areas

14. negatives
Industrial cities were difficult places to live due to:
Public health issues resulting from contaminated water
and air and the spread communicable disease due to over
crowding
Unemployment and under employment
Sever shortage of housing
Transportation- community issues, lack of public
transport
Social effect- poverty, lack of opportunities,
physiological problems, alcoholism, drugs, crime,
violence and other deviant behaviors'

15. Environmental impacts of
urbanization

16. Urban problem related to energy
 Historical evidence shows that worlds energy demand
has increased as almost the same rate as gross world
product
 People living in industrialized or developed countries are
relatively small percentage of the total worlds
population, but they consume disproportionate share of
the total energy produced in the world
 For example the United states has only 5% of the worlds
population and consume about 25% of the total amount
of energy consumed in the whole world

17.  The main issues regarding the energy problem in urban
areas are;
a) How to utilize the energy from non-renewable sources
at their maximum efficiency?
b) How to make use of renewable source of energy or the
alternative energy sources?

18.  Energy supplies and demand are very difficult to predict,
as technical, economical, political and social assumption
are constantly changing
 There are also large annual and regional variation in
energy utilization
 All the above factors give rise to the concept of
integrated energy management
 The basic objective of the integrated energy
management is to obtain sustainable energy

19. Waste disposal

20. Waste disposal
 With urbanization even the simple matter of waste
disposal became a problem
 The “throw away” societies of cities generate the most
trash disposal which poses a major threat today
 In the big cities the daily amount of waste can be
enormous and hard to handle
 In the lower income countries the amount of waste is not
so big but the problem is the poor waste management
system

21.  The agencies that are responsible for the collection and
disposal of solid wastes are often unstaffed and under
funded
 Also the lack of equipment, like collection trucks makes
the service insufficient
 Many cities also have poor sanitation, waste contain lots
of fecal matters
 The risk from the uncollected waste is oblivious for some
children playing in the streets and waste pickers

22. Solid waste
 The waste from industries, hospitals and institutions
which often contain hazardous and toxic chemicals
 These chemicals need special care when changing,
storing, transporting and disposing them
 If solid waste are left in the open spaces and streets cause
severe problems
 With rainwater much of this waste swept into water
bodies
 This can lead to the pollution of ground and surface
water because of leaching

23.  The garbage combustion creates yet another
environmental problem
 People want to get rid of the waste and they burn them
in their backyard
 The gases produced by burning can causes different
respiratory diseases
 Uncollected waste spoil also the aesthetic outlook of the
city

24. Urbanization and impact on coastal zone
 The growth in urban population world wide during 1990-
2030 is expected to add another 4 billion people of which
90%will be in developing countries
 Human activities include construction and operation of
ports, harbors, deposition of municipal and industrial
wastes, navigation , explosion of minerals and fishery
resources
 The land and sea based activities are normally
interrelated and interdependent and inactive

25. • The discharge of huge quantities of untreated sewage
into the sea cloud lead to eutrophication to coastal
areas, which could result in toxic algal bloom or red
tide.
• mangroves and coastal wetland are under pressure for
variety of reasons, including expansion of urban
settlement, exploitation for fuel, agriculture
development and construction of shrimp pond
 An important conversion of mangroves and agriculture
land has been the rapid expansion of shrimp farming
 A recent analysis by the world resources institute
suggests that almost 60% of the world reefs are
threatened by human activities

28. Over population
 The major cause of most environmental problem is the
rapid growing population
 About 90 million babies are born each year
 By this rate, by the year 2050, global population will
reach 10 billion
 The population growth take mostly place in developing
countries
 It has been estimated that by the year 2025 even 84% of
the world’s will live in developing countries

29. Indian scenario: a case study
 Alarmingly growth of population is one of the most
formidable problem India is facing today and it is
seriously threatening its economic development
 In 1921, the Indian population was 25 crores. It
reached 84 crores in 1991; crossed 1 billion in 1999;
and expected to jump to 1.4 billion by 2030

30.  The various reason attributed to this great increase
in population in India are;
i. Substantial drop in death rate due to advance in
medical sciences. But the drop in birth rate is
marginal. As a result of which the gap between death
rate and birth rate widened
ii. Universality of marriage. In India marriage is
universal to almost all men and women of
marriageable age, as a result the birth rate in India is
much higher
iii. Due to practice of early marriage , there is a longer
span of reproductivity
iv. Due to poverty, a poor man welcomes further
addition to his family. He expect every member to earn
and supplement the family income
v. No birth control

31. Growing demand for food and facilities
 Due to the growing population, demands for water, food,
housing, heat, energy, clothing and consuming goods are
increasing alarmingly
 Increasing demand forces farmers to exhaust the soil or
to use marginal product
 The only way to product food to all this population is to
create more effective agriculture production
 Irrigation is the most important way, because in the
future the arable land is not increasing, probably
decreasing, due to erosion and land deterioration

32. Air pollution

33. Air pollution
 In many cities the air already polluted that it has been
causing illness and premature death among elderly
people and children
 Studies show that disease rate rises when the air
pollution level increases
 Most of the ambient air pollution in urban areas come
from the fossil fuel industry, motor vehicles, heating and
electricity generation
 In many cities the main air polluter is the domestic
heating.

34. Los Angeles smog

35. Water pollution

36. Water pollution
 The lack of sanitation and sewage treatment is the
biggest factor regarding water pollution
 Local water bodies are used as a dumping ground for
untreated water from urban areas or industries
 Chemical discharge is also a widespread problem
 For example, in Bangkok, 90%of industrial wastes,
including hazardous chemicals are discharged without
treatment.
 On a positive note many countries have introduced
legislation to combat the problem

37. Rome's river Tiber

38. Noise pollution

39. Noise pollution
 In urban environment there are many sources of noise.
 The main sources are aircrafts, industrial operation,
highway traffic and construction activities
 Sleep disturbance, loss of hearing stress, poorer
work performance and increased anxiety are effect
from noise
 The noise level varies between cities and also between
different areas in the city
 Especially in mega-city people are under constant stress
from noise, which has harmful effect on their health
level of living

40. deforestation

41. deforestation
 The adverse impact on urbanization on ecological
balance is mainly reflected through deforestation
 An increase in urban population increase the demand
for firewood because of the rice in price of ‘oil based’
fuels.
 In the tropics 80% of all wood harvested is simply
burned as fuel
 The consumption of firewood in many cities are high
because of poverty and proliferation of slums resulting
from urbanization

42.  Beside, thus increased demand for firewood makes
commercially attractive
 All these leads to deforestation

43. traffic

44. traffic
 Almost all cities have changed to motorized road
vehicles which has increased the use of fossil fuel and
increased green house gas emission
 The explosive growth in the number of motor vehicle is a
big problem in many cities
 The pollution is high due to constant traffic and cause
respiratory disease to city habitants

45. Proliferation of slums
 one important impact of urbanization in developing
economies, particularly is the proliferation of slums.
 This is chiefly a problem of the worlds countries
 The environment of third world countries are effected
not so much industrial and automobile exhaust than by
poverty and inability of the concerned government to
tackle its underlying causes
 The third word population lives in the worlds most
degraded environment, without proper drinking water,
sewage connection, health services

46.  Housing is a prominent problem in third world countries
leading to extension of slums
 As a result communicable disease like tuberculosis,
lowering resistance among inhabitants due to mal-nutrition
 In most third world slums, one child out of three die
before the age of live

49. Quality of urban environment in India

51.  Urbanization in India is due to migration of people from
rural to urban areas, re-classification of villages/towns
over period
 This has give rise to acute shortage of housing facilities
that ends up in proliferation of slums
 Because of this acute housing shortage majorities of
urbanites live in slums
 In cities like Bombay and Calcutta, slum population
accounts for 40% and in madras about 30%
 Housing space is reduced by a continuous movement of
people from rural to urban areas as a result of which
there is an increase in the number of families living on
footpaths

52.  Solid waste disposal is also a serious problem in Indian
urban areas
 The solid waste reaching disposal sites in Mumbai,
Calcutta, madras and new Delhi ranges from 45 to 60 kg
per day
 Energy consumption, automobile exhaust and industries
together have damaged the urban atmosphere
 Calcutta, Mumbai, pune, Thana, Coimbatore, Madurai,
Ernakulum, Kanpur account for 80% of air pollution in
the country
 Mumbai emits 350 -400 tones of so2 every day

53.  The citizens of Mumbai with more than 4 lack motor
vehicle and Delhi with more than 8.5 lack vehicles are
already facing high pollution problem
 Mumbai is the most urban environment with 62% air
pollution by automobiles
 Almost all the major rivers polluted by the untreated
effluent dumped by the various industries
 Two major rivers hoogly and damodar receive
untreated industrial waste from jute and textile mills,
tanneries, pulp and paper, distilleries, steel mill etc