Origin of culture :Cultural hearth and cultural realm, cultural region.RAJKUMARPOREL
The document discusses the origin and development of cultural hearths and cultural regions around the world. It identifies the seven original cultural hearths as Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, the Aegean region, the Indus River Valley, the Ganges River Valley, the Wei-Huang Valley, and West Africa. These early hearths developed around major river systems and influenced the spread of culture. The document also outlines the major cultural realms of Occidental, Islamic, Indian, East Asian, and minor realms of Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. It defines key terms like cultural area and cultural boundary.
This document summarizes Demographic Transition Theory and discusses optimal population. It describes the five stages of demographic transition that countries generally progress through as they develop economically: (1) high birth and death rates; (2) declining death rates and high birth rates leading to population growth; (3) declining birth rates as well as death rates; (4) low birth and death rates as population growth stabilizes; and (5) potentially declining population. It then discusses India's progression through these stages and the implications, including a current demographic dividend opportunity due to a large working-age population. The document estimates an optimal global population of 1.5-2 billion people based on allowing basic human rights and preservation of biodiversity.
Indicators of Development (Economic, Social and Environmental)Kamlesh Kumar
The document discusses various economic, social, and environmental indicators used to assess development. For economic indicators, it examines GDP, GNP, economic growth rates, and economic structure. Social indicators discussed include poverty rates, health factors like malnutrition, women's empowerment, education levels, and political representation. Environmental indicators discussed are forest area, air pollution levels, and marine protected areas. The document notes that while GDP is commonly used, development requires availability of opportunities for people to flourish.
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
The document discusses key elements of population composition and structure, including sex ratio and age structure. It defines sex ratio as the number of males per 100 females in a population. Age structure is analyzed using population pyramids that show cohorts in 5-year age groups. The postwar US baby boom from 1946 to 1964 significantly increased births, affecting age structure. Analysis of population composition and structure is important for understanding future population growth patterns and the dependency ratio.
This document discusses the relationship between population and resources, defining concepts of under population, optimum population, and over population. It states that population and resource availability affect each other, and that optimum population is variable based on resources and technology. Under population occurs when a population is too small to utilize available resources. Over population is defined as a population too large to be supported by existing resources. The document provides examples and characteristics of each population type.
This theory throws light on changes in birth and death rate and consequently on the growth rate of population. The relationship between birth and death rate changes with economic development and a country has to pass through different stages of population growth. This theory depicts the four stages of demographic transition that a country has to pass.
Origin of culture :Cultural hearth and cultural realm, cultural region.RAJKUMARPOREL
The document discusses the origin and development of cultural hearths and cultural regions around the world. It identifies the seven original cultural hearths as Mesopotamia, the Nile River Valley, the Aegean region, the Indus River Valley, the Ganges River Valley, the Wei-Huang Valley, and West Africa. These early hearths developed around major river systems and influenced the spread of culture. The document also outlines the major cultural realms of Occidental, Islamic, Indian, East Asian, and minor realms of Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. It defines key terms like cultural area and cultural boundary.
This document summarizes Demographic Transition Theory and discusses optimal population. It describes the five stages of demographic transition that countries generally progress through as they develop economically: (1) high birth and death rates; (2) declining death rates and high birth rates leading to population growth; (3) declining birth rates as well as death rates; (4) low birth and death rates as population growth stabilizes; and (5) potentially declining population. It then discusses India's progression through these stages and the implications, including a current demographic dividend opportunity due to a large working-age population. The document estimates an optimal global population of 1.5-2 billion people based on allowing basic human rights and preservation of biodiversity.
Indicators of Development (Economic, Social and Environmental)Kamlesh Kumar
The document discusses various economic, social, and environmental indicators used to assess development. For economic indicators, it examines GDP, GNP, economic growth rates, and economic structure. Social indicators discussed include poverty rates, health factors like malnutrition, women's empowerment, education levels, and political representation. Environmental indicators discussed are forest area, air pollution levels, and marine protected areas. The document notes that while GDP is commonly used, development requires availability of opportunities for people to flourish.
Population geography is the study of human population distribution and dynamics across different regions. It examines how numbers, characteristics, and movement of people vary based on environmental and cultural factors in an area. G.T. Trewartha is considered the father of population geography for establishing it as a distinct subfield in the 1950s and proposing what topics it encompasses. Population geography analyzes absolute population sizes, qualities like age and sex ratios, and dynamics including fertility, mortality, and migration patterns. It also relates population trends to variables like resources, development levels, and government policies. As an interdisciplinary field, it interconnects with demography, sociology, economics, history and other social sciences.
The document discusses key elements of population composition and structure, including sex ratio and age structure. It defines sex ratio as the number of males per 100 females in a population. Age structure is analyzed using population pyramids that show cohorts in 5-year age groups. The postwar US baby boom from 1946 to 1964 significantly increased births, affecting age structure. Analysis of population composition and structure is important for understanding future population growth patterns and the dependency ratio.
This document discusses the relationship between population and resources, defining concepts of under population, optimum population, and over population. It states that population and resource availability affect each other, and that optimum population is variable based on resources and technology. Under population occurs when a population is too small to utilize available resources. Over population is defined as a population too large to be supported by existing resources. The document provides examples and characteristics of each population type.
This theory throws light on changes in birth and death rate and consequently on the growth rate of population. The relationship between birth and death rate changes with economic development and a country has to pass through different stages of population growth. This theory depicts the four stages of demographic transition that a country has to pass.
Karl Gunnar Myrdal was a Swedish economist who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1974. He is known for his theories of cumulative causation, backwash effects, and the need for government intervention to promote balanced regional development. According to Myrdal, free market forces tend to increase inequalities between developed and underdeveloped regions. The backwash effects of economic activity in developed regions drain wealth from poorer regions in a vicious cycle of underdevelopment.
Population growth and economic development in indiaSharat Handa
This document discusses population growth and economic development in India. It provides background on global and Indian population trends, noting that India's population reached 1.21 billion in 2011 and is projected to surpass China's population by 2025. Rapid population growth has posed challenges for India's development by increasing demand for resources and impeding economic growth. However, India's large population has also helped power recent economic development by providing a huge workforce and consumer base. The document examines factors driving India's population growth like the declining death rate and persisting high birth rate. It also outlines some of the impacts of population growth on India's economy and development.
POPULATION GEOGRAPHY vs. DEMOGRAPHY
Preface of the terms.
Variability between the terms.
Skills to the study of Population Geography.
Importance of Demographics and its Data.
Factors examined by the field of demography.
Demographic Transition Theory (DTT).
Population Pyramid.
Association between the terms.
Stats / Graphs of India – with referencing to Population and Demography.
India’s population projection.
Bibliography.
The concept of growth foci is one of the indispensable strategies for the regional development, which can be applied for the transformation of socio-economic activities of rural and urban settlements.
The growth foci have been identified with the help of certain indicators of administration, communication, education, health, finance, recreation, market and others.
This document is a project report submitted by Manoj Thadani to the University of Mumbai for their Master of Commerce program. The report examines trends in migration within India. It includes an introduction, definitions of migration, different types of migration, causes of migration, reasons for migration, key findings from the Indian NSSO survey on migration from 2007-2008, and a conclusion. The NSSO survey found that around 30% of Indians are migrants, with most migration occurring within states rather than between states. It also analyzed patterns of intra-state, inter-state, rural-urban migration and reasons for migration.
Levels, Patterns and Trends of Urbanization (World)ShreemoyeeSaha1
1. What is Urbanization?
2. Levels of Urbanization in the World
3. Patterns of Urbanization in the World : Demographic Changes, Economic Development, Consumption Pattern, Urban Footprint.
4. Patterns of Urbanization in Asia.
5. Trends of Urbanization in the World : Past, Recent and Future Trends.
6. Timeline of Urbanization in the World (1950- 2050)
7. Projected Urban and Rural Population.
8. Urbanization and Sustainability.
The world population is currently around 7.7 billion people. Australia's population is around 25 million, with Sydney's population being over 5 million. Every year the global population increases by around 90 million people due to high fertility rates, especially in Africa where 40% of the population is under 15. Africa will experience the greatest population growth by 2050, while countries like Japan and Russia will see declines. Major population trends include rapid urbanization, with over half the world's population now living in urban areas, and the rise of megacities with populations over 10 million.
Population distribution is influenced by both physical and human factors. Physical factors like climate, landforms, resources, and vegetation determine whether an area is densely or sparsely populated. Areas with extreme climates or hostile environments tend to be sparsely populated, while temperate areas and places rich in resources see higher population densities. Human factors also impact population distribution, as economic opportunities, social preferences, and political stability can encourage or discourage large populations in certain areas.
The document discusses six approaches to political geography: power analysis, historical, morphological, functional, behavioral, and systematic. It focuses on defining and explaining the functional and behavioral approaches. The functional approach studies how political areas function and interact internally and externally. It examines centralizing and decentralizing forces. The behavioral approach identifies space as an independent variable and studies how human behavior is influenced by territorial boundaries and patterns.
This document discusses different models of migration including push and pull factors, Lee's migration model, and Ravenstein's laws of migration. It provides definitions for push factors that drive people away and pull factors that attract migrants to a destination. Lee's model shows migration as a process with intervening obstacles. Ravenstein's laws are based on patterns observed in 1880s UK, including that most migration occurs over short distances, to urban areas, and in stages with rural residents more likely to migrate.
The document discusses sex ratios in populations globally and by region. The global sex ratio at birth is estimated to be 107 boys for every 100 girls. Sex ratios can be determined by factors influencing sex ratio at conception, embryo survival in utero, and mortality rates after birth. Data from 2011 shows large variations in sex ratios across countries in India, with some states having over 1000 boys for every 100 girls. The age and sex structure of a population is important demographic data that provides insights into fertility, mortality, and migration patterns.
Structure and Composition of population in IndiaSOHAILAHAMED1
The document discusses the population structure and composition of India. It explains that population structure is represented using a population pyramid and examines India's population composition in terms of sex, age, caste, language, and religion. Key points covered include India's sex ratio, age structure divided among different age groups, religious and linguistic diversity, and regional differences in population characteristics.
This slide discusses about the core-periphery model given by John Friedmann. This model is basically a model of regional Development. You will able to learn about the core-periphery model very easily by this slide.
Theories and models for Regional planning and developmentKamlesh Kumar
This is a work on the major theories of Regional planning mainly consisting the work of Francois Perroux, Gunnar Myrdal, Albert O. Hirschman, Walter Whitman Rostow and John Friedman.
Scope and content of population geographyMithun Ray
This document provides an overview of population geography as an academic discipline. It discusses key thinkers who established population geography as a subfield of human geography. It also outlines major topics of focus for population geography, including population size and distribution, dynamics of growth, and qualities/characteristics of populations. The document contrasts population geography with related fields like demography and population studies, noting geography's emphasis on spatial variation and relationships between places. It also briefly discusses the development of population geography as a topic of study in India.
The document discusses regional disparity in development in India. It defines regional disparity as wide differences in socioeconomic indicators like income, literacy, health access between states and regions. Causes include natural factors like geography and climate as well as man-made factors like economic and agricultural policies. Key indicators of disparity mentioned are population growth, GDP, per capita income, infrastructure levels, and the Human Development Index. The document outlines various government policies aimed at promoting development in backward regions like hill area, tribal area, and drought-prone area development schemes. It concludes that while complete parity may not be possible, focused investment and policy implementation can help reduce disparities over time.
This document discusses several methods used to measure economic development. It describes common metrics like gross national product (GNP) and per capita income, as well as indexes that account for other factors like quality of life, education, health and gender equality. These include the Physical Quality of Life Index, Human Development Index, Capability Approach, and Gender Related Development Index. No single measure can fully capture a country's economic development, so economists consider multiple criteria to evaluate progress.
- Behavioral geography is an approach that studies human activity, place, and environment at the individual level. It aims to understand human behavior by examining psychological processes like perceptions, decision making, and environmental images.
- Early models in behavioral geography treated humans as rational actors seeking to optimize outcomes. However, researchers like Wolpert found people often make suboptimal choices based on imperfect information.
- Key concepts in behavioral geography include mental maps, which represent individual perceptions of space, and models of the relationships between environmental images, decisions, and resulting behaviors. Behavioral geography provided new insights into areas like migration and consumer patterns but was later criticized for oversimplifying human behavior.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
This document is a report on population problems in Bangladesh submitted by four students to their professor. It discusses the rapid growth of Bangladesh's population, which has led to several issues including environmental degradation, traffic congestion, power shortages, lack of adequate housing, educational challenges, unemployment, and noise pollution. The population density is very high and nearly half the population lives on less than $1 per day, indicating that overpopulation is straining resources and contributing to widespread poverty in Bangladesh. The report analyzes the impacts and challenges posed by high population growth in the country.
The document discusses the environmental impacts of industrialization and urbanization. It notes that industrialization places tremendous pressure on the environment through pollution from industrial effluents, degraded air quality, and greenhouse gas emissions. Rapid urbanization also strains waste disposal and sanitation systems. Issues like traffic congestion, noise pollution, water contamination, and proliferation of slums degrade urban environmental quality. The quality of the urban environment in India specifically is impacted by issues like acute housing shortages, overflowing solid waste, air pollution from vehicles and industries, and river pollution from untreated industrial discharge.
Karl Gunnar Myrdal was a Swedish economist who received the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1974. He is known for his theories of cumulative causation, backwash effects, and the need for government intervention to promote balanced regional development. According to Myrdal, free market forces tend to increase inequalities between developed and underdeveloped regions. The backwash effects of economic activity in developed regions drain wealth from poorer regions in a vicious cycle of underdevelopment.
Population growth and economic development in indiaSharat Handa
This document discusses population growth and economic development in India. It provides background on global and Indian population trends, noting that India's population reached 1.21 billion in 2011 and is projected to surpass China's population by 2025. Rapid population growth has posed challenges for India's development by increasing demand for resources and impeding economic growth. However, India's large population has also helped power recent economic development by providing a huge workforce and consumer base. The document examines factors driving India's population growth like the declining death rate and persisting high birth rate. It also outlines some of the impacts of population growth on India's economy and development.
POPULATION GEOGRAPHY vs. DEMOGRAPHY
Preface of the terms.
Variability between the terms.
Skills to the study of Population Geography.
Importance of Demographics and its Data.
Factors examined by the field of demography.
Demographic Transition Theory (DTT).
Population Pyramid.
Association between the terms.
Stats / Graphs of India – with referencing to Population and Demography.
India’s population projection.
Bibliography.
The concept of growth foci is one of the indispensable strategies for the regional development, which can be applied for the transformation of socio-economic activities of rural and urban settlements.
The growth foci have been identified with the help of certain indicators of administration, communication, education, health, finance, recreation, market and others.
This document is a project report submitted by Manoj Thadani to the University of Mumbai for their Master of Commerce program. The report examines trends in migration within India. It includes an introduction, definitions of migration, different types of migration, causes of migration, reasons for migration, key findings from the Indian NSSO survey on migration from 2007-2008, and a conclusion. The NSSO survey found that around 30% of Indians are migrants, with most migration occurring within states rather than between states. It also analyzed patterns of intra-state, inter-state, rural-urban migration and reasons for migration.
Levels, Patterns and Trends of Urbanization (World)ShreemoyeeSaha1
1. What is Urbanization?
2. Levels of Urbanization in the World
3. Patterns of Urbanization in the World : Demographic Changes, Economic Development, Consumption Pattern, Urban Footprint.
4. Patterns of Urbanization in Asia.
5. Trends of Urbanization in the World : Past, Recent and Future Trends.
6. Timeline of Urbanization in the World (1950- 2050)
7. Projected Urban and Rural Population.
8. Urbanization and Sustainability.
The world population is currently around 7.7 billion people. Australia's population is around 25 million, with Sydney's population being over 5 million. Every year the global population increases by around 90 million people due to high fertility rates, especially in Africa where 40% of the population is under 15. Africa will experience the greatest population growth by 2050, while countries like Japan and Russia will see declines. Major population trends include rapid urbanization, with over half the world's population now living in urban areas, and the rise of megacities with populations over 10 million.
Population distribution is influenced by both physical and human factors. Physical factors like climate, landforms, resources, and vegetation determine whether an area is densely or sparsely populated. Areas with extreme climates or hostile environments tend to be sparsely populated, while temperate areas and places rich in resources see higher population densities. Human factors also impact population distribution, as economic opportunities, social preferences, and political stability can encourage or discourage large populations in certain areas.
The document discusses six approaches to political geography: power analysis, historical, morphological, functional, behavioral, and systematic. It focuses on defining and explaining the functional and behavioral approaches. The functional approach studies how political areas function and interact internally and externally. It examines centralizing and decentralizing forces. The behavioral approach identifies space as an independent variable and studies how human behavior is influenced by territorial boundaries and patterns.
This document discusses different models of migration including push and pull factors, Lee's migration model, and Ravenstein's laws of migration. It provides definitions for push factors that drive people away and pull factors that attract migrants to a destination. Lee's model shows migration as a process with intervening obstacles. Ravenstein's laws are based on patterns observed in 1880s UK, including that most migration occurs over short distances, to urban areas, and in stages with rural residents more likely to migrate.
The document discusses sex ratios in populations globally and by region. The global sex ratio at birth is estimated to be 107 boys for every 100 girls. Sex ratios can be determined by factors influencing sex ratio at conception, embryo survival in utero, and mortality rates after birth. Data from 2011 shows large variations in sex ratios across countries in India, with some states having over 1000 boys for every 100 girls. The age and sex structure of a population is important demographic data that provides insights into fertility, mortality, and migration patterns.
Structure and Composition of population in IndiaSOHAILAHAMED1
The document discusses the population structure and composition of India. It explains that population structure is represented using a population pyramid and examines India's population composition in terms of sex, age, caste, language, and religion. Key points covered include India's sex ratio, age structure divided among different age groups, religious and linguistic diversity, and regional differences in population characteristics.
This slide discusses about the core-periphery model given by John Friedmann. This model is basically a model of regional Development. You will able to learn about the core-periphery model very easily by this slide.
Theories and models for Regional planning and developmentKamlesh Kumar
This is a work on the major theories of Regional planning mainly consisting the work of Francois Perroux, Gunnar Myrdal, Albert O. Hirschman, Walter Whitman Rostow and John Friedman.
Scope and content of population geographyMithun Ray
This document provides an overview of population geography as an academic discipline. It discusses key thinkers who established population geography as a subfield of human geography. It also outlines major topics of focus for population geography, including population size and distribution, dynamics of growth, and qualities/characteristics of populations. The document contrasts population geography with related fields like demography and population studies, noting geography's emphasis on spatial variation and relationships between places. It also briefly discusses the development of population geography as a topic of study in India.
The document discusses regional disparity in development in India. It defines regional disparity as wide differences in socioeconomic indicators like income, literacy, health access between states and regions. Causes include natural factors like geography and climate as well as man-made factors like economic and agricultural policies. Key indicators of disparity mentioned are population growth, GDP, per capita income, infrastructure levels, and the Human Development Index. The document outlines various government policies aimed at promoting development in backward regions like hill area, tribal area, and drought-prone area development schemes. It concludes that while complete parity may not be possible, focused investment and policy implementation can help reduce disparities over time.
This document discusses several methods used to measure economic development. It describes common metrics like gross national product (GNP) and per capita income, as well as indexes that account for other factors like quality of life, education, health and gender equality. These include the Physical Quality of Life Index, Human Development Index, Capability Approach, and Gender Related Development Index. No single measure can fully capture a country's economic development, so economists consider multiple criteria to evaluate progress.
- Behavioral geography is an approach that studies human activity, place, and environment at the individual level. It aims to understand human behavior by examining psychological processes like perceptions, decision making, and environmental images.
- Early models in behavioral geography treated humans as rational actors seeking to optimize outcomes. However, researchers like Wolpert found people often make suboptimal choices based on imperfect information.
- Key concepts in behavioral geography include mental maps, which represent individual perceptions of space, and models of the relationships between environmental images, decisions, and resulting behaviors. Behavioral geography provided new insights into areas like migration and consumer patterns but was later criticized for oversimplifying human behavior.
The primary aim of studying settlement geography is to acquaint with the spatial and structural characteristics of human settlements under varied environmental conditions.
This document is a report on population problems in Bangladesh submitted by four students to their professor. It discusses the rapid growth of Bangladesh's population, which has led to several issues including environmental degradation, traffic congestion, power shortages, lack of adequate housing, educational challenges, unemployment, and noise pollution. The population density is very high and nearly half the population lives on less than $1 per day, indicating that overpopulation is straining resources and contributing to widespread poverty in Bangladesh. The report analyzes the impacts and challenges posed by high population growth in the country.
The document discusses the environmental impacts of industrialization and urbanization. It notes that industrialization places tremendous pressure on the environment through pollution from industrial effluents, degraded air quality, and greenhouse gas emissions. Rapid urbanization also strains waste disposal and sanitation systems. Issues like traffic congestion, noise pollution, water contamination, and proliferation of slums degrade urban environmental quality. The quality of the urban environment in India specifically is impacted by issues like acute housing shortages, overflowing solid waste, air pollution from vehicles and industries, and river pollution from untreated industrial discharge.
Urbanization is affected by several factors including population growth, rural to urban migration, and the reclassification of areas. This document discusses many challenges of urbanization such as environmental problems, overpopulation, demand for resources, food production issues, and various types of pollution including air, water, and solid waste pollution. The document also examines issues around access to water resources, water quantity needs, and industrial water usage. Models for controlling urbanization focus on managing population growth, improving resource management, and developing sustainable cities.
This document discusses urban growth and overpopulation in Lima, Peru. It defines overpopulation and discusses its advantages such as development and medical advances as well as disadvantages like deforestation and pollution. It explains that overpopulation in Lima is mainly due to migration from rural areas as people seek new opportunities. This high population growth has economic and environmental impacts like increased unemployment, crime, pollution, loss of farmland and biodiversity. Solutions proposed include improving education, family planning programs, and increasing access to healthcare and resources.
The anxiety is mounting about our process and ability to achieve sustainability, that is, our greed to meet our present needs while ensuring that future generations will be able to meet their needs.
The anxiety is mounting about our process and ability to achieve sustainability, that is, our greed to meet our present needs while ensuring that future generations will be able to meet their needs.
The document discusses various environmental problems caused by urbanization and consumerism. It addresses how uncontrolled urban growth in India has led to issues like housing shortages, air and water pollution, and waste disposal problems. Consumerism is defined and the document notes that overconsumption of non-durable goods contributes significantly to pollution and waste. Different types of wastes like chemical, plastic, electronic and nuclear wastes are outlined and their harmful effects described. Solutions proposed include controlling population growth, reducing consumption rates, improving waste minimization practices like reuse and recycling, and making products more durable.
The document discusses the challenges posed by rapid population growth in developing countries. It notes that population growth has outpaced increases in food production, leading to declining per capita food availability and high levels of malnutrition. Providing education for all children is also a challenge due to the need for more schools and classrooms. Rapid population growth places significant burdens on governments to provide adequate services and infrastructure for a growing population. This hinders environmental, economic, and social development. International agreements like the ICPD and MDG aimed to address these issues through programs focused on education, healthcare, gender equality and other development goals.
Cities are growing rapidly around the world as more people urbanize. By 2050, nearly 70% of the world's children will live in urban areas, many in slums. While cities offer economic opportunities, rapid urbanization also creates numerous problems for public health. Issues include shortage of housing and infrastructure, unemployment, and pollution from poor sanitation, waste disposal, and vehicle emissions. These factors contribute to health problems such as communicable diseases, malnutrition, and non-communicable diseases that put pressure on public health systems.
The cooperatives and the national development goals and agendaDianNa PastRana
This document discusses cooperatives as vehicles for poverty alleviation. It establishes the National Anti-Poverty Commission to implement social reform programs. The commission divides the basic sectors affected by poverty into 14 groups. Cooperatives are included as one of the groups and are defined as registered associations of at least 15 poor members who voluntarily work together for economic and social goals. The document then outlines various social problems including poverty, its types (absolute and relative), causes such as overpopulation, lack of education and environmental degradation, and effects like malnutrition, poor economic growth, and child labor. Cooperatives are proposed as a means to provide opportunities for employment, access to services, and sustainable development in line with cooperative principles.
Urbanization refers to the migration of people from rural to urban areas in search of jobs, opportunities, and improved living conditions for their families. People are pulled to cities by the availability of infrastructure, jobs, education, healthcare and entertainment. They are pushed from rural areas due to lack of these resources and facilities. However, rapid urbanization leads to problems like overcrowding, unemployment, increased crime rates, pollution, and the development of slums. These issues can be addressed by controlling urban population growth and developing rural communities and infrastructure to discourage migration.
Urbanization is the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. It results from rural migration and population growth in cities. Functionalism views society as a complex system where all parts influence each other. Two theories are human ecology, which examines human relationships with environments, and urban ecology, which studies organisms in urban settings. Functionalism includes three theories of urban structure: concentric zone theory of socioeconomic zones radiating from the city center; demographic transition theory of population changes from high birth/death rates to low rates; and multiple nuclei theory of specialized activity centers in a city.
The impact of globalization in the developing countriesAlexander Decker
This academic article discusses the impacts of globalization on developing countries. It examines the effects in three key areas: economic and trade processes, education and health systems, and culture. While globalization has benefits like increased economic growth and technology transfer, it also has drawbacks such as rising inequality and loss of cultural traditions. The article provides an overview of both the positive and negative influences of globalization across multiple domains in developing nations.
PPT on World population day which is an international level awareness campaign being celebrated all over the world to call people on stage to know the reason of this exploding population year by year as well as solve the big mistake of whole human fraternity. This great awareness event is to bring a population revolution globally as well as breaking sleep of all the deeply slept people to pay their full attention and help in combating this population issue. I have uploaded this ppt to help scholars know more about World Population Day which is celebrated throughout the world. Thank you.
The document discusses several major urban problems faced by developing countries:
1. High population density due to rural-urban migration leads to overcrowding, traffic, pollution, housing shortages, and poor living conditions.
2. Inadequate infrastructure like roads, power, water supply burden urban areas.
3. Lack of affordable housing and secure tenure puts many in vulnerable conditions and increases risk of health issues and poverty.
4. Unemployment rises as job growth fails to keep pace with population growth, worsening poverty.
The document discusses several challenges facing Bangladesh, including poverty, education, corruption, unemployment, infrastructure, climate change, and political unrest. It provides details on the high levels of poverty in Bangladesh, with around 31% of the rural population living in poverty. Education faces issues like insufficient schools and teachers, lack of funding, and high dropout rates. Corruption is prevalent throughout the government and private sector. Unemployment remains a major problem due to lack of job opportunities. Infrastructure requires improvements to areas like transportation and communications. Climate change is exacerbating environmental challenges such as floods and cyclones. Political unrest also remains an ongoing concern.
Rapid population growth is a significant obstacle to development in many poor countries. It leads to problems like environmental degradation as population and consumption levels rise, as well as economic stagnation as infrastructure and social services struggle to keep up with high birth rates. High fertility also contributes to issues like maternal mortality, youth unemployment, and political instability. While population growth alone does not cause poverty, it exacerbates development challenges. Reducing population growth through access to education and family planning is crucial for improving living standards in developing nations.
The document summarizes the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015. The SDGs aim to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all people by 2030. They replaced the Millennium Development Goals and have a broader focus on environmental sustainability and inclusion. The goals address issues like poverty, hunger, health, education, gender equality, water, energy, economic growth, infrastructure, inequality, cities, consumption, climate change, oceans, ecosystems, and peace and justice. Achieving the integrated and interconnected SDGs will require efforts to balance social, economic, and environmental issues globally.
Urbanization is the growth of urban areas due to global population changes. The UN projects that half the world's population will live in urban areas by 2008. Urbanization is closely linked to modernization, industrialization, and sociological changes. It describes both the proportion of people living in urban areas and the rate of increase of urban populations over time. As more people move from rural to urban areas in search of jobs and opportunities, global urban growth is rapid, especially in developing countries and Asia/Africa. This urbanization leads to environmental effects like urban heat islands and increased pollution in cities.
Human population explosion | Causes, Effects & solutions || by Mamoona GhaffarMamoona Ghaffar
This document discusses population explosion, defining it as a sudden and rapid increase in population size beyond normal limits. It provides background on population growth formulas and gives Pakistan as an example, noting its population increased dramatically from 32.5 million in 1947 to over 150 million in 2000. The document outlines several reasons for population explosion, including improved healthcare and food production, and effects like unemployment, poverty and environmental degradation through increased waste, deforestation, water and air pollution. It proposes measures to control population like increasing women's status, education, family planning programs, and creating more jobs and economic opportunities.
Similar to Population problems in developed countries (20)
The 3R rules for solid waste management are recycling, reuse, and reduce. Recycling processes used materials into new products to prevent waste and reduce environmental pollution. Reuse involves using items again for the same or new functions rather than throwing them out. Reduce means minimizing waste generation by reducing consumption and energy usage. The 3R approach is important for solid waste management in South Asian countries where informal recycling sectors help reduce waste.
The document provides an outline for a lesson on fundamentals of earth science. It discusses the four spheres of Earth - hydrosphere, atmosphere, biosphere and geosphere. It then explains how these spheres interact as part of the Earth system and describes some key cycles within the system, including the hydrologic and rock cycles. The document also summarizes theories on the origin and evolution of Earth, from the formation of the solar system out of a primordial nebula according to the nebular hypothesis, to the development of life on Earth.
I am a Env Science student. i collect this information from my field trip. i took help from a JU students journal and also Banglapedia to enrich information about the geological structure of sitakunda and other 5 places that i visited.
This document discusses solar power and its various technologies including photovoltaics and concentrating solar power. It provides details on solar thermal energy applications like water heating, heating/cooling buildings, and cooking. Concentrated solar power plants using molten salt for thermal energy storage are also described. The document then discusses solar energy development and challenges in Bangladesh, noting most solar panels there have low efficiency and the government's renewable energy targets are modest compared to other countries.
Henry Darcy developed Darcy's law in 1856 based on experiments studying the flow of water through sand filters. Darcy's law states that for laminar flow through saturated soil or porous media, the discharge rate is proportional to the hydraulic gradient. The law is expressed mathematically as Q=KA(h1-h2)/L, where Q is the flow rate, K is the hydraulic conductivity, A is the cross-sectional area, h1 and h2 are the water levels, and L is the distance between them. Darcy's law is valid for laminar flow in saturated, homogeneous, isotropic porous media, but may not apply to turbulent or unsaturated flow conditions. It has wide applications in areas like
Maps are visual representations of spatial relationships and characteristics of an area. There are several key elements that should be included in every map: the data frame, legend, title, north arrow, scale, and citation. There are seven main types of maps: political maps, physical maps, topographic maps, climate maps, economic/resource maps, road maps, and thematic maps. Each type of map serves a different purpose in visualizing and representing different kinds of geographic and statistical information.
HERBARIUM OF Leaf of Manilkara zapota (Sapodilla)Imran Rakib
1) The document describes the process of creating a herbarium specimen of the leaf of the Sapodilla tree (Manilkara zapota) as part of an environmental science course.
2) Key steps included selecting and collecting the leaf specimen from Magura, Bangladesh, allowing it to dry, attaching it to paper using a spatula and needle, adding labels, and sealing it in cellophane for preservation.
3) Challenges in the process included working in jungle areas with insects and animals, maintaining specimen alignment during drying and attachment, and handling dry fragile specimens. The project helped strengthen conceptual understanding of herbarium preparation.
This document presents an herbarium specimen of a lemon leaf prepared by Md Imran Hossain Rakib. It provides objectives of introducing herbarium preparation and demonstrating the spatula and needle method. It outlines the introduction, specimen selection, preparation steps, classification of Citrus limon, final outcome, and uses of lemon leaves. The preparation involved collecting, drying, mounting, and wrapping the specimen to be preserved on paper for scientific study.
Presentation on Groundwater of BanladeshImran Rakib
This document summarizes a course on fundamentals of environmental science presented by MD Imran Hossain Rakib at Bangladesh University of Professionals. The course objectives are to understand the current status, uses, and pollution of groundwater in Bangladesh, including the impact of arsenic. Most of Bangladesh relies on groundwater, which can become polluted from point sources like leaks or non-point sources like agriculture. High levels of arsenic in groundwater are poisoning crops and humans, as 59 of 64 districts studied had arsenic above the WHO limit of 10 μg/L. Prevention and awareness are needed to address groundwater pollution in Bangladesh.
This presentation by Professor Alex Robson, Deputy Chair of Australia’s Productivity Commission, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity • a micro report by Rosie WellsRosie Wells
Insight: In a landscape where traditional narrative structures are giving way to fragmented and non-linear forms of storytelling, there lies immense potential for creativity and exploration.
'Collapsing Narratives: Exploring Non-Linearity' is a micro report from Rosie Wells.
Rosie Wells is an Arts & Cultural Strategist uniquely positioned at the intersection of grassroots and mainstream storytelling.
Their work is focused on developing meaningful and lasting connections that can drive social change.
Please download this presentation to enjoy the hyperlinks!
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XP 2024 presentation: A New Look to Leadershipsamililja
Presentation slides from XP2024 conference, Bolzano IT. The slides describe a new view to leadership and combines it with anthro-complexity (aka cynefin).
This presentation, created by Syed Faiz ul Hassan, explores the profound influence of media on public perception and behavior. It delves into the evolution of media from oral traditions to modern digital and social media platforms. Key topics include the role of media in information propagation, socialization, crisis awareness, globalization, and education. The presentation also examines media influence through agenda setting, propaganda, and manipulative techniques used by advertisers and marketers. Furthermore, it highlights the impact of surveillance enabled by media technologies on personal behavior and preferences. Through this comprehensive overview, the presentation aims to shed light on how media shapes collective consciousness and public opinion.
Carrer goals.pptx and their importance in real lifeartemacademy2
Career goals serve as a roadmap for individuals, guiding them toward achieving long-term professional aspirations and personal fulfillment. Establishing clear career goals enables professionals to focus their efforts on developing specific skills, gaining relevant experience, and making strategic decisions that align with their desired career trajectory. By setting both short-term and long-term objectives, individuals can systematically track their progress, make necessary adjustments, and stay motivated. Short-term goals often include acquiring new qualifications, mastering particular competencies, or securing a specific role, while long-term goals might encompass reaching executive positions, becoming industry experts, or launching entrepreneurial ventures.
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This presentation by OECD, OECD Secretariat, was made during the discussion “Competition and Regulation in Professions and Occupations” held at the 77th meeting of the OECD Working Party No. 2 on Competition and Regulation on 10 June 2024. More papers and presentations on the topic can be found at oe.cd/crps.
This presentation was uploaded with the author’s consent.
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...Suzanne Lagerweij
This is a workshop about communication and collaboration. We will experience how we can analyze the reasons for resistance to change (exercise 1) and practice how to improve our conversation style and be more in control and effective in the way we communicate (exercise 2).
This session will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
Abstract:
Let’s talk about powerful conversations! We all know how to lead a constructive conversation, right? Then why is it so difficult to have those conversations with people at work, especially those in powerful positions that show resistance to change?
Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
In the session you will experience how preparing and reflecting on your conversation can help you be more influential at work. You will learn how to communicate more effectively with the people needed to achieve positive change. You will leave with a self-revised version of a difficult conversation and a practical model to use when you get back to work.
Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
1. POPULATION PROBLEM IN DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL AND HUMAN
GEOGRAPHY
Submitted by: Submitted to:
Md Imran Hossain Rakib Alamgir Kabir
Environmental Science Lecturer
Roll no.:18531045 Bangladesh University
ID no. : 18014070 of professionals
2. OBJECTIVES
To know about the population
problems in developed countries
To know due to population problems
what are the main impacts on
environment
To know how to get rid from the
problems
4. INTRODUCTION
Population is compulsory for a country. But over
population is curse for not only the nation but also for
the whole country and its development status. In fact
developed countries also suffer through this problems
The growth pressure of population on resource base,
especially an arable land, has created many socio-
economic, cultural, ecological and environmental
problems. The population problems vary in space and
time and differ from region.
5. POPULATION PROBLEMS IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Developed countries are highly industrialized and
urbanized. In these countries, the per capital
income is not only high, most of their population
independent either on secondary or tertiary sector.
A developed country, industrialized country, more
developed country, or "more economically
developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state
that has a highly developed economy and advanced
technological infrastructure relative to other less
industrialized nations.
7. POPULATION PROBLEMS IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
These developed countries, despite high degree
of development, efficient agriculture and large-
scale industrial production, are also confronted
with many of the population problems:
1. Long Span of Life
2. Small Workforce
3. Rural Population
4. Urbanization
8. LONG SPAN OF LIFE:
In developed countries, both the birth and death rates
are low. Moreover, the proportion of younger people in
the population is relatively small whereas there is an
ever-increasing proportion of an older person (senior
citizens) in the population.
SMALL WORKFORCE:
As the standard of education improves, children
remain longer in school and join the workforce late.
This, combined with low birth rate, means that the
labor force expands only slowly while industrial and
other employment opportunities continue to multiply.
9. RURAL POPULATION:
There are more social amenities like universities, colleges,
hospitals, banks and places of recreation in urban areas.
For this reason, the rural youth out migrate from their
villages and start their career in towns and cities. The
fewer, especially the old people, live in villages.
URBANIZATION
As a town expands, the pressure on transport, water
supplies, sewage and refuse disposal grows and creates
problems. Smoke and chemical effluents from factories
produce air and water pollution. Traffic congestion and
noise are other problems.
11. IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENT
Environmental problems are very much a hazard in the
developing countries as in the developed world.
Pollution is heavy thick black smog is common in many
countries as a result of too many cars, taxis and buses.
The exhaust fumes from these vehicles blend into a
toxic cocktail of gases. Respiratory problems especially
cardiovascular illness and lung cancer are becoming
common in people.
12. Pollution of air, land and water is a major problem in
most developed world cities. The drive to
industrialization brings with it inevitable problems,
especially as legislation to protect the environment is
often non-existent or rarely enforced. Furthermore, the
hidden economy can add to the levels of pollution as
small, unlicensed industries are set up in peoples
homes or on rooftops. These industries release their
pollutants into the air, land and water.
13. HOW TO STOP POPULATION
PROBLEMS IN
DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
Make proper family plans to balance the birth and
death rate
By create more job opportunities and training
By recycling wastes . This will help the environment to
be more safe for human beings living
By making proper URP
14. CONCLUSION
The undeveloped, developing and developed
countries have some problems in common. Most of
the developed countries have areas where agriculture
or industry could be improved or where the
population is too large and dense. But the problems
the countries faced for population is really very
harmful for their future growth. The pollution,
urbanization, unemployment, rural population all
these problems are effecting the developed economy,
despicable income per capital rate and others.