The document discusses the internal structure of towns and cities. It defines urban structure as the arrangement of public and private space and connectivity within cities. It describes how cities typically have a central business district (CBD) that is the commercial heart and often contains financial districts, entertainment, and retail. The CBD usually has few residents but increasing populations as young professionals move into city center apartments. It also discusses theories of urban structure like the concentric zone model and sector model.
Urban Current Issues and Approaches slides for Sustainable Urban Landscape Design course.
Master Sustainable Urban Design, Razak Faculty, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Sustainable Urban Open Green Spaces Opportunities and ChallengesMehdi Rakhshandehroo
Shortage of open green spaces has become a common concern in today’s compact cities. Based on the literature review, urban open green spaces provide different dimensions of sustainability because of opportunities for social, environmental, and economic benefits which contribute to quality of life in cities. Urban development and renewal should be accompanied with a greening vision, to insert more plantable spaces into the urban fabric. Therefore sustainable urban planning, design and management are needed to improve urban greening strategy.
In order to enhance urban greenery, innovative and creative ideas should be applied in urban management, for instance informal open green spaces (e.g. brownfields, vacant lots, streets and railways) potentially are part of urban nature or a setback along roadsides could create a planting strip and improve the urban landscape. The opportunities which are laid in the sustainable development can improve environmental quality and consequently the quality of life.
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
Urban Current Issues and Approaches slides for Sustainable Urban Landscape Design course.
Master Sustainable Urban Design, Razak Faculty, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
Sustainable Urban Open Green Spaces Opportunities and ChallengesMehdi Rakhshandehroo
Shortage of open green spaces has become a common concern in today’s compact cities. Based on the literature review, urban open green spaces provide different dimensions of sustainability because of opportunities for social, environmental, and economic benefits which contribute to quality of life in cities. Urban development and renewal should be accompanied with a greening vision, to insert more plantable spaces into the urban fabric. Therefore sustainable urban planning, design and management are needed to improve urban greening strategy.
In order to enhance urban greenery, innovative and creative ideas should be applied in urban management, for instance informal open green spaces (e.g. brownfields, vacant lots, streets and railways) potentially are part of urban nature or a setback along roadsides could create a planting strip and improve the urban landscape. The opportunities which are laid in the sustainable development can improve environmental quality and consequently the quality of life.
URBAN BASICS
Urbanization and development: Historical Perspective
An Academic Presentation to BdevS, Center for Development Studies
Kathmamndu University
2014
Rajendra P Sharma
rpsharma@mailcity.com
Paper looks critically and objectively, the role and importance of Master Plans in Rationalising the development of cities, issues created and options to make it a better master plan
Paper looks critically and objectively, the role and importance of Master Plans in Rationalising the development of cities, issues created and options to make it a better master plan
Introduction to town planning,
Objects of Town planning,
Principles of town planning,
Growth of Cities,
Scattered growth,
Planned growth,
Ribbon development,
Satellite city,
Suburbs,
Vertical Growth of City,
Horizontal growth of city,
Stages in town development,
Central business district,
Concentric Spread,
Site for ideal town,
Urban Sprawl.
References
The C.B.D or Central Business District is the focal point of a city. It is the commercial, office, retail, and cultural center of the city and usually is the center point for transportation networks.
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF TOWN PLANNING WITH THE MODELS PROPOSED FOR TOWN PLANNING VIZ CONCENTRIC ZONE THEORY, SECTOR MODEL THEORY AND MULTIPLE NUCLEI MODEL. ADDITIONALLY THE URBAN FORMS OD THE CITIES.
Central Business District or CBD is the focal point of a city. It is the commercial, office, retail, and cultural center of the city and usually is the center point for transportation networks.
Check for more presentations at - www.archistudent.net
Spatial planning are often still differentiating strictly between urban and rural development.
This dichotomy and the resulting administrative boundaries do not reflect the realities of highly interconnected areas anymore.
The sheer magnitude of the urban population, haphazard and unplanned growth of urban areas, and a desperate lack of infrastructure are the main causes of socio economic problems related to metropolitan cities.
Where metropolitan-scale planning does occur, it's typically related to “hard policies” such as urban planning, public transport, and infrastructure, leaving “soft policies” such as education, health, and social services fragmented across jurisdictional boundaries.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
3. Brainstorming
➢ Define urban structure
➢ What are Services available in Centers Cities
➢ What is the Central Business District( CBD)
➢ Explain Theories of Urban Structure
4. 3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Introduction
❖ Urban structure can also refer to urban spatial structure;
the arrangement of public and private space in cities and
the degree of connectivity and accessibility.
❖ In this context, urban structure is concerned with the
arrangement of the CBD, industrial and residential areas,
and open space.
5. 3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Introduction
❖ A city’s central business district (CBD), or downtown, is the
commercial and often geographic heart of a city.
❖ In North America, this is referred to as “downtown” or “city
center.”
❖ The downtown area is often home to the financial district,
but usually also contains entertainment and retail.
6. 3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Introduction
❖ CBDs usually have very small resident populations, but
populations are increasing as younger professional and
business workers move into city center apartments.
❖ They also set aside industrial uses from urban areas to
reduce the environmental and social impact of industrial
uses and to provide a distinct zone of environmental
controls specific to industrial needs
7. 3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Introduction
❖ Urban open spaces provide citizens with recreational,
ecological, aesthetic value.
❖ They can range from highly maintained environments to
natural landscapes. Commonly open to public access,
❖ they may be privately owned.
8. 3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Introduction
✓ Open spaces offer aesthetic value for citizens who enjoy
nature, cultural value by providing space for concerts or art
shows, and functional value—
✓ for example, by helping to control runoff and prevent
flooding.
9. 3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Introduction
✓ The technological, economic, and social changes of the late
twentieth century have made the urban structure flexible.
✓ Cities have spread out, suburbs have grown into veritable
cities, shopping malls have realigned the commercial order,
and the electronic revolution has drastically diminished the
resistance of distance
10. 3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Introduction
✓ The Los Angeles school of urbanism projects Los Angeles
as the model of a post-modern city,
✓ The Los Angeles School redirects urban study away from
notions of concentric zones and an ecological
approach, used by the Chicago School during the 1920s,
towards social polarization and fragmentation, hybridity of
culture and auto-driven sprawl.
11. 3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Introduction
❖ It views the city to be dependent in structure, divided into
independent places by function, culture, and location.
❖ It visualizes the growth impulse to work from the outside to
the central core, reversing the conventional view.
❖ The city is fragmented into functional-sociocultural districts,
such as edge cities, theme parks, gated communities, and
command and control centers
18. 3. Internal Structure of Town and
Cities
Cities as Service Centers
✓ The services provided in the city center categorized
underneath:
1. Availability of Services & Facilities ;Cities usually have
hospitals and nursing homes where there are good doctors to
take care of us when we have diseases or illnesses. Good
medicine is also available in cities.
✓ Cities have a very good supply of electricity and often have
power plants near to it.
19. Ch-3 Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
✓ Cities have good schools and colleges and universities and
many books are available which help with good education
opportunities.
✓ Cities often have factories near them for the production of
goods and materials for the people.
21. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
2. Good Connectivity
✓ Cities have good means of transport like trains, buses,
trams, cars.
✓ They also have airplanes in airports for travelling longer
distances or for going to other countries.
✓ Cities have ports for bringing in good and people from far
off places.
✓ Public transport options are available in plenty of cities,
meaning that a lot of people can travel together and save
fuel and also save money for the same.
23. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
3.Municipality & Proper Sewage Systems
❖ Drinking water is often provided by the government which
is purified and circulated from filtration plants maintained
by the state.
❖ Cities have good sewage systems for keeping it clean and
hygiene is maintained.
❖ Cities have waste management departments for better
waste disposal and management.
25. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
4.Proper Infrastructure
✓ Cities have big buildings and places of interest.
✓ Cities have movie theaters and shopping complexes and
places to see.
✓ They have parks and markets and restaurants for eating
out and hotels for staying.
✓ Cities have big five — star hotels to provide top — class
service and amenities.
✓ They have coffee shops, grocery stores, big stadiums for
cricket and football matches where a lot of people can sit
and watch the games.
28. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Watch the video....FCC Environment CEE Municipal and
Citizen Services.mp4
29. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
The Central Business District(CBD)
❖ A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and
business center of a city.
❖ It contains commercial space and offices.
❖ In larger cities, it is often synonymous with the city's
financial district.
❖ Geographically, it often encompasses two parts CBD core
and CBD frame
30. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
The Central Business District(CBD)
❖ The CBD Core: the CBD core is the area of intensive land
use with multi-storey dwellings, housing offices, retail
shops consumer services, theaters and banks.
❖ It has the highest concentration of pedestrian flows and an
absence of permanent residential population
31. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
The Central Business District(CBD)
❖ The CBD frame: the CBD frame is an area of semi-
intensive land use surrounding the core where land use is
dominated by warehouses, car sales and services,
transport terminals, manufacturing and some institutional
uses.
35. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Jobs in the CBD
There are three sets of jobs in the city center
1. There are office jobs ranging from management to routine
service work such as lift attendant, etc. All associated with
the public and private office sector in the commercial areas
of the central city.
2. There are jobs associated with the city center as a retail
and entertainment center.
✓ These jobs are available in shops, cinemas, restaurants,
etc. Much of the employment is poorly paid and often done
by women.
36. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Jobs in the CBD
3. There are manufacturing jobs which relate to the three
main types of industries:
a) Those industries such as printing and newspapers which
require the accessibility to skilled labor and the maximum
accessibility for the distribution of their products provided by
central city location.
b) Those industries such as office-machine manufacturing
which are attracted to the market provided by the nearby
location of offices in the commercial core.
37. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Jobs in the CBD
c) Those industries, generally small scale, which are located
in the inner city simply due to lack of capacity to move to
better locations
39. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
❑ The biggest change affecting the CBD as employment
center has been the suburbanization of both
manufacturing and service industries.
❑ In the manufacturing center there has been a net decline
in the number of firms in manufacturing.
❑ Inner city firms have been closing more than others due
to their uncompetitive position in the market while new
firms are setting up in suburb industrial estates or rural
locations
40. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
The following points summarize the main characteristics of
the CBD.
a. It contains the major retailing outlets. The principal
department stores and specialist shops
with the highest turnover
b. It contains a high proportion of the city’s main offices.
c. It contains the tallest buildings in the city (this is more
typical of North American cities) mainly due to the high rents
which result from the competition for land.
d. It has the greatest number and concentration of
pedestrians.
41. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
e. It has the greatest volume and concentration of traffic.
Much of present-day planning aims to limit the number of
vehicles entering this zone.
f. It has the highest land values in the city
g. It is constantly undergoing change. New shopping centers,
taller office blocks and new traffic schemes seem to be
announced daily.
h. Early 1960’s are now viewed as out of date and
unattractive. Of course, many have since been demolished
and rebuilt.
42. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
✓ Recent studies have shown that the CBD of many cities to
be advancing in some directions (known as zone of
assimilation) and retreating in others (known as zone of
discard).
✓ The zone of assimilation is usually towards the highest
status residential districts;
✓ whereas the zone of discard tends to be nearer the
industrial and poorer quality residential areas.
43. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
✓ Watch the video ..Wall Street and Financial District Travel
Guide_ Everything you need to know.mp4
44. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
✓ The four comparative models of internal structure of the
city; namely concentric zone model, sector or wedge
model and multiple nuclei models and CTP will be
explained in detail.
46. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
The Concentric Theory
✓ In 1925, Burgess presented a descriptive urban land use
model, which divided cities in a set of concentric circles
expanding from the downtown to the suburbs.
✓ This representation was built from Burgess' observations
of a number of American cities, notably Chicago, for which
he provided empirical evidence.
47. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
The Concentric Theory
✓ The model assumes a relationship between the socio-
economic status (mainly income) of households and the
distance from the CBD
✓ The further from the CBD, the better the quality of
housing, but the longer the commuting time
48. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
The Concentric Theory
According to this mono centric model, a large city is divided
in six concentric zones:
Zone I: Central Business District (CBD) where most of the
tertiary employment is located and where the urban transport
infrastructure is converging, making this zone the most
accessible.
Zone II: Immediately adjacent to the CBD a zone where
many industrial activities locate to take advantage of nearby
labor and markets.
49. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
The Concentric Theory
Zone III: (zone of transition )This zone is gradually been
reconverted to other uses by expanding manufacturing /
industrial activities.
❑ It contains the poorest segment of the urban population,
notably first generation immigrants living, in the lowest
housing conditions.
50. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
The Concentric Theory
Zone IV: Residential zone dominated by the working class and
those who were able to move away from the previous zone
(often second generation immigrants). This zone has the
advantage of being located near the major zones of employment
(I and II) and thus represents a low cost location for the working
class.
Zone V: Represents higher quality housing linked with longer
commuting costs.
51. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
The Concentric Theory
Zone VI: Mainly high class and expensive housing in a rural,
suburbanized, setting.
❑ The commuting costs are the highest. Prior to mass diffusion
of the automobile (1930s), most of these settlements were
located next to rail stations.
54. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
The Concentric Theory
✓ According to Burgess, urban growth is a process of
expansion and reconversion of land uses, with a tendency of
each inner zone to expand in the outer zone.
✓ On the above figure 1, zone II (Factory zone) is expanding
towards zone IV (Working class zone), creating a transition
zone with reconversion of land use
✓ This concept cannot be applied in a contemporary (from the
second half to the 20th century) context where highways have
enabled urban development to escape the reconversion
process and to take place directly in the suburbs.
55. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
The Concentric Theory
✓ However, the Burgess model remains useful as a concept
explaining concentric urban development, as a way to
introduce the complexity of urban land use and to explain
urban growth in American cities in the early-mid 20th century.
56. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Sector Model
❑ A study of residential areas done in 1939 by Hoyt in the North
American context concluded that the land use pattern was not
a random distribution, nor sharply defined rectangular areas
or concentric circles, but rather sectors.
❑ Communication axes, such as rail lines and major roads, are
mainly responsible for the creation of sectors, thus transport
has directional effect on land uses.
❑ Cities would thus grow a long major axis
60. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Multi Nuclei Model
✓ Harris and Ullman (1945) introduced a more effective
generalization of urban land uses.
✓ It was brought forward that many towns and nearly all large
cities do not grow around one CBD, but are formed by the
progressive integration of a number of separate nuclei in the
urban pattern.
✓ These nodes become specialized and differentiated in the
growth process and are not located in relation to any distance
attribute, but are bound by a number of attributes:
61. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Multi Nuclei Model
❑ Differential accessibility. Some activities require specialized
facilities such as port and rail terminals. For instance, the
retailing sector demands maximum accessibility, which is
often different from centrality offered in the CBD.
❑ Land use compatibility. Similar activities group together since
proximity implies improved interactions through the process of
economies of agglomeration. Service activities such as
banks, insurance companies, shops and institutions are
strongly interacting with each other.
62. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Multi Nuclei Model
❑ Land use incompatibility. Some activities are repelling each-
other such as high quality residential and heavy industrial..
❑ Location suitability. Some activities cannot afford the rent of
the optimal site for their location. They are thus locating at
cheaper places, which are not optimal, but suitable for these
activities.
64. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
comparison of Hoyt (sector model) Harris and Ullman poly-
nuclear model
65. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Central Place Theory
✓ Central place theory is an urban geographical theory that
seeks to explain the number, size and range of market
services in a commercial system or human settlements in
a residential system.
✓ It was introduced in 1933 to explain the spatial distribution of
cities across the landscape.
✓ The theory was first analyzed by German geographer Walter
Christaller, who asserted that settlements simply functioned
as 'central places' providing economic services to surrounding
areas
66. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Central Place Theory
❑ Christaller explained that a large number of small settlements
will be situated relatively close to one another for efficiency,
and because people don’t want to travel far for everyday
needs, like getting bread from a bakery.
❑ But people would travel further for more expensive and
infrequent purchases or specialized goods and services
which would be located in larger settlements that are farther
apart
67. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Central Place Theory
✓ To develop the theory, Christaller made the following
simplifying assumptions
❑ an unbounded isotropic (all flat), homogeneous, limitless
surface (abstract space)
❑ an evenly distributed population
❑ all settlements are equidistant and exist in a hexagonal lattice.
❑ evenly distributed resources
❑ distance decay mechanism
❑ perfect competition and all sellers are economic people
maximizing their profits
68. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Central Place Theory
✓ The theory then relied on two concepts: threshold and
range.
✓ Threshold is the minimum market population needed to
bring about the selling of a particular good or service.
✓ Range is the maximum distance consumers are prepared
to travel to acquire goods - at some point the cost or
inconvenience will outweigh the need for the good
70. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
low &high order goods and services
71. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Central Place Theory
✓ he different layouts predicted by Christaller have K-values
which show how much the sphere of influence of the central
places takes in — the central place itself counts as 1 and
each portion of a satellite counts as its portion:
72. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Central Place Theory
❖ According to the marketing principle K = 3, the market area
of a higher-order place (node) occupies one-third of the
market area of each of the consecutive lower size place
(node) that lies on its neighbor;
❖ the lower size nodes 6 in numbers are located at the corner
of a largest hexagon the high-order settlement.
❖ Each high-order settlement gets one-third of each satellite
settlement (which are 6 in total), thus K = 6 × 1⁄3+1 = 3.
73. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Central Place Theory
❖ According to K = 6 ×1/2+1= 4 transport principle, the market
area of a higher-order place includes a half of the market area
of each of the six neighboring lower-order places, as they are
located on the edges of hexagons around the high-order
settlements.
❖ This generates a hierarchy of central places which results in
the most efficient transport network. The transportation
principle involves the minimization of the length of roads
connecting central places at all hierarchy levels.
74. ch-3.Internal Structure of Town
and Cities
Theories of Urban Structure
Central Place Theory
❖ According to K = 6+1= 7 administrative principle (or political-
social principle), settlements are nested according to sevens.
❖ The market areas of the smaller settlements are completely
enclosed within the market area of the larger settlement.
❖ Since tributary areas cannot be split administratively, they
must be allocated exclusively to a single higher-order place.
❖ Efficient administration is the control principle in this
hierarchy.