Urban devlopement impact on water

URBAN DEVELOPMENT IMPACT
ON WATER BODIES
URBAN DEVELOPMENT MANGEMENT
SUBMITTED BY : AKANKSHA SANGWAN DIVYA GARGSUBMITTED TO : AR. MEENAKSHI

URBAN DEVELOPMENT IMPACT ON WATER BODIES
 Water bodies like rivers and lakes are the foundation on which human civilization have sprung up from.
 Almost all the major ancient civilizations such as Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, Mohenjo-Daro, and Harappa
flourished on the banks of rivers.
 Modern day urban centres are also built upon the same principles, where the source of water or
catchment area is located with close proximity.
 The reason is because water is one of the basic
need which is required by all living beings,
without which life cannot be sustained.
IMPORTANCE OF WATER BODEIS

About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is water covered.
OCEANS hold about 96.5 percent of all Earth's water.
Water also exists in the air as water vapor, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers, in the
ground as soil moisture and in aquifers.
The freshwater resources, such as water falling from the
skies and moving into streams, rivers, lakes, and
groundwater, provide people with the water they
need every day to live.
OVERVIEW OF WORLD’S WATER BODIES DISTRIBUTION OF FRESH WATER

A lake or pond is the Water Body which holds certain vol. of water
generally in all seasons of the year and are an intrinsic part of the eco
system. Some of the important functions of urban water bodies are
1.Drinking
2.Washing
3.Urban Agriculture
4.Religious and Cultural purpose
5.Micro-climate
6.Ground water recharge
7.Channelize of water basin which prevent flooding during rainy season
8.Flora and fauna ecosystem
9.Regulate Urban Heat Island effect
OVERVIEW OF WORLD’S WATER BODIES Source: State of Indian Urban Water Bodies.

The phenomenon of URBANIZATION in the last few decades leads to rural-urban migration as the growth
and developments are concentrated in the urban centres of towns and cities.
Water Bodies play multi-functional role in urban area. It can be the source of water for supply, landscaping,
irrigation, fishing and eco-tourism, which add values to social benefits.
They can also be used to prevent heat island effects and to improve the microclimate in cities (URDPFI 2014).
THE CHALLENGES / GAPS IN THE URBAN WATER BODIES MANAGEMENT APPROACHES IN INDIA
• Lack of a Clear and Detailed Definition of Lakes.
• Lack of Data/Information.
• Lack of Systematic Strategy and Coordination.
• Lack of an Ecosystem Approach.
• Lack of Participation and Capacity Building.
• Lack of Balance of Interests in Management Approaches.
WATER BODIES IN INDIA

Origin- At Talakaveri, Kodagu in Karnataka &
empties itself into the Bay of Bengal through
Poompuhar in Tamilnadu.
Basin – 81,155 km2 (31,334 sq mi).
Length – 765 km (475 mi).
Discharge – 235.7 m3/s (8,324 cu ft/s)
Chronological events that have marked the key turning points in the Cauvery Water Dispute
 1892 : Signed agreement of water sharing between madras and mysore.
 1910 : Overlooking the agreement of 1892, Mysore planned to build a dam upon Cauvery River to hold up to 41.5
TMC of water.
• Madras Presidency refused to give its consent for the dam construction.
 1913 : Arbitration commission was appointed. Karnataka started raising demand for the review of Cauvery Water
Sharing agreement of 1924.

 1924 : The new agreement was designed on the basis of the historical use of Cauvery river water and the
dependency of the percentage of population from each state.
• 75 % to Tamil Nadu and Puducherry
• 23 % to Karnataka
• Remaining to go to Kerala
 1956 : State boundaries were redrawn based on linguistic demographics. Under the States Reorganisation Act, 1956
• Karnataka started raising demand for the review of Cauvery Water Sharing agreement of 1924.
 Tamil Nadu and Central Government rejected the demand.
1972 : The Central government appointed a fact-finding committee, which asserted that Tamil Nadu used 566
TMC (thousand million cubic feet) and Karnataka used 177 TMC water.
1976 :Another agreement was signed .
• As per this agreement :87 TMC would be awarded to Karnataka, 34 TMC to Kerala and 4 TMC to Tamil Nadu.
• This was not accepted by Karnataka .This led to a fierce confrontation between two states.

1990 : SET UP of Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal (CWDT) on Jan 2, 1990.
2007 : The Cauvery Water Dispute Tribunal , FINAL JUDGEMENT
• Tamil Nadu: 419 TMC (Which had demanded 512 TMC)
• Karnataka: 270 TMC (Which had demanded 465 TMC)
• Kerala: 30 TMC
• Puducherry: 7 TMC
In addition to allocating 726 TMC to four states, the tribunal also reserved 10 TMC for environmental purposes
and 4 TMC inevitable outlets into the sea.
2012 : Karnataka government released water 9,000 cusecs of water daily to Tamil Nadu. This led to violent
protest in the state of Karnataka.
2016 : to resolve the problem, Tamil Nadu government again moved SC in August 2016 to seeking release of
water as per guidelines of Cauvery Tribunal. SC announced it verdict asking the Karnataka government to
release 15000 cusecs of water to its neighbouring state for 10 days and after reviewing its previous order
Supreme Court ordered the Karnataka govt. to release 12000 cusecs of water to Tamil Nadu.

Based on the directions of the Supreme Court, the Indian Government notified the final award of the Cauvery
Water Disputes Tribunal (CWDT)

Spatial Development : Urban development has had a significant impact on the surface water bodies
and their riparian zones either by size reduction or complete reclamation.
Floods: Flood is one of the threat to urban water bodies especially during the rainy seasons most of
the low lying areas in India experience floods.
Pollution: For the last two decades, there has been an explosive increase in the urban population
without corresponding expansion of civic facilities such as adequate infrastructure for the disposal of
waste. Hence, due to migration to cities the urban civic services are becoming less adequate.
Encroachment : Encroachment is another major threat to water bodies particularly in urban areas.
Social and Cultural Misuse: Misuse of these water bodies by local communities for their cultural or
religious festivals such the immersion of idols.
ISSUES OF URBAN WATER BODIES DUE TO URBAN DEVELOPMENT

Illegal Mining : Illegal mining for building material such as sand
& stones both on the catchment and on the bed of the lake also
have extremely damaging impact on the water body and one the
reasons behind the destruction of many water bodies in India.
ISSUES OF URBAN WATER BODIES DUE TO URBAN DEVELOPMENT
Eutrophication: Industrial effluents, run-oı from agricultural
fields, refuse and sewage, domestic wastes like food remnants,
soaps, detergents and sewage are dumped into lakes which
break down and release nutrients in the lake water.
The depleted levels of dissolved oxygen in water lead to a situation where other aquatic life-forms
cannot survive. This process is called eutrophication.

Natural water bodies : Ganga, Yamuna (occur naturally in nature)
Man made water body : Indra Gandhi canal system (they doesn’t occur naturally and is made by man)
SUSTAINABILITY OF WATER RESOURCE GOVERNANCE IN INDIA

Indira Gandhi (Rajasthan) Canal Project (29 oct 1948) is the largest irrigation project of the world to provide
irrigation to semi-arid and arid areas of Rajasthan and give a face lift to its economy and economic development.
INDIRA GANDHI CANAL PROJECT
AIM: To rejuvenate to great desert
AREA: 600 km and 45 km wide of thar desert in north west of Rajasthan
AREA irrigated annually : 29 lakh acres
The project utilizes the waters of the Pong barrage built over the Beas River.
Besides providing water for agriculture, the canal will supply drinking water to
hundreds of people in far-flung areas.
Also induced changes in land use cropping pattern and animal husbandry

Policies and laws related to water bodies, water pollution and regulation
Guidelines for repair, renovation and restoration of water bodies with external assistance and domestic
support - Ministry of Water Resources (2009)
• Two documents by the Government of India : describe the details of the schemes and provide guidelines on
the steps that need to be undertaken for planning and implementation of projects under this scheme.
• Launched by the Ministry under the state sector, one with domestic budgetary support and the other with
external assistance.
Guidelines for the national lake conservation plan - Ministry of Environment and Forests (2008)
• This document by the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) provides information on the National
Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP), launched by the Government of India
• Aims at restoring the water quality and ecology of the lakes in different parts of the country.
SOURCE: www.indiawaterportal.org

River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation : National River Ganga, along with her many tributaries, has
been the source of physical and spiritual sustenance of Indian civilization for millennia, and consequently,
her well-being is of prime national concern.
 Objectives:
• Mission Aviral Dhara
• Mission Nirmal Dhara
• Mission Ecological Restoration
• Mission Geological Safeguarding
• Mission Disaster Management
• Mission Sustainable Agriculture
• Mission Environmental Knowledge-Building and Sensitization

Shared Characteristics Between Wetlands and Traditional Waters
Wetlands share many features with traditional waters (lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, estuarine and coastal
waters). Both wetlands and other waters
Are saturated from precipitation, high ground water, or tides much of the time,
Support a range of flora and fauna adapted to inundated or saturated conditions,
Are characterized, in part, by saturated soils,
Provide a broad range of services to society including but not limited to fisheries, habitat for rare and
endangered species, water supply, recreation, aesthetics, etc.
Are subject to a broad range of chemical, physical, and biological pollutants which threaten the flora and
fauna and many of the services to society,
Are, in most instances, considered “waters of the U.S.” by the federal government and most states,
Are subject to public trust and navigable servitude doctrines (in some instances), and
Affect, through runoff and ground water flow, the quality and quantity of other waters.

Differences Between Wetlands and More Traditional Waters
“Waterbody” includes any natural or artificial stream, river, or drainage with perceptible flow at the
time of crossing, and other permanent waterbodies such as ponds and lakes:
“minor waterbody” includes all waterbodies less than or equal to 10 feet wide at the water’s edge at
the time of crossing;
“intermediate waterbody” includes all waterbodies greater than 10 feet wide but less than or equal
to 100 feet wide at the water’s edge at the time of crossing; & “major waterbody” includes all
waterbodies greater than 100 feet wide at the water’s edge at the time of crossing.
Although wetlands are often wet, a wetland might not be wet year-round. In fact, some of the most
important wetlands are only seasonally wet. Wetlands are the link between the land and the water.
They are transition zones where the flow of water, the cycling of nutrients, and the energy of the sun
meet to produce a unique ecosystem characterized by hydrology, soils, and vegetation—making these
areas very important features of a watershed. Using a watershed-based approach to wetland
protection ensures that the whole system, including land, air, and water resources, is protected
Each wetland differs due to variations in soils, landscape, climate, water regime and chemistry,
vegetation, and human disturbance.

MEASURES OF WATER QUALITY AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT
To evaluate the effect of development on water quality we use one physical measure, total suspended solids
(TSS) and two chemical measures, total phosphorous (TP) and total nitrogen (TN), to link development to
water quality.
Increases in the amount of sediment entering a watershed are likely to occur as an area grows and land is
moved from an undeveloped to a developed state. Erosion from construction is a harmful pollutant, clogging
stream channels and water intakes. The presence of sediment increases turbidity reducing the amount of
light penetration, retards photosynthesis, and hence, may lead to decreases in the food supply available to
aquatic life. Sediment also interferes with the spawning of fish and may even cause respiratory organ
damage. Therefore, TSS is thought to be a good indicator of the potential adverse effects of land conversion
on water quality.

Impacts of urbanisation on hydrological and water quality dynamics, and urban water management
The expansion of global urban areas has resulted in marked alterations to natural processes, environmental
quality and natural resource consumption.
The urban landscape influences infiltration and evapotranspiration, complicating our capacity to quantify
their dynamics across a heterogeneous landscape at contrasting scales.
Impervious surfaces exacerbate runoff processes, whereas runoff from pervious areas remains uncertain
owing to variable infiltration dynamics.
Urban landscapes are host to a suite of contaminants that impact on water quality, where novel
contaminants continue to pose new challenges to monitoring and treatment regimes.

Impact of urban areas on the urban water cycle
The presence of engineered water systems, which include the import and export of water via piped
networks and artificial routing of water into subsurface drainage networks have traditionally resulted
in a separation of the two cycles.
There is an emerging recognition that small, local developments including individual buildings or
neighbourhoods with contrasting materials, topography and infrastructure impact on the rate of
transformation and flow pathways of water during its transition from atmosphere to the ground.

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE DRINKING WATER SUPPLY PROGRAMMES AND POLICIES
1949 : The Environment Hygiene Committee in 1949 recommended the provision of safe drinking water supply to cover
90 percent of India‘s population in coming 40 years.
2. 1950 : The Constitution of India gave ownership of all water resources to the government, specifying it as a state
subject, giving citizens the right to drinking water.
3. 1951-56 (1st Plan) :Water supply and sanitation was added to the national agenda with sanitation first time
mentioned under water supply.
4. 1954 :First National Water Supply and Sanitation Programme was launched as a pact of health plan. Equal funding in
the form of matching grants was provided by centre and states for rural piped water supply schemes, wells and bore
wells etc.
5. 1956-61 (2nd Plan) Water supply sector was not given much priority in this plan, but funding was provided to Public
Health Engineering Departments (PHEDs).

6. 1961-66 (3rd Plan) "Problem Villages‖* were identified as those without drinking water source within distance of 1.6
kilometers (in the plains) or an altitude of 100 meters (in hill areas), those endemic to water- borne diseases and those
where water sources contain excess salinity, iron, fluoride or toxic elements.
7. 1968 : States were given financial authority to sanction rural water supply schemes, which were expanded to include
population units less than 20,000. Priority was given to villages with acute scarcity of drinking water.
8. 1969 : National Rural Drinking Water Supply Program was launched with technical support from United Nations
International Children‘s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and ` 254.90 crore was spent during this phase, with 1.2 million bore
wells being dug and 17,000 piped water supply schemes being provided.
9. 1972-73:Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme (ARWSP) was launched by the Government of India to assist
States and UTs to accelerate the coverage of drinking water. The aim of the programme was to provide all rural
habitations with population of 100 and above with a supply of safe drinking water through boreholes, hand pumps etc.
An adequate supply was defined as 40 lpcd.
10. 1975 : ARWSP was replaced by the 20 Point Minimum Needs Programme (MNP) which aimed at full coverage of
population with safe drinking water.
11. 1977-78 :ARWSP was reintroduced, but funds were provided by the states through MNP.

12. 1980-85 (6th Plan) Importance was given to the water supply sector in keeping with the UN de Mar del Plata
declaration of March 1977 about the International Decade of Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation from 1981-90.
13. 1981 :India as a party to the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990) declaration
had set up a national level apex committee to define policies to achieve the goal of providing safe drinking water to all
villages.
14. 1985 : Rural Water Supply and Sanitation, which was under the Ministry of Urban Affairs and Employment, was
handed over to the Department of Rural Development, then under the Ministry of Agriculture.
15. 1986 :Central Rural Sanitation Programme and National Technical Mission were launched in 1986. National
Technical Mission was created after a mid-term assessment of the progress made under the ARWSP. In the
International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade it was revealed that the progress was slow. Also National
Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) was launched in 1986 with following objectives:
a) Providing safe drinking water to all villages;
b) Assisting local communities to maintain sources of safe drinking water in good condition; and
c) Giving special attention for water supply to scheduled castes and scheduled tribes.

16. 1987 : NWP was drafted for the first time by the MoWR with an emphasis on domestic water supply, protection of
groundwater sources and water quality monitoring and mapping. Drinking water was given first priority under this policy.
17. 1991 : National Drinking Water Mission (NDWM) 1986 became Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission
(RGNDWM).
18. 1992 :74th Constitutional Amendment Act was passed in 1992 to create Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to be known as
Municipal Corporations, Municipal Councils and Nagar Panchayats depending on the population of each notified urban
area of the country.
19. 1993:Accelerated Urban Water Supply Programme (AUWSP) was launched in 1993 to provide safe and adequate water
supply facilities to the entire population of the towns having population less than 20000 as per 1991 census. Towns which
would benefit from this scheme were selected by respective state governments and funding was provided by 50: 50 ratios
by centre and state governments.
20. 1994-95 :Mega-city schemes were launched for five metro- cities.
21. 1994 : In 1994, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) were assigned the responsibility of providing drinking water as per
the provisions of the 73rd Constitutional Amendment.

22. 1992-97 (8th Plan) : Problems with the water supply sector were identified and reform agenda was put forward.
Emphasis was placed on treating water as a commodity. Privatization of water, responsibilities of local bodies for
operation and maintenance and proper linkage between water supply and sanitation were the other important points of
this plan.
23. 1999 : Sector Reform Pilot Project (SRPP) was launched in 1994 giving a new approach to the water supply,
operationalizing the decentralized delivery of water services by focusing primarily on village level water supply
management. Sector reform ushered in a paradigm shift from the government oriented supply-driven approach‘ to the
People-oriented demand-responsive approach‘.
24. 1997-2002 (9th Plan) : The objective of ninth plan was to provide 100 per cent water supply coverage in urban and
rural areas, 60 per cent sanitation coverage in urban areas and 30 per cent in rural areas. Emphasis was placed on
decentralization and privatization, both in rural and urban sectors.
25. 2002 : RGNDWM programme scaled up the Sector Reform Pilot Project to the whole country in the form of
Swajaldhara Programme for National Drinking Water Supply. The management of water supply and sanitation schemes
became the responsibility of PRIs and local government bodies. NWP was revised to accord priority to villages that did
not have adequate sources of safe water and to improve the level of service for villages classified as only partially
covered.

26. 2002-07 (10th Plan) :The objectives of tenth plan were 100 per cent coverage of urban and rural population, water to
be managed as a commodity, change in the role of government from direct service provider to facilitator, leading to
privatization. Focus was not only on investment requirements but on institutional restructuring, better services, people's
participation, and also managerial improvement.
27. 2004 : All drinking water programmes were brought under the umbrella of the RGNDWM.
28. 2005 : Bharat Nirman Programme (BNP), a five year programme to build rural infrastructure, of which drinking water
supply was one of six components. The drinking water supply target was to provide every habitation with a safe source of
drinking water. No parameters for ‗safe‘ drinking water were specified but there was a specific mention of the need to
address chemical contamination problems (arsenic, fluoride, salinity, iron and nitrate) and those with ―multiple quality
problems‖ (there was no explicit mention of microbial water quality issues).
29. 2007:Pattern of funding under the Swajaldhara scheme changes from the previous 90:10 central-community share to
50:50 centre-state shares. Community contribution was optional. The approach paper for the Eleventh Five Year Plan
called for a comprehensive approach which encompassed individual health care, public health, sanitation, clean drinking
water, access to food and knowledge about hygiene and feeding practice. It also stated the need to upscale more schemes
related to community management of water reducing the maintenance burden and responsibility of the state. It was
envisaged to provide clean drinking water for all by 2009 and ensure that there were no slip-backs by the end of the
Eleventh Plan.

30. 2007-12 (11th Plan) : The objective of eleventh plan was to cover 63 cities and 5098 towns to be covered under the
JNNURM and UIDSSMT programmes, so as to provide adequate drinking water to the people. The main areas of
importance in the plan were to strength ULBs, deregulation and development of lands for better productivity of cities and to
create an environment to initiate the private sector investment in the urban infrastructure and also to establish a regulatory
framework to oversee the activities of the private as well as public sector.
31. 2010 :Department of Drinking Water Supply was renamed as Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
32. 2011 :Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation upgraded as separate Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
33. 2012 : Draft NWP – 2012 was prepared and drinking water was given utmost priority.
34. 2012-17 (12th Plan) :The reform agenda for Twelfth plan has five major thrust areas. It is proposed in the Plan that
investments in water supply will focus on demand management, reducing intra-city inequity and on quality of water
supplied. The other agenda is to protect the water bodies of each city and to build the infrastructure to enhance the water
supply. It is proposed in the plan that no water scheme will be sanctioned without a sewerage component. The other areas
of concern were to plan deliberately for recycling and reuse of treated wastewater. A regional planning approach for
provision of drinking water supply and wastewater treatment and disposal is also considered as necessary so as to meet
needs of both the rural and urban areas.

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Urban devlopement impact on water