Uploaded byFAA Safety Team Central Florida
Upset Prevention and Recovery
The document discusses the importance of Upset Prevention and Recovery Training (UPRT) for pilots to mitigate the risk of Loss of Control In-flight (LOC-I), a condition where pilots lose control of the aircraft due to various factors. It highlights the causes of LOC-I, the statistical likelihood of accidents related to it, and ongoing efforts in training and research to address these challenges. Furthermore, it emphasizes that UPRT can significantly improve pilot skills and awareness, and outlines a structured approach to UPRT encompassing academic preparation and practical exercises.
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Upset Prevention and Recovery
- 1. Who Needs Upset Preventionand Recovery Training (UPRT)? 27 March 2012 Lakeland, FL USA Janeen Kochan, Ph.D. Aviation Research, Training, and Services & Paul ‘BJ’ Ransbury, MCFI-A Aviation Performance Solutions www.apstraining.com
- 2. Loss-of-Control In-Flight Why thetopic? Who loses control? Why do pilots lose control? What is being done? What can be done? Why not you? FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 3. What is Loss-of-ControlIn-Flight? Flight that Occurs Outside of the Normal Flight Envelope with an Inability of the Pilot to Control the Aircraft. ICAO: Loss of Aircraft Control While in Flight
- 4. Defining an AirplaneUpset* Attitude Pitch attitude greater than: 25 deg, nose up. 10 deg, nose down. Bank angle greater than 45 deg. Envelope Within these parameters, but flying at airspeeds inappropriate for the conditions. Implications Stall (AOA) Speed Divergence L/Dmax (AOA) Mach / Compressibility * Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid – Revision 2 FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 5. Roll (Right)Roll (Left) Pitch(-down) Pitch (+up) + 30 o + 25 o + 10o - 10 o 60o 45 o 60 o - 30 o Attitude A Graphical Airplane Upset FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012 Envelope Pre-Stall Warning AOACL
- 6. Why the Topic? FAASafety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 7. Who Losses Control? FAASafety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 8. Who Losses Control? Lossof Control In-Flight FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 9. Who Loses Control? (Australia1994-2003) Percentage of Accidents FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 10. Who Losses Control? FAASafety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 11. Chance of NextAccident Being LOC-I? FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012 Runway Excursion (T/O & LDG) 3.4 X more likely to be LOC Runway Incursion 9.6 X more likely to be LOC Fire 1,861.0 X more likely to be LOC Engine Failure 788.0 X more likely to be LOC Source: Boeing/CAST – July 2010
- 12. Lack of Accidents≠ Safety! 1 in 600 FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 13. Margin of Safetyvs. Accidents FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 14. Why Pilots LoseControl? Unexpected Events and Surprise Surprise due to unexpected event Nature of surprise Insidious Subtle Cues often available Not necessarily highly unusual or novel FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 15. Why Pilots LoseControl? Unexpected Events and Surprise Expectations inconsistent with ongoing situation Lack of cues and/or improper interpretation of cues Erroneous probability estimations Decision making becomes impaired and/or delayed Focus on event leads to an interruption of ongoing activities Interruption of ongoing activities can lead to… FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 16. * Turbulence * CAT *Mountain Wave * Windshear * Thunderstorms * Microbursts * Wake Turbulence * Airplane Icing System-Anomaly-Induced Pilot-Induced * Flight Instruments * Autopilot Systems * Flight Controls * Instrument Crosscheck * Adjusting Att & Power * Inattention * Distraction * Vertigo or SD * Pilot Incapacitation * Improper use of A/P * Pilot Technique Environmentally-Induced #1 Resulting Event Leading to Loss of Control in Flight…? MITIGATION THROUGH PILOT SKILLS & KNOWLEDGE UPSET PREVENTION & RECOVERY TRAINING UPRT Why Pilots Lose Control? Causes
- 17. What is BeingDone? Formal Requirements - Practical Test Standards Recovery from unusual flight attitudes Exhibits knowledge of the elements related to attitude instrument flying during unusual attitudes Recognizes unusual flight attitudes solely by reference to instruments; recovers promptly to a stabilized level flight attitude Using proper instrument cross-check and interpretation and smooth, coordinated control application in the correct sequence FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 18. What is BeingDone? Formal Recommendations FITS (FAA/Industry Training Standard) – for technically advanced piston or light jet aircraft NBAA Training Guidelines for Single Pilot Operations of Very Light Jets and Technically Advanced Aircraft Industry Airplane Upset Training Aid, Rev. 2 – training curriculum for air carrier operations FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 19. What is BeingDone? Formal Research and Practice Industry Bodies ICAO ICATEE RAeS UPRTA GAJSC PL 111-216 FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012 Underway … MPL (ICAO) KLM Flight Academy Bombardier Leading Edge Intervention Upset Prevention & Recovery Training
- 20. 100 % All-Attitude DailyThreat All-Attitude Training (180 AOB, +/- 90 Pitch) 11.1 % Max Licensing Limits (60 AOB, +/-30 Pitch) 4.9 % Upset Definition Airplane Upset Recovery Training Aid Upset Definition (45 AOB, +25 & -10 Pitch) Roll (Right)Roll (Left) Pitch (-down) Pitch (+up) + 90 o + 50o + 30o + 25 o + 10 o - 10 o - 50 o - 90 o 60 o 90o 180o 180 o 135 o 135 o SAMPLE CAUSE Pilot Induced Oscillation (~2 second response delay under 40 degree/sec roll & hands-free hesitation OR wrong inputs in a rush) • Wake Turbulence Encounter? • Stall Over-response? • Control Failure / Contamination? • Prolonged Stall? 45 o So, What’s the Big Deal? • Exits Licensing Envelope • Skills Unreliable • Cuing is Unfamiliar • Psycho/Physiological Impairment FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012 Why LOC-I Persists and Eludes?
- 21. So, What’s theBig Deal? • Soon to Exit Licensing Envelope • Skills Unreliable • Cuing is Unfamiliar • Psycho/Physiological Impairment • Degraded Handling Escalates L/D max Stall Stall Warning Why LOC-I Persists and Eludes? FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 22. What Can BeDone? 4000 pilots have shown that the ability to mitigate LOC is not related to the following: Flight Hours Ratings or Nationality Instructor Experience Airplane Type Depth of Classic Academic Knowledge FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 23. What Can BeDone? Need to Develop Gross Mitigation Capability Comparatively Minimal Duration of Training to Yield Dramatic Consistent Improvement in Deficiencies: Standardized Full Spectrum UPRT Academics 3 to 5 Flights 1 Class/Type Specific FFS Session Recurrency FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 24. Upset Prevention andRecovery Training Academic Preparation Awareness Training Prevention: Recognition & Avoidance Level 1: Aeronautical Decision Making Level 2: Proportional Counter-Response Recovery: Recognition & Recovery Primary Control Strategies Alternate Control Strategies Startle / Surprise Factor Type / Class Specific Considerations CRM: UPRT-Specific Integration Classic Track •Awareness •Avoidance •Prevention •Management •Limits of Licensing UPRT •Full Spectrum •Layered Defense •Standardized •Career Placement •Evidence-Based •Quality Assured •Do No Harm P R FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 25. LOC-I Awareness Academic Practical FAA SafetyForum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 26. LOC-I Prevention –Recognition Aeronautical Decision Making FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 27. LOC-I Prevention –Recognition Aeronautical Decision Making FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 28. LOC-I Prevention –Recognition Aeronautical Decision Making FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 29. LOC-I Prevention –Recognition Aeronautical Decision Making FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 30. LOC-I Prevention -Recognition Metacognition FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 31. LOC-I Prevention orRecovery? Proportional Counter-Response Primary Control Strategies Alternate Control Strategies Startle / Surprise Factor Type / Class Specific Considerations SPRM/CRM: UPRT Specific FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 32. Sample UPRT Recovery FAASafety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 33. Transfer of Skill FAASafety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 34. Who Needs UpsetPrevention and Recovery Training? Why Not You? Buyer beware Instructor qualifications Resources FAA Safety Standdown FAA Safety Briefing FAA Safety Forum Sun ‘n Fun 2012
- 35. Who Needs Upset Preventionand Recovery Training (UPRT)? 27 March 2012 Lakeland, FL USA Janeen Kochan, Ph.D. Aviation Research, Training, and Services & Paul ‘BJ’ Ransbury, MCFI-A Aviation Performance Solutions www.apstraining.com
Editor's Notes
- #5 For discussion purposes, the following unintentional conditions generally describe an airplane upset:• Pitch attitude greater than 25 deg nose up.• Pitch attitude greater than 10 deg nose down.• Bank angle greater than 45 deg.• Within the above parameters, but flying at airspeeds inappropriate for the conditions.A pilot must not wait until the airplane is in a fully developed and definable upset before taking corrective action to return to stabilized flight path parameters.The amount and rate of control input to counter a developing upset must be proportional to the amount and rate of pitch, roll, and/or yaw experienced.
- #6 Focus on any pilot, any airplane.
- #13 Point that for every accident there are approximately 600 incidents and for each incident thousands of “it almost happened.”
- #20 Need to fill this in – I cannot find the email with the whole list. But even with all of this LOC persists…
- #23 Need to fill this in – I cannot find the email with the whole list.
- #32 Videos and/or photo
- #33 Videos and/or photo
- #34 Videos and/or photo