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ESQUEMA DE TRABAJO
• DIA DE VUELO: FCOM, QRH, MOA,
FPPM, RAAC, COD AER, COD PENAL,
etc, etc, etc –
• El barra brava
MODELO AR RESOLUCIÓN DE FALLAS. MIX BOIEING-AIRBUS
(GOLDEN RULES) Y EXTRACTO DEL FCTM DE LOS 5 PUNTOS.
• MAX x2 –Air France,
etc…
• No se LOGRO SALIR
DEL ITEM #1 DE LA
FASE DE CONTENCION.
AF447
EL ORIGEN
YA PASARON 10 AÑOS
On 1 June 2009, an Airbus A330-200 operated by Air France on a
scheduled passenger flight from Rio de Janeiro to Paris CDG as
AF447 exited controlled flight and crashed into the sea with
the loss of the aircraft and all 228 occupants.
It was found that the loss of control followed an
inappropriate response by the flight crew to
a transient loss of airspeed indications in the cruise which resulted
from the vulnerability of the pitot heads to ice crystal icing.
AIRBUS A320 PK-AXC KARIMATA
STRAIT
A320, en-route Karimata Strait IndonesiA(On 28 December 2014, an
A320 crew took unapproved action in response to a
repeating system caution shortly after levelling at FL320.
The unexpected consequences degraded the flight control
system and obliged manual control.
Gross mishandling followed which led to a stall, descent
at a high rate and sea surface impact with a 20º pitch attitude and a
50º angle of attack four minutes later.
HACER LO QUE NO HAY QUE HACER Y
NO HACER LO QUE HAY QUE HACER
The Investigation noted the accident origin as a repetitive minor
system fault but demonstrated that the subsequent loss of
control followed a combination of explicitly inappropriate
pilot action and the absence of appropriate pilot
action.
MAS EVENTOS RELACIONADOS
 UPS B763 near Goose Bay on Feb 7th 2019, multiple system failures
 Sunwing B38M near Washington on Nov 14th 2018, multiple system failures
 American B763 over Atlantic on Feb 16th 2018, multiple system failures
 Flybe DH8D near Manchester on Oct 23rd 2013, multiple electrical system failures
 Air Canada E190 near Toronto on Jun 8th 2011, multiple system failures
 Compass E170 at Saskatoon on Dec 20th 2010, slat and multiple system failures
 British Airways B772 near Amsterdam on Jun 15th 2010, multiple technical problems
 Air Canada A319 near Winnipeg on Sep 7th 2008, multiple system failures
 Canada A333 at Toronto on Feb 20th 2019, multiple system faults
 India B773 Sep 11th 2018, multiple instruments including localizer receivers lost
 UTAir Cargo AN74 near Kupol on Dec 1st 2018, multiple problems
 Canada Rouge A319 Dec 2nd 2018, multiple ECAM messages
Y MAS…
ET 302
LION AIR JT610
Within seconds, these
crews would have
been fighting for their
lives in the fight of their
lives….”
?POR QUE CREEN QUE NO SE ESTÁN PUDIENDO CONTENER
TANTAS FALLAS COMPLEJAS QUE CADA VEZ SE REPITEN MAS?
?POR QUE NO HACEN EN LA SITUACIÓN CRÍTICA LO QUE NOSOTROS
ANALIZAMOS ACÁ EN TRANQUILIDAD MATE POR MEDIO?
NO SABEN
NO PUEDEN
NO QUIEREN
?DE QUE ESTAN HABLANDO?
STARTLE EFFECT IN AVIATION
RESPUESTA FISIOLOGICA Y PSICOLOGICA
….”I’m one of the relatively small group of people who have experienced
such a sudden crisis – and lived to share what we learned about it. I can
tell you firsthand that the startle factor is real and it is huge
– it interferes with one’s ability to quickly analyze the crisis and take
effective action.
STARTLE EFFECT IN AVIATION
• DEFINICION
• DESCRIPCION
• FREEZE
• CONSECUENCIAS
• CONTENCION Y MITIGACION
DEFINICION
El susto, sobresalto o reacción de alarma es una respuesta de la
mente y del cuerpo a un estímulo repentino e inesperado.
UN POCO MAS ELABORADO
In aviation, startle effect can be defined as an uncontrollable,
automatic reflex that is elicited (provocado, obtienido) by exposure to
a sudden, intense event that “violates a pilot’s expectations.”
 the "fight or flight" réflex
?QUE PODEMOS HACER FRENTE A UNA RESPUESTA
FISIOLÓGICA, AUTOMATICA Y NO CONTROLABLE?
 Modelo Cognitivo/Conductual
 Entrenamiento, práctica sistemática y repetitiva (respuesta
condicionada)
 Exposición gradual a estímulos desencadenantes, etc.
 EN AVIACION: Teoría y práctica. Entrenamiento, Exposición y
Simulación.
?CUANDO SE DESENCADENA EL S.E.?
Frente a estímulos intensos, repentinos y NO ESPERADOS.
 FACTOR SORPRESA (Entrenamiento/perfil guía vs FS)
DESCRIPCION
 El SE incluye ambas respuestas tanto la física como la mental.
• Depende de un evento repentino y no esperado.
Se lo define como un estado AGUDO. (Intensidad/Tiempo)
RESPUESTA FISICA
• Automática-Instantánea.
Por su intensidad condiciona la Respuesta Mental
RESPUESTA FISIOLOGICA
• Cardiovascular System: Heart rate increases, blood pressure rises and
coronary arteries dilate to increase the blood supply to brain, limbs and
muscles
• Respiratory System: Depth and rate of breathing increases providing
more oxygen to the body
• Endocrine System: Liver releases additional sugar for energy. Adrenal
glands release adrenalin
• Muscular System: Muscles tense in readiness for immediate action
• Excretory System: Sweat production increases
• Nervous System: Brain activity changes, reactions become less
reasoned and more instinctive.
RESPUESTA MENTAL/EMOCIONAL
MENTAL:
• El procesamiento consciente y la decodificación de la información puede
volverse mucho mas lenta o anularse.
• La capacidad de analizar una situación y tomar acciones correctivas
puede verse seriamente limitada o directamente INCAPACITADA por la
intensidad de la respuesta fisiológica.
FREEZE
En aviación hay procedimiento de emergencia para esto:
PILOT INCAPACITATION FCTM/MOA
RESPUESTA EMOCIONAL Y MENTAL
Serio deterioro de la Respuesta motora a tareas simples.
En tareas complejas llega a una interrupción de las acciones
necesarias frente a una tarea dada de hasta 10 segundos.
(FREEZE)
 Posible deterioro cognitivo irreversible en un periodo (se anulo)
STARTLE EFFECT STATEMENTS
• Startle has been found to impair information processing performance on
mundane tasks, such as the continuous solving of basic arithmetic problems, for
30 to 60 seconds after the event occurrence. (nos dejo perturbados)
• The duration of the performance degradation increases as the task becomes
more complex. (COMO DEDICIR EN UN VUELO)
• Thus, the startle effect disrupts cognitive processing and can negatively
influence an individual’s decision making and problem solving abilities.
APLICACIÓN PRACTICA Y EFECTIVA:
Como Instructores/Inspectores/Formadores/Facilitadores, que
podríamos hacer cuando vemos que un alumno se “freezo” o está con una
incapacidad moderada por estar sobrepasado?
?Como podemos como INST-IP contribuir a fortalecer, enseñar y entrenar a
los alumnos para mitigar los efectos del SE?
?Es enseñable y entrenable? O es a suerte y verdad…
 SE ANULO
 SE FUE
 LO PERDIMOS
SIEMPRE ANDA TODO BIEN Y NUNCA
PASA NADA,…HASTA QUE PASA
El SE si ha potenciado en los últimos años por la:
1. ALTA CONFIABILIDAD EN LAS AERONAVES
2. MUY BAJA OCURRENCIA DE FALLAS
3. ALTO NIVEL DE AUTOMATIZACION
4. MUY BAJA EXPECTATIVA DE QUE ALGO PUEDE PASAR
CONSECUENCIAS
"… one of the common themes as aircraft become more reliable is
that pilots are surprised or startled by some event and
as a result have either taken no action or alternatively taken
the wrong action, which has created an undesired aircraft state
or an accident.
EXPECTATIVA VS FACTOR SORPRESA
The problem then is the level of expectation of critical events is so
low that the level of surprise or startle which pilots encounter
during such events is higher than they would perhaps have had
some decades ago when things went routinely wrong.
FUNCION INVERSA BAJA: EXPECTATIVA-/EVENTO+=ALTO SE
EN UN PASADO, DEBIAMOS SER
CREATIVOS Y PROACTIVOS
Un día típico años atrás…:
 Planes de vuelo de baja exactitud, baja disponibilidad de
información (MET X HF).
 Múltiples MEL (APU INOP, START VALVE MANUAL, ETC)
 MOTORES INTERMIX y Flight Decks distintos a un mismo modelo
 NO AP (Solo CWS y Alt HOLD) NO FMC (GPS con suerte)
 MENOR ALCANCE EN DISTANCIA Y ALTITUD
 NO IRS, NO TCAS, NO ACARS, NO EFB, NO CPDLC, WX RADAR
VERDE (alcance 100NM), NECESIDAD DE HF, ADF, etc, etc,…
EVENTOS QUE NOS EXPONEN AL SE
• IMPACTO CON AVES EN EL DESPEGUE
(US AIRWAYS) Tuvieron que negociar por el SE 4 o 5 segundos (SE, shock,
negación, reacción, análisis, toma de decisiones) para que no los juzguen
basados en la NO respuesta inmediata.
• EXPLOSION
• UPSET O PERDIDA DE CONTROL SUBITA
• FALLAS MULTIPLES (AF447, SOUTHWEST, LYON, etcx100)
• FALLA COMPLEJAS SIN NNC NNP (beyond the scope NNC)
• CUALQUIER EVENTO INESPERADO Y CON POTENCIAL DE
ACCIDENTE.
IMPACTO OPERATIVO DEL SE
• PERIODO DE DESORIENTACION, NEGACION Y CONFUSION
• LIMITACION PSICOMOTORA SEVERA-FREEZE (interrupción de
las tareas)
• Degradación en la CALIDAD de acciones requeridas para el vuelo.
• Deterioro cognitivo y limitación en la habilidad de toma de
decisiones.
• Tiempo requerido para la recomposición psicológica y anímica
desde el estímulo.
CONTENCION Y MITIGACION
Researchers have identified a number of strategies that can reduce
the negative effects of startle and help improve pilot performance
during and immediately following a startle event.
 FAA
 Flight Safety Foundation
 DGAC´s Regionales (Australia, etc)
 EASA (ver Estudio/Investigación SE Management)
PLAN DE ACCIONES CONCRETAS
ANALISIS GRUPAL
• SINTESIS: De la teoría a la práctica
• AUTODIAGNOSTICO DE LAS RECOMENDACIONES (?Estamos
familiarizados con las siguientes medidas?)
• COMO PODEMOS APLICARLAS A LA ACTIVIDAD DE INSTRUCCION
• SINTESIS DE TODAS LAS INVESTIGACIONES HASTA LA FECHA.
RECOMENDACIONES
EN TODA SITUACION
EL CONOCIMIENTO ES
DECISIVO
He Knew The System So Well.
He Found The Solution,
He Activated The Solution,
Under Extreme Circumstances…
IT WAS MY LUCKY DAY TO BE FLYING
WITH HIM
1) KNOW YOUR AIRCRAFT
Develop a sound technical knowledge of your aircraft type and
maintain it with regular revisión. (Ver nota Boeing)
• PITCH VS N1
• VALORES DE REFERENCIA
• CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS SISTEMAS, NP, NNP, ETC…
• EL PODER DEL CONOCIMINETO.
2) MANTAIN HANDLING SKILL
Be competent and comfortable flying the aircraft "without the
automation“
PRACTICA Y ENTRENAMIENTO
“ The children of MAGENTA”
3) TRAINING
Simulator exercises should be conducted in a constructive manner
with a focus on #evidence based (most likely) events.
However, there should also be constructive use of unexpected
critical events.
Ver GESTION FALLAS COMPLEJAS/MULTIPLES
• #Evidencia: fallas complejas o múltiples es lo que esta pasando.
4) BE AWARE OF YOUR
SURROUNDINGS
Develop and maintain effective situational awareness skill-sets.
The Pilot Monitoring (PM) should actively monitor the Pilot Flying
(PF) and both should actively monitor the aircraft automation.
MET/CAT/ICING
MEA-MORA-TERRAIN
OTHER TRAFFICS
FL OPT/ MNV MARGIN
?QUE IMPORTANCIA LE DAMOS AL PM
EN LA INSTRUCCIÓN Y EVALUACION?
5) AVOID COMPLACENCY
Have a healthy expectation and suspicion for things going wrong.
(Si nunca pasa nada…)
Recordemos: BE/ESTIMULO=SE+/-
BE: Baja Expectativa
SE: Startle Effect de mayor o menor magnitud
6) ANTICIPATE THREATS
Utilise effective threat and error management (TEM) strategies
Clásicas:
• SOP´s
• BRIEFINGS
• TCAS/GPWS
• ICING/TURB
• CHECKLIST (Ejecución efectiva según FO, 5to tramo)
PLANIFICAR, PLANIFICAR, PLANIFICAR
7) HAVE A PLAN AT ALL TIMES
Mentally rehearse or foster crew discussion of a "plan of action" for
both common non-normal events, and for the rare, "out of the
ordinary" events such as ditching, upset or uncontrollable fire.
BRIEFING Y PLANIFICACION EFECTIVA
Adopt a "what would I do if.." mindset
LA PLANIFICACION ES LA CLAVE
No tendrá las mismas consecuencias una situación con alto potencial
de STARTLE EFFECT si el evento ocurre:
 A una tripulación debidamente entrenada,
 Disciplinada con una cabina ordenada,
 Que utiliza en forma efectiva los SOP´s,
 Que es consciente de su entorno,
 Que planifica y monitorea el desarrollo del vuelo
CHECKLIST
1. KNOW YOUR AIRCRAFT
2. MANTAIN HANDLING SKILLS
3. TRAINING
4. BEWARE OF YOUR SURROUNDINGS
5. AVOID COMPLACENCY
6. ANTICIPATE THREATS
7. PLAN, PLAN, PLAN
EN CAPACITACIÓN Y SEGURIDAD
"You can either pay now... or pay later.“
MUCHAS GRACIAS
TENDENCIAS DE LA
INDUSTRIA
STATEMENT #1
LO QUE ESPERA LA INDUSTRIA
Pilots must be able to handle an unexpected emergency and still keep their passengers
and crew safe
EN REPRESENTACION DE LOS PILOTOS Y USUARIOS
But we should first design aircraft for them to fly that do not have inadvertent traps set
for them.
Nota: Nuestra matriz de instrucción es todo “expected”…PERO LA INDUSTRIA ASUME
UNA CAPACIDAD Y HABILIDAD NO INSTRUIDA, NI ENTRENADA.
#STATEMENT 2
These two accidents, as well as Air France 447 which crashed in the South Atlantic in June 2009, are also vivid illustrations of the
growing level of interconnectedness of devices in aircraft. Previously, with older aircraft designs, there were mostly stand-alone
devices, in which a fault or failure was limited to a single device that could quickly be determined to be faulty and the fault remain
isolated. But with integrated cockpits and data being shared and used by many devices, a single fault or failure can now have rapidly
cascading effects through multiple systems, causing multiple cockpit alarms, cautions and warnings, which can cause distraction and
increase workload, creating a situation that can quickly become ambiguous, confusing and overwhelming, making it much harder to
analyze and solve the problem.
STATEMENT OF CHESLEY B. “SULLY” SULLENBERGER III
Subcommittee on Aviation
of the
The United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure
June 19, 2019
SINGLE VS MULTIPLE FAULTS
growing level of interconnectedness of devices
stand-alone devices- fault remains isolated --NO MAS--
single fault or failure can now have rapidly cascading effects through
multiple systems
ambiguous, confusing and overwhelming, making it much harder to
analyze and solve the problem.
Within seconds,
these crews would
have been fighting
for their lives in the
fight of their lives….”
NO LO VIMOS VENIR
 UPS B763 near Goose Bay on Feb 7th 2019, multiple system failures
 Sunwing B38M near Washington on Nov 14th 2018, multiple system failures
 American B763 over Atlantic on Feb 16th 2018, multiple system failures
 Flybe DH8D near Manchester on Oct 23rd 2013, multiple electrical system failures
 Air Canada E190 near Toronto on Jun 8th 2011, multiple system failures
 Compass E170 at Saskatoon on Dec 20th 2010, slat and multiple system failures
 British Airways B772 near Amsterdam on Jun 15th 2010, multiple technical problems
 Air Canada A319 near Winnipeg on Sep 7th 2008, multiple system failures
 Canada A333 at Toronto on Feb 20th 2019, multiple system faults
 India B773 Sep 11th 2018, multiple instruments including localizer receivers lost
 UTAir Cargo AN74 near Kupol on Dec 1st 2018, multiple problems
 Canada Rouge A319 Dec 2nd 2018, multiple ECAM messages
PASO UNO, Y NO PASO NADA…
PASO UNO Y NO PASO NADA
400 MUERTOS
¿Estamos adaptándondos a lo que
nos exige el contexto operativo?
CAMBIO DE PARADIGMA’
• ¿VIENE UN CAMBIO DE PARADIGMA EN LA INSTRUCCIÓN?
• ¿ESTAMOS ADAPTANDONOS A LOS CAMBIOS?
• ¿ESTAMOS ADAPTADOS AL CONTEXTO?
TENDENCIAS DE LA
INDUSTRIA#2
NOTA BOEING
• En el Turno 2 del Recurrent del 2do Semestre, una de las situaciones a entrenar es el exceso de temperatura
en cabina y su lista asociada “Cabin Temperature Hot”.
• Una de las situaciones posibles que plantea la lista es tener que despresurizar la cabina estando por encima
de 10000 ft, situación que produciría la activación de la CABIN ALTITUDE WARNING, la cual ordena cerrar la
outflow VALVE, contradiciendo a la lista anterior.
• Compartimos la respuesta de Boeing en relación a esta inquietud planteada por un Inspector de la Flota.
• “When step 19 of the Cabin Temperature Hot NNC directs the crew to descend to the lowest safe altitude or
10,000 ft, whichever is higher, the crew should immediately follow the route's contingency plan for high terrain
escape during depressurization.
• The second choice of step 31 directs the crew to don oxygen masks, followed by shutting off the operating
pack in step 32, then opening the outflow valve in the subsequent steps to increase airplane ventilation
followed by landing at the nearest suitable airport. We expect a crew to have sufficient system knowledge
and situational awareness to realize that they are depressurizing and to not close the outflow valve
if there is a CABIN ALTITUDE warning, unless unpressurized flight at high altitude presents a greater threat
than the high cabin temperature.
• In all situations, the Captain must assess the situation and use good judgment to determine the safest
course of action.”
“SUPUESTOS BOIENG”
TODOS CONTENIDOS EN LA FO
1) System Knowledge: ITEM #1 de las estrategias de mitigación del SE
2) Situtational Awarness: ITEM#4 ídem
3) La oración refiere implícitamente al sentido común, el cual se aprende y entrena
con el uso de la Filosofía Operativa (8 horas)
4) Must assess the situation: Thinking fast slow, Toma de decisions, Capacidad para
resolver problemas complejos, Trabajo bajo presión, Gestión del Stress, Liderazgo.
MO-A “criterios para resolver problemas inesperados o no documentados”
5) Use good judgment…PODEMOS HABLAR UN AÑO, pero idem 3. El Estudio de la
filosofía operativa en forma exhaustiva canaliza y casi anula los errores de este tipo.
Ya comenzamos
6) Determine the safest course of action: Como evaluar de forma racional que es
mas y menos Seguro? Enseñamos a tomar el curso de accion MAS SEGURO? No
un curso de accion Seguro, Boeing pide “the safest” no “ a safe..”
65
• ¿ESTAMOS ENFOCANDONOS EN ESO??
• SISTEMATICAMENTE FRENTE A TODO PROBLEMA TECNICO O
DE OPERACIÓN BOEING SIEMPRE RECRRE A LA FILOSOFIA
OPERATIVA COMO RESPUESTA, y ningún procedimiento o mejor
dicho todos los procedimientos están diseñados con esos 50
principios pero no son del todo explicados para cuando hay
situaciones, fuera del estándar, ambiguas o complejas.
TENDENCIAS DE LA
INDUSTRIA#3
TODOS SOMOS PILOTOS DE PRUEBA
• ANALIZAR EL ARTICULO
• https://www.propilotmag.com/operational/
• Estamos entrenados para eso?
• El piloto promedio STD que vuela la línea magenta como debe ser,
dentro de la envolvente, tiene entrenamiento adecuado para esto??
UN PUNTO SOBRE EL
ENTRENAMIENTO ADECUADO
• https://www.aerotime.aero/clement.charpentreau/23726-af447-air-france-sent-back-to-
court-case-dismissed-for-airbus?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email
• https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/17/air-france-could-face-trial-over-2009-
crash-of-rio-paris-flight
• LA MORALEJA ES QUE FRENTE A TODO REQUERIMIENTO TECNICO LOS
FABRICANTES se basan en que la filosofía operativa todo lo explica (y es verdad)
pero no la enseñamos ni la entrenamos en forma regular ni formal.
• Por otro lado cuando el problema se expone en los medios y murió gente… la justicia
recurre casi inequívocamente a FALLAS, OMISIONES O ERRORES EN LOS
PLANES DE ENTRENAMIENTO E INFORMACION Y FORMACION DE SUS
TRIPULACIONES.
• TENEMOS UN GRAN RECURSO EN NUESTRA MANOS.. LA INSTRUCCIÓN Y EL
CONTROL DE LA CALIDAD DE LA MISMA.
EDITAR LOS DOS ARTICULOS, FOTOS
Y SINTESIS
TENDENCIAS DE LA
INDUSTRIA#4

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Startle effect in aviation-MULTIPLE FAILURES- Management of flight

  • 1. ESQUEMA DE TRABAJO • DIA DE VUELO: FCOM, QRH, MOA, FPPM, RAAC, COD AER, COD PENAL, etc, etc, etc – • El barra brava
  • 2. MODELO AR RESOLUCIÓN DE FALLAS. MIX BOIEING-AIRBUS (GOLDEN RULES) Y EXTRACTO DEL FCTM DE LOS 5 PUNTOS. • MAX x2 –Air France, etc… • No se LOGRO SALIR DEL ITEM #1 DE LA FASE DE CONTENCION.
  • 4. YA PASARON 10 AÑOS On 1 June 2009, an Airbus A330-200 operated by Air France on a scheduled passenger flight from Rio de Janeiro to Paris CDG as AF447 exited controlled flight and crashed into the sea with the loss of the aircraft and all 228 occupants. It was found that the loss of control followed an inappropriate response by the flight crew to a transient loss of airspeed indications in the cruise which resulted from the vulnerability of the pitot heads to ice crystal icing.
  • 5. AIRBUS A320 PK-AXC KARIMATA STRAIT
  • 6. A320, en-route Karimata Strait IndonesiA(On 28 December 2014, an A320 crew took unapproved action in response to a repeating system caution shortly after levelling at FL320. The unexpected consequences degraded the flight control system and obliged manual control. Gross mishandling followed which led to a stall, descent at a high rate and sea surface impact with a 20º pitch attitude and a 50º angle of attack four minutes later.
  • 7. HACER LO QUE NO HAY QUE HACER Y NO HACER LO QUE HAY QUE HACER The Investigation noted the accident origin as a repetitive minor system fault but demonstrated that the subsequent loss of control followed a combination of explicitly inappropriate pilot action and the absence of appropriate pilot action.
  • 8. MAS EVENTOS RELACIONADOS  UPS B763 near Goose Bay on Feb 7th 2019, multiple system failures  Sunwing B38M near Washington on Nov 14th 2018, multiple system failures  American B763 over Atlantic on Feb 16th 2018, multiple system failures  Flybe DH8D near Manchester on Oct 23rd 2013, multiple electrical system failures  Air Canada E190 near Toronto on Jun 8th 2011, multiple system failures  Compass E170 at Saskatoon on Dec 20th 2010, slat and multiple system failures  British Airways B772 near Amsterdam on Jun 15th 2010, multiple technical problems  Air Canada A319 near Winnipeg on Sep 7th 2008, multiple system failures  Canada A333 at Toronto on Feb 20th 2019, multiple system faults  India B773 Sep 11th 2018, multiple instruments including localizer receivers lost  UTAir Cargo AN74 near Kupol on Dec 1st 2018, multiple problems  Canada Rouge A319 Dec 2nd 2018, multiple ECAM messages
  • 12. Within seconds, these crews would have been fighting for their lives in the fight of their lives….”
  • 13. ?POR QUE CREEN QUE NO SE ESTÁN PUDIENDO CONTENER TANTAS FALLAS COMPLEJAS QUE CADA VEZ SE REPITEN MAS? ?POR QUE NO HACEN EN LA SITUACIÓN CRÍTICA LO QUE NOSOTROS ANALIZAMOS ACÁ EN TRANQUILIDAD MATE POR MEDIO? NO SABEN NO PUEDEN NO QUIEREN
  • 14. ?DE QUE ESTAN HABLANDO?
  • 15. STARTLE EFFECT IN AVIATION RESPUESTA FISIOLOGICA Y PSICOLOGICA
  • 16. ….”I’m one of the relatively small group of people who have experienced such a sudden crisis – and lived to share what we learned about it. I can tell you firsthand that the startle factor is real and it is huge – it interferes with one’s ability to quickly analyze the crisis and take effective action.
  • 17. STARTLE EFFECT IN AVIATION • DEFINICION • DESCRIPCION • FREEZE • CONSECUENCIAS • CONTENCION Y MITIGACION
  • 18. DEFINICION El susto, sobresalto o reacción de alarma es una respuesta de la mente y del cuerpo a un estímulo repentino e inesperado.
  • 19. UN POCO MAS ELABORADO In aviation, startle effect can be defined as an uncontrollable, automatic reflex that is elicited (provocado, obtienido) by exposure to a sudden, intense event that “violates a pilot’s expectations.”  the "fight or flight" réflex
  • 20. ?QUE PODEMOS HACER FRENTE A UNA RESPUESTA FISIOLÓGICA, AUTOMATICA Y NO CONTROLABLE?  Modelo Cognitivo/Conductual  Entrenamiento, práctica sistemática y repetitiva (respuesta condicionada)  Exposición gradual a estímulos desencadenantes, etc.  EN AVIACION: Teoría y práctica. Entrenamiento, Exposición y Simulación.
  • 21. ?CUANDO SE DESENCADENA EL S.E.? Frente a estímulos intensos, repentinos y NO ESPERADOS.  FACTOR SORPRESA (Entrenamiento/perfil guía vs FS)
  • 22. DESCRIPCION  El SE incluye ambas respuestas tanto la física como la mental. • Depende de un evento repentino y no esperado. Se lo define como un estado AGUDO. (Intensidad/Tiempo)
  • 23. RESPUESTA FISICA • Automática-Instantánea. Por su intensidad condiciona la Respuesta Mental
  • 24. RESPUESTA FISIOLOGICA • Cardiovascular System: Heart rate increases, blood pressure rises and coronary arteries dilate to increase the blood supply to brain, limbs and muscles • Respiratory System: Depth and rate of breathing increases providing more oxygen to the body • Endocrine System: Liver releases additional sugar for energy. Adrenal glands release adrenalin • Muscular System: Muscles tense in readiness for immediate action • Excretory System: Sweat production increases • Nervous System: Brain activity changes, reactions become less reasoned and more instinctive.
  • 25. RESPUESTA MENTAL/EMOCIONAL MENTAL: • El procesamiento consciente y la decodificación de la información puede volverse mucho mas lenta o anularse. • La capacidad de analizar una situación y tomar acciones correctivas puede verse seriamente limitada o directamente INCAPACITADA por la intensidad de la respuesta fisiológica. FREEZE En aviación hay procedimiento de emergencia para esto: PILOT INCAPACITATION FCTM/MOA
  • 26. RESPUESTA EMOCIONAL Y MENTAL Serio deterioro de la Respuesta motora a tareas simples. En tareas complejas llega a una interrupción de las acciones necesarias frente a una tarea dada de hasta 10 segundos. (FREEZE)  Posible deterioro cognitivo irreversible en un periodo (se anulo)
  • 27. STARTLE EFFECT STATEMENTS • Startle has been found to impair information processing performance on mundane tasks, such as the continuous solving of basic arithmetic problems, for 30 to 60 seconds after the event occurrence. (nos dejo perturbados) • The duration of the performance degradation increases as the task becomes more complex. (COMO DEDICIR EN UN VUELO) • Thus, the startle effect disrupts cognitive processing and can negatively influence an individual’s decision making and problem solving abilities.
  • 28. APLICACIÓN PRACTICA Y EFECTIVA: Como Instructores/Inspectores/Formadores/Facilitadores, que podríamos hacer cuando vemos que un alumno se “freezo” o está con una incapacidad moderada por estar sobrepasado? ?Como podemos como INST-IP contribuir a fortalecer, enseñar y entrenar a los alumnos para mitigar los efectos del SE? ?Es enseñable y entrenable? O es a suerte y verdad…  SE ANULO  SE FUE  LO PERDIMOS
  • 29. SIEMPRE ANDA TODO BIEN Y NUNCA PASA NADA,…HASTA QUE PASA El SE si ha potenciado en los últimos años por la: 1. ALTA CONFIABILIDAD EN LAS AERONAVES 2. MUY BAJA OCURRENCIA DE FALLAS 3. ALTO NIVEL DE AUTOMATIZACION 4. MUY BAJA EXPECTATIVA DE QUE ALGO PUEDE PASAR
  • 30. CONSECUENCIAS "… one of the common themes as aircraft become more reliable is that pilots are surprised or startled by some event and as a result have either taken no action or alternatively taken the wrong action, which has created an undesired aircraft state or an accident.
  • 31. EXPECTATIVA VS FACTOR SORPRESA The problem then is the level of expectation of critical events is so low that the level of surprise or startle which pilots encounter during such events is higher than they would perhaps have had some decades ago when things went routinely wrong. FUNCION INVERSA BAJA: EXPECTATIVA-/EVENTO+=ALTO SE
  • 32. EN UN PASADO, DEBIAMOS SER CREATIVOS Y PROACTIVOS Un día típico años atrás…:  Planes de vuelo de baja exactitud, baja disponibilidad de información (MET X HF).  Múltiples MEL (APU INOP, START VALVE MANUAL, ETC)  MOTORES INTERMIX y Flight Decks distintos a un mismo modelo  NO AP (Solo CWS y Alt HOLD) NO FMC (GPS con suerte)  MENOR ALCANCE EN DISTANCIA Y ALTITUD  NO IRS, NO TCAS, NO ACARS, NO EFB, NO CPDLC, WX RADAR VERDE (alcance 100NM), NECESIDAD DE HF, ADF, etc, etc,…
  • 33. EVENTOS QUE NOS EXPONEN AL SE • IMPACTO CON AVES EN EL DESPEGUE (US AIRWAYS) Tuvieron que negociar por el SE 4 o 5 segundos (SE, shock, negación, reacción, análisis, toma de decisiones) para que no los juzguen basados en la NO respuesta inmediata. • EXPLOSION • UPSET O PERDIDA DE CONTROL SUBITA • FALLAS MULTIPLES (AF447, SOUTHWEST, LYON, etcx100) • FALLA COMPLEJAS SIN NNC NNP (beyond the scope NNC) • CUALQUIER EVENTO INESPERADO Y CON POTENCIAL DE ACCIDENTE.
  • 34. IMPACTO OPERATIVO DEL SE • PERIODO DE DESORIENTACION, NEGACION Y CONFUSION • LIMITACION PSICOMOTORA SEVERA-FREEZE (interrupción de las tareas) • Degradación en la CALIDAD de acciones requeridas para el vuelo. • Deterioro cognitivo y limitación en la habilidad de toma de decisiones. • Tiempo requerido para la recomposición psicológica y anímica desde el estímulo.
  • 35. CONTENCION Y MITIGACION Researchers have identified a number of strategies that can reduce the negative effects of startle and help improve pilot performance during and immediately following a startle event.  FAA  Flight Safety Foundation  DGAC´s Regionales (Australia, etc)  EASA (ver Estudio/Investigación SE Management)
  • 36. PLAN DE ACCIONES CONCRETAS ANALISIS GRUPAL • SINTESIS: De la teoría a la práctica • AUTODIAGNOSTICO DE LAS RECOMENDACIONES (?Estamos familiarizados con las siguientes medidas?) • COMO PODEMOS APLICARLAS A LA ACTIVIDAD DE INSTRUCCION • SINTESIS DE TODAS LAS INVESTIGACIONES HASTA LA FECHA.
  • 38. EN TODA SITUACION EL CONOCIMIENTO ES DECISIVO He Knew The System So Well. He Found The Solution, He Activated The Solution, Under Extreme Circumstances… IT WAS MY LUCKY DAY TO BE FLYING WITH HIM
  • 39. 1) KNOW YOUR AIRCRAFT Develop a sound technical knowledge of your aircraft type and maintain it with regular revisión. (Ver nota Boeing) • PITCH VS N1 • VALORES DE REFERENCIA • CONOCIMIENTO DE LOS SISTEMAS, NP, NNP, ETC… • EL PODER DEL CONOCIMINETO.
  • 40. 2) MANTAIN HANDLING SKILL Be competent and comfortable flying the aircraft "without the automation“ PRACTICA Y ENTRENAMIENTO “ The children of MAGENTA”
  • 41. 3) TRAINING Simulator exercises should be conducted in a constructive manner with a focus on #evidence based (most likely) events. However, there should also be constructive use of unexpected critical events. Ver GESTION FALLAS COMPLEJAS/MULTIPLES • #Evidencia: fallas complejas o múltiples es lo que esta pasando.
  • 42. 4) BE AWARE OF YOUR SURROUNDINGS Develop and maintain effective situational awareness skill-sets. The Pilot Monitoring (PM) should actively monitor the Pilot Flying (PF) and both should actively monitor the aircraft automation. MET/CAT/ICING MEA-MORA-TERRAIN OTHER TRAFFICS FL OPT/ MNV MARGIN
  • 43. ?QUE IMPORTANCIA LE DAMOS AL PM EN LA INSTRUCCIÓN Y EVALUACION?
  • 44. 5) AVOID COMPLACENCY Have a healthy expectation and suspicion for things going wrong. (Si nunca pasa nada…) Recordemos: BE/ESTIMULO=SE+/- BE: Baja Expectativa SE: Startle Effect de mayor o menor magnitud
  • 45. 6) ANTICIPATE THREATS Utilise effective threat and error management (TEM) strategies Clásicas: • SOP´s • BRIEFINGS • TCAS/GPWS • ICING/TURB • CHECKLIST (Ejecución efectiva según FO, 5to tramo)
  • 47. 7) HAVE A PLAN AT ALL TIMES Mentally rehearse or foster crew discussion of a "plan of action" for both common non-normal events, and for the rare, "out of the ordinary" events such as ditching, upset or uncontrollable fire. BRIEFING Y PLANIFICACION EFECTIVA Adopt a "what would I do if.." mindset
  • 48. LA PLANIFICACION ES LA CLAVE No tendrá las mismas consecuencias una situación con alto potencial de STARTLE EFFECT si el evento ocurre:  A una tripulación debidamente entrenada,  Disciplinada con una cabina ordenada,  Que utiliza en forma efectiva los SOP´s,  Que es consciente de su entorno,  Que planifica y monitorea el desarrollo del vuelo
  • 49. CHECKLIST 1. KNOW YOUR AIRCRAFT 2. MANTAIN HANDLING SKILLS 3. TRAINING 4. BEWARE OF YOUR SURROUNDINGS 5. AVOID COMPLACENCY 6. ANTICIPATE THREATS 7. PLAN, PLAN, PLAN
  • 50. EN CAPACITACIÓN Y SEGURIDAD "You can either pay now... or pay later.“
  • 53. STATEMENT #1 LO QUE ESPERA LA INDUSTRIA Pilots must be able to handle an unexpected emergency and still keep their passengers and crew safe EN REPRESENTACION DE LOS PILOTOS Y USUARIOS But we should first design aircraft for them to fly that do not have inadvertent traps set for them. Nota: Nuestra matriz de instrucción es todo “expected”…PERO LA INDUSTRIA ASUME UNA CAPACIDAD Y HABILIDAD NO INSTRUIDA, NI ENTRENADA.
  • 54. #STATEMENT 2 These two accidents, as well as Air France 447 which crashed in the South Atlantic in June 2009, are also vivid illustrations of the growing level of interconnectedness of devices in aircraft. Previously, with older aircraft designs, there were mostly stand-alone devices, in which a fault or failure was limited to a single device that could quickly be determined to be faulty and the fault remain isolated. But with integrated cockpits and data being shared and used by many devices, a single fault or failure can now have rapidly cascading effects through multiple systems, causing multiple cockpit alarms, cautions and warnings, which can cause distraction and increase workload, creating a situation that can quickly become ambiguous, confusing and overwhelming, making it much harder to analyze and solve the problem. STATEMENT OF CHESLEY B. “SULLY” SULLENBERGER III Subcommittee on Aviation of the The United States House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure June 19, 2019
  • 55. SINGLE VS MULTIPLE FAULTS growing level of interconnectedness of devices stand-alone devices- fault remains isolated --NO MAS-- single fault or failure can now have rapidly cascading effects through multiple systems ambiguous, confusing and overwhelming, making it much harder to analyze and solve the problem.
  • 56. Within seconds, these crews would have been fighting for their lives in the fight of their lives….”
  • 57. NO LO VIMOS VENIR  UPS B763 near Goose Bay on Feb 7th 2019, multiple system failures  Sunwing B38M near Washington on Nov 14th 2018, multiple system failures  American B763 over Atlantic on Feb 16th 2018, multiple system failures  Flybe DH8D near Manchester on Oct 23rd 2013, multiple electrical system failures  Air Canada E190 near Toronto on Jun 8th 2011, multiple system failures  Compass E170 at Saskatoon on Dec 20th 2010, slat and multiple system failures  British Airways B772 near Amsterdam on Jun 15th 2010, multiple technical problems  Air Canada A319 near Winnipeg on Sep 7th 2008, multiple system failures  Canada A333 at Toronto on Feb 20th 2019, multiple system faults  India B773 Sep 11th 2018, multiple instruments including localizer receivers lost  UTAir Cargo AN74 near Kupol on Dec 1st 2018, multiple problems  Canada Rouge A319 Dec 2nd 2018, multiple ECAM messages
  • 58. PASO UNO, Y NO PASO NADA…
  • 59. PASO UNO Y NO PASO NADA 400 MUERTOS
  • 60. ¿Estamos adaptándondos a lo que nos exige el contexto operativo?
  • 61. CAMBIO DE PARADIGMA’ • ¿VIENE UN CAMBIO DE PARADIGMA EN LA INSTRUCCIÓN? • ¿ESTAMOS ADAPTANDONOS A LOS CAMBIOS? • ¿ESTAMOS ADAPTADOS AL CONTEXTO?
  • 62.
  • 64. NOTA BOEING • En el Turno 2 del Recurrent del 2do Semestre, una de las situaciones a entrenar es el exceso de temperatura en cabina y su lista asociada “Cabin Temperature Hot”. • Una de las situaciones posibles que plantea la lista es tener que despresurizar la cabina estando por encima de 10000 ft, situación que produciría la activación de la CABIN ALTITUDE WARNING, la cual ordena cerrar la outflow VALVE, contradiciendo a la lista anterior. • Compartimos la respuesta de Boeing en relación a esta inquietud planteada por un Inspector de la Flota. • “When step 19 of the Cabin Temperature Hot NNC directs the crew to descend to the lowest safe altitude or 10,000 ft, whichever is higher, the crew should immediately follow the route's contingency plan for high terrain escape during depressurization. • The second choice of step 31 directs the crew to don oxygen masks, followed by shutting off the operating pack in step 32, then opening the outflow valve in the subsequent steps to increase airplane ventilation followed by landing at the nearest suitable airport. We expect a crew to have sufficient system knowledge and situational awareness to realize that they are depressurizing and to not close the outflow valve if there is a CABIN ALTITUDE warning, unless unpressurized flight at high altitude presents a greater threat than the high cabin temperature. • In all situations, the Captain must assess the situation and use good judgment to determine the safest course of action.”
  • 65. “SUPUESTOS BOIENG” TODOS CONTENIDOS EN LA FO 1) System Knowledge: ITEM #1 de las estrategias de mitigación del SE 2) Situtational Awarness: ITEM#4 ídem 3) La oración refiere implícitamente al sentido común, el cual se aprende y entrena con el uso de la Filosofía Operativa (8 horas) 4) Must assess the situation: Thinking fast slow, Toma de decisions, Capacidad para resolver problemas complejos, Trabajo bajo presión, Gestión del Stress, Liderazgo. MO-A “criterios para resolver problemas inesperados o no documentados” 5) Use good judgment…PODEMOS HABLAR UN AÑO, pero idem 3. El Estudio de la filosofía operativa en forma exhaustiva canaliza y casi anula los errores de este tipo. Ya comenzamos 6) Determine the safest course of action: Como evaluar de forma racional que es mas y menos Seguro? Enseñamos a tomar el curso de accion MAS SEGURO? No un curso de accion Seguro, Boeing pide “the safest” no “ a safe..” 65
  • 66. • ¿ESTAMOS ENFOCANDONOS EN ESO?? • SISTEMATICAMENTE FRENTE A TODO PROBLEMA TECNICO O DE OPERACIÓN BOEING SIEMPRE RECRRE A LA FILOSOFIA OPERATIVA COMO RESPUESTA, y ningún procedimiento o mejor dicho todos los procedimientos están diseñados con esos 50 principios pero no son del todo explicados para cuando hay situaciones, fuera del estándar, ambiguas o complejas.
  • 68. TODOS SOMOS PILOTOS DE PRUEBA • ANALIZAR EL ARTICULO • https://www.propilotmag.com/operational/ • Estamos entrenados para eso? • El piloto promedio STD que vuela la línea magenta como debe ser, dentro de la envolvente, tiene entrenamiento adecuado para esto??
  • 69. UN PUNTO SOBRE EL ENTRENAMIENTO ADECUADO • https://www.aerotime.aero/clement.charpentreau/23726-af447-air-france-sent-back-to- court-case-dismissed-for-airbus?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email • https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jul/17/air-france-could-face-trial-over-2009- crash-of-rio-paris-flight • LA MORALEJA ES QUE FRENTE A TODO REQUERIMIENTO TECNICO LOS FABRICANTES se basan en que la filosofía operativa todo lo explica (y es verdad) pero no la enseñamos ni la entrenamos en forma regular ni formal. • Por otro lado cuando el problema se expone en los medios y murió gente… la justicia recurre casi inequívocamente a FALLAS, OMISIONES O ERRORES EN LOS PLANES DE ENTRENAMIENTO E INFORMACION Y FORMACION DE SUS TRIPULACIONES. • TENEMOS UN GRAN RECURSO EN NUESTRA MANOS.. LA INSTRUCCIÓN Y EL CONTROL DE LA CALIDAD DE LA MISMA.
  • 70. EDITAR LOS DOS ARTICULOS, FOTOS Y SINTESIS

Editor's Notes

  1. PIZZARRON DIBUJAR LINEA CON TODOS LOS MANUALES FILOSOFIA OPR Y POLICA OPR ATRAVIESA TODO. (UN CUADRITO QUE MARQUE DONDE ESTA EL PROGRAMADA DE GESTION DE FALLLAS MULTIPLES) ARRIBA DE TODO EN EL PIZZARRON UN PUNTITO QUE ES DONDE ESTAMOS. Y BREVE INTRO DEL AUTO DOMINIO DE INGENIERO PREMIO NOBEL A BARRA BRAVA EN UN SEGUNDO, EJEMPLO DEL PEAJE.
  2. 1- nos habilito al crm 2 los atr, Potomac, etc, nos habilito a la normativa de icing y las limitaciones hold over times, y el AF nos introdujo en una nueva etapa que ira modificando la forma de entrenamiento.
  3. ALGUIEN LEYO LOS CONTENIDOS DE LA EXPOSICION DE SULLY FRENTE AL COMITÉ DEL SENADO? 19 DEL 06 2019, Alto contenido de sentido común.
  4. TODO LOS LLEVA A ESTOS INTERROGANTES
  5. TENERIFE HABILITO EL ENTRENAMIENTO EN CRM Y FFHH/ Los 3 o 4 ATR, Potomac, el 727 el fokker y demás, dieron a luz los temas de ICING, LIMITACIONES DE OPR EN ICING LA REGLA DE LOS 5 MINUTOS ETC, AIRFRANCE ABRIO LA PUERTA al estudio del startle effect y la fallas complejas e integradas.
  6. Freeze, como se llama en aviación? PILOT INCAPACAITACION: ////NO ES UNA CLASE DE FFHH NI DE FISIONLOGIA, EL OBJETIVO ES QUE IDENTIFIQUEMOS EL PROBLEMA RAIZ QUE ESTA ANTES DE LA TOMA DE DECISIONES, QUE ES EL FACTOR SORPRESA Y COMO BENEFICIARNOS DE CONOCERLO PARA MEJORAR NUESTRAfuncion y rol de INSTRUCtores.
  7. ACA YA SE VE EL PROBLEMA, RESPUESTA AUTOMATICA Y REFLEJA, CAJA DE PANDORA para gente no entrenda en la materia. Se dice que bajo presión extrema no se sabe como reaccionara uno, por eso lo CRITICAMENTE IMPORTANTE de entrenar en forma sistematica y repetitiva algunas maniobras , como RTO, …son por REFLEJO. RTO RECONOCIMIENTO-DECISION –Y EJECUCION EN 2 SEGUNDOS. SULLY NEGOCIO 6 O 7 con dual eng flame out
  8. Si bien no entrenamos factor sorpresa por que los perfiles son como un guion, en el LOFT habría una oportunidad estratégica.
  9. Afecta la emocinalidad, estamos bajo una amenaza percibida inicialmente como de PELIGRO. Se nubla nuestra claridad mental por tanta adrenalina. SINO EL PREMIO NOVEL NO SE TORNARIA BARRA BRAVA EN EL PEAJE.
  10. EJEMPLOS DE SIM BAJO PRESION EN IP FINALES, QUE POR UNA DISCREPANCIA EN LA PREFLIGHT O PUESTA EN MARCHA SE QUEDO AHÍ POR EL RESTO DEL TURNO, FIJACION.
  11. Esto esta transcripto de estudios de las DGAC, son estudios sobre esta temática.
  12. DEBATE-IDEAS
  13. AMENAZA LA RUTINA-COMPLACENCIA-EL SIEMPRE VA TODO BIEN VS LO INESPERADO…Quien esta esperando que fallen los AOA/VELOCIMETROS EL TRIM HAGA UN RUNAWAY EN EL PRIMER DESPEGUE DE LAS 4 AM???
  14. Ya vimos el ejemplo del asiana que al decidir y ejecutar mal se generaron una falla mas compleja (criterio de falla compleja y multiple autogenerada por error de ejecución)
  15. FUENTES Y ORGANIZACIÓN DONDE SE VIENE ESTUDIANDO Y TRABAJANDO SOBRE ESTE FACTOR QUE AFECTA LA SEGURIDAD.
  16. LO ANTERIOR FUE LA INTRO Y EL CONTEXTO, ESTE EL PUNTO PARA NOSOTROS COMO FORMADORES, AUTO EVALUARNOS EN COMO ESTAMOS CON ESTAS RECOMENDACIONES.
  17. REFLEXION SOBRE NUESTRA CULTURA, DE QUE TODO ES EL PF, en las inspecciones, el evaluado siempre es el PF. DE a poco se va metiendo en la cultura el tema de la importancia del PM, ES EL TIPO QUE MAS VE POR QUE no esta absorvido por las tareas a rrealizar mas aun si es vuelo manual o con NNP.
  18. NO creer que es un video juego, estar atentos.
  19. RECALCAR LA IMPORTANCIA DE COMO LEENOS LISTAS NORMALES…. UNO LEE, UNO RESPONDE PERO DOS VERIFICAN!!!!!! EJEMPLO DE DIEGO
  20. Briefing hecho por los dos a consciencia y en forma UTIL-operativa, no recitar el briefing de despegue o hablar sin escucharnos y verificar que estamos diciendo con la preparación de cabina., briefing puede haber durante todo el vuelo a medida que surgen sitauciones que requieren
  21. ALGUIEN LEYO LOS CONTENIDOS DE LA EXPOSICION DE SULLY FRENTE AL COMITÉ DEL SENADO? 19 DEL 06 2019, Alto contenido de sentido común.