This document discusses an environmental assessment of two innovative biogas upgrading processes: CO2 alkali absorption with regeneration (AwR) and CO2 adsorption with bottom ash (BABIU). Life cycle assessments were conducted to compare the environmental impacts of these processes to conventional upgrading technologies. The analyses found that the BABIU process had lower impacts than AwR across several impact categories due to its use of waste materials and capture of CO2. Material flow analyses estimated the potential biogas and substituted natural gas from municipal solid waste in Spain using the two processes.
The document summarizes the results of pilot-scale tests of an innovative process for regenerating alkaline solutions used in biogas upgrading. The tests aimed to validate the process at a larger scale and evaluate the effects of different process parameters. Key results showed that chemical reaction yields from treating various spent solutions were comparable to previous lab-scale tests, ranging from 90-95%. Analyses of solid and liquid products also yielded similar results as the lab tests. The pilot tests confirmed the feasibility and performance of the alkaline regeneration process.
Process Ecology Reduces Emissions in Natural Gas Glycol Dehydration Facilitie...Process Ecology Inc
Process Ecology uses process simulation software like Aspen HYSYS to model natural gas glycol dehydration facilities and reduce air emissions. Accurate simulation is important for compliance with regulations on benzene and other emissions. The presentation discusses modeling TEG dehydration units and EG refrigeration plants, comparing simulation results to measured data to validate model accuracy for predicting emissions and process performance. Process optimization using simulation can then lower emissions while meeting compliance.
This document discusses two innovative processes for upgrading biogas - AwR and BABIU. AwR uses an aqueous alkaline solution to absorb CO2 from biogas, producing an upgraded biomethane and an alkaline process residue (APC). BABIU uses alkaline fly ash or bottom ash (BA) from waste-to-energy plants to absorb CO2 through carbonation. The document analyzes the operating conditions, costs, and upgrading efficiencies of both processes and concludes that while AwR has higher CO2 uptake its costs are also higher, whereas BABIU has lower costs but requires more solid residue. Future work is suggested to further improve the processes.
Using Aspen HYSYS Upstream for Sizing and Scheduling of Gathering SystemsProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation covers the process of sizing and scheduling of Gathering Systems, including how to approach challenges by using model development and automation and interpretation of the results. Additionally, we compare between HYSYS Hydraulics and HYSYS Dynamics.
This presentation covers process safety considerations and when a dynamic simulation is required. We also provide a modelling approach and a case study on Coker Bottoms Steam Generator, which includes information on device selection and device sizing.
This project aims to develop a low-cost process to convert waste CO2 and shale gas derivatives into high-value chemical intermediates like acrylic acid. The process combines two systems: 1) An electrolyzer that uses combustion to efficiently convert CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) at low temperatures. 2) A novel catalyst to combine the CO with ethylene oxide from shale gas to produce chemicals like acrylic acid. This integrated process could produce these chemicals with 30-70% lower energy usage and reduced carbon footprint compared to existing methods. Successful development would lead to pilot and commercial plants to demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of using waste CO2 and domestic natural gas.
The document summarizes the results of pilot-scale tests of an innovative process for regenerating alkaline solutions used in biogas upgrading. The tests aimed to validate the process at a larger scale and evaluate the effects of different process parameters. Key results showed that chemical reaction yields from treating various spent solutions were comparable to previous lab-scale tests, ranging from 90-95%. Analyses of solid and liquid products also yielded similar results as the lab tests. The pilot tests confirmed the feasibility and performance of the alkaline regeneration process.
Process Ecology Reduces Emissions in Natural Gas Glycol Dehydration Facilitie...Process Ecology Inc
Process Ecology uses process simulation software like Aspen HYSYS to model natural gas glycol dehydration facilities and reduce air emissions. Accurate simulation is important for compliance with regulations on benzene and other emissions. The presentation discusses modeling TEG dehydration units and EG refrigeration plants, comparing simulation results to measured data to validate model accuracy for predicting emissions and process performance. Process optimization using simulation can then lower emissions while meeting compliance.
This document discusses two innovative processes for upgrading biogas - AwR and BABIU. AwR uses an aqueous alkaline solution to absorb CO2 from biogas, producing an upgraded biomethane and an alkaline process residue (APC). BABIU uses alkaline fly ash or bottom ash (BA) from waste-to-energy plants to absorb CO2 through carbonation. The document analyzes the operating conditions, costs, and upgrading efficiencies of both processes and concludes that while AwR has higher CO2 uptake its costs are also higher, whereas BABIU has lower costs but requires more solid residue. Future work is suggested to further improve the processes.
Using Aspen HYSYS Upstream for Sizing and Scheduling of Gathering SystemsProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation covers the process of sizing and scheduling of Gathering Systems, including how to approach challenges by using model development and automation and interpretation of the results. Additionally, we compare between HYSYS Hydraulics and HYSYS Dynamics.
This presentation covers process safety considerations and when a dynamic simulation is required. We also provide a modelling approach and a case study on Coker Bottoms Steam Generator, which includes information on device selection and device sizing.
This project aims to develop a low-cost process to convert waste CO2 and shale gas derivatives into high-value chemical intermediates like acrylic acid. The process combines two systems: 1) An electrolyzer that uses combustion to efficiently convert CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) at low temperatures. 2) A novel catalyst to combine the CO with ethylene oxide from shale gas to produce chemicals like acrylic acid. This integrated process could produce these chemicals with 30-70% lower energy usage and reduced carbon footprint compared to existing methods. Successful development would lead to pilot and commercial plants to demonstrate the economic and environmental benefits of using waste CO2 and domestic natural gas.
Benzene Emissions - Staying in Compliance as Regulations ChangeProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation provides an overview of dehydration and refrigeration and lists regulations with current and upcoming changes. We also cover optimization of dehydration and refrigeration facilities and outline different technologies for benzene and GHG reduction.
Emission Regulations and Reductions Technology in Western Canada's Oil and Ga...Process Ecology Inc
A presentation on current types of emission regulations, air quality management systems, and global commitments and factors in Canada. Oil and Gas: How big is the problem and what can we do about it?
This presentation contains an overview of tracking plant performance, with its application in two case studies, including gas compression train monitoring (Aspen) and production facility surveillance system (HYSYS).
The EPA's GreenChill program partners with the supermarket industry to promote the adoption of advanced refrigeration technologies that reduce emissions of ozone-depleting and greenhouse gas refrigerants. In its first year, GreenChill launched with 10 partners and now has over 50 partners representing over 5,800 stores. GreenChill provides guidelines, certifications, and shares information to help partners transition away from HCFC refrigerants and reduce emissions through best practices like retrofitting stores with lower-charge systems. GreenChill also works with manufacturers to increase the use of advanced systems and improve industry practices around installation, service, and refrigerant management.
In-line optimization Cleaning In Place (CIP)Erik Smit
OptiCIP+ is a system developed by NIZO food research to optimize cleaning-in-place (CIP) procedures in the food industry. The system uses in-line sensors and process simulation tools to monitor fouling removal during cleaning. It then optimizes the CIP procedure in real-time based on the sensor data. Initial results show the in-line turbidity sensor measurements match well with off-line measurements. Using OptiCIP+ could reduce cleaning times by 25% and fouling by 5%, saving food companies up to €200,000 annually through lower costs and increased production capacity.
Greenlane is a world leader in biogas upgrading solutions that provides complete systems to upgrade biogas to renewable natural gas (RNG). They have installed over 90 projects globally. One success story is the Surrey Biofuels Facility in BC, where Greenlane provided an integrated system to upgrade biogas from organic waste to RNG, which is then injected into the local gas pipeline for use as vehicle fuel. Greenlane's modular systems reliably produce high purity RNG that meets pipeline standards through an efficient water scrubbing process.
Energy Savings for the London Refrigeration SocietyCamfil UK
Camfil is a global company that produces air filtration solutions to protect human health, processes, and the environment. It has 24 production plants, sales in 25 countries, and aims to deliver clean air solutions in a sustainable and profitable way. Choosing low energy air filters can provide significant savings on energy and maintenance costs for buildings while still delivering clean, healthy air. Optimizing filtration solutions based on pressure drop and efficiency can reduce energy usage from air handling units by up to 30%.
The document summarizes design challenges for modifications made to a low-level radioactive waste incinerator. Key changes included eliminating unstable underground piping, improving the overfire air system design and control, installing two new primary burners, and modifying refractory lining as needed. Mass and energy balance modeling was performed to verify burner sizing and air requirements. Engineering designs went through multi-stage nuclear facility reviews. Commissioning procedures were developed and tuning was required to optimize waste reduction while minimizing emissions within existing system constraints. The modifications were completed on an aggressive schedule, with design starting in July 2015 and commissioning in September 2015.
Cardiff University : AHU - Low Energy Air Filter Case StudyCamfil UK
Cardiff University conducted a trial on two identical air handling units to evaluate the energy savings potential of Camfil's Low Energy Air Filters (LEAF). The trial found that using LEAF reduced fan motor energy consumption by 21% over several months compared to the existing filters. LEAF also improved particle stopping efficiency at 0.4 micron diameter by 21%. These "21/21 results" demonstrated that it is possible to both reduce energy use and improve air cleaning with LEAF. The short payback period for improving filters through LEAF makes it a logical first step for optimizing energy usage in air handling systems.
Australian indoor environment rating tools, and the future of building health...Michael Taranto
Presentation to AIRAH 2016 - The Future of HVAC
By Joe Scholz and Mark Graham, QED Environmental Services
Explains the link between indoor environment and productivity of office building occupants, and how this impacts tenants' bottom line.
Compares and contrasts tools for rating indoor environment: NABERS, Green Star Performance and Well Building Standard.
This document discusses low energy air filters from Camfil that can save money, energy, and carbon. It notes that typically 50% of energy use in commercial buildings is for HVAC systems. Choosing the right low energy air filter, such as Camfil's HiFlo2 F7 bag filter, can significantly reduce energy consumption from air filtration while still providing high indoor air quality. Proper air filter selection and regular maintenance are important to optimize energy efficiency and life cycle costs for HVAC systems in buildings.
Lanzatech: le pari technologique d'ArcelorMittalLuxemburger Wort
LanzaTech aims to create a carbon smart future by capturing carbon-rich waste gases and converting them into liquid fuels and chemicals using proprietary microbes. Some key points:
- 65% of the remaining carbon budget that must stay in the ground has already been used up between 1870-2011, leaving only around 1000 gigatons of CO2 that can be emitted.
- The LanzaTech process uses novel gas fermentation technology to capture CO-rich gases from sources like steel mills and convert the carbon into products like ethanol, butanol, and other fuels/chemicals without using food crops.
- LanzaTech has successfully operated demonstration plants and pilots at various scales since 2008 to prove technical viability at
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has launched a new strategy to help Great Britain work well by protecting lives, quality of life and livelihoods. The strategy focuses on collective ownership of health and safety, tackling ill health issues in addition to safety, and supporting small businesses. It aims to identify and manage real risks smartly in order to boost Britain's businesses through a healthier, safer and more productive workforce. The waste industry still sees too many fatalities and injuries, so the strategy provides an opportunity for all stakeholders to work together to drive further improvement in health and safety performance.
Presentation sustainable design for high strength wastewaters Seamus Crickley
This presentation is aimed at high-strength wastewaters which is herein defined as organic in nature, requiring carbon and nutrient removal to a designated level of quality.
The wastewaters result from raw product/final product/co-product carryover in washwater from production systems. Prime sources are food processing, brewing and distilling, soft drinks, agricultural slurries and run-offs, digestion sideflows, landfill leachates pharma-biopharma wastewaters may now be included in this category.
Points of relevance in assessing high-strength wastewaters:
• Concentrations in a volume may relate to organic carbon, nutrients or both.
• The process evaluation should be biased by relative biodegradability, biochemistry and, where relevant, by Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP).
• Typical high-strength wastewaters may vary from 1,000mg/l COD up to 100,000mg/l COD and the nutrient ratios and treatability require inclusion.
• Readily biodegradable COD as an indicator of reaction rate and enzyme/co-enzyme activity.
• Trend curves relating to inhouse production to emission over the periods and phases of production are an advantage.
• Proper pre-conditioning is necessary for all relative assessments.
• Sustainability analysis may be carried on existing plants after a detailed site/process survey including an energy audit.
• Alternative designs should be considered using comparative carbonation (CF Diligence) analysis to identify the optimum solution.
IRJET- Environmental Assessment of IGCC Power SystemsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an assessment of the environmental performance of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power systems compared to other coal-based power generation technologies. IGCC systems gasify coal to produce syngas, which is then cleaned before being used to power a gas turbine and generate electricity. The summary is as follows:
IGCC systems have significantly lower emissions of criteria air pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide compared to conventional pulverized coal plants due to the gasification and cleaning processes. Emissions are well below current federal standards. IGCC also reduces carbon dioxide emissions by over 10% compared to pulverized coal plants due to higher efficiency.
Do not include any personal information as all posted material on this site is considered to be part of a public record as defined by section 27 of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
We reserve the right to remove inappropriate comments. Please see Terms of Use for City of Toronto Social Media Sites at http://www.toronto.ca/e-updates/termsofuse.htm.
The document discusses operational improvements at Thermax's Chakan facility through implementing 5S, value stream mapping, and Six Sigma tools. The Chakan facility was experiencing issues like lack of organization, high costs, and inefficient processes. A kaizen team implemented 5S to tidy the facility and establish clear organization. They also mapped processes to eliminate waste and reduce costs using Six Sigma. The turnaround efforts aimed to improve supply chain performance metrics like on-time shipment and inventory turnover.
IRJET - Production of Biogas from Cow Dung and Determination of Calorific ValueIRJET Journal
This document discusses the production of biogas from cow dung and determination of calorific value. Cow dung was collected and used to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion. The raw biogas was purified using steel wool, water, and silica gel to remove hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, respectively. The calorific value of raw and purified biogas was measured using a Junkers gas calorimeter. It was found that the calorific value increased from 20799kj/m3 to 28423kj/m3 after purification. A water boiling test also showed that purified biogas heated water 150C faster than raw biogas. Therefore, biogas purification is essential to increase
This document provides instructions for measuring ammonia nitrogen using the phenate method. It begins with an introduction explaining the significance of nitrogen in water and different methods for measuring ammonia. The phenate method is then described, which involves reacting ammonia with phenol to form an intense blue color. The rest of the document provides the aim, method, observations and calculations, and reporting requirements for an experiment to measure ammonia in water samples using the phenate method. Participants will determine ammonia concentrations in tap water and spiked samples and report their results.
1) The document discusses the environmental impacts of food waste, estimating that 1/3 of all food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted each year. The carbon footprint of food waste is estimated to be 3.3 Gt CO2 eq, more than twice the emissions of US road transportation.
2) Recycling systems for food waste including converting it to biogas and using the leftover slurry as organic fertilizer are presented. Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from anaerobic digestion and can include methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and other trace gases.
3) The slurry leftover from biogas production makes an excellent organic fertilizer as it retains nutrients from the food waste and has
Benzene Emissions - Staying in Compliance as Regulations ChangeProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation provides an overview of dehydration and refrigeration and lists regulations with current and upcoming changes. We also cover optimization of dehydration and refrigeration facilities and outline different technologies for benzene and GHG reduction.
Emission Regulations and Reductions Technology in Western Canada's Oil and Ga...Process Ecology Inc
A presentation on current types of emission regulations, air quality management systems, and global commitments and factors in Canada. Oil and Gas: How big is the problem and what can we do about it?
This presentation contains an overview of tracking plant performance, with its application in two case studies, including gas compression train monitoring (Aspen) and production facility surveillance system (HYSYS).
The EPA's GreenChill program partners with the supermarket industry to promote the adoption of advanced refrigeration technologies that reduce emissions of ozone-depleting and greenhouse gas refrigerants. In its first year, GreenChill launched with 10 partners and now has over 50 partners representing over 5,800 stores. GreenChill provides guidelines, certifications, and shares information to help partners transition away from HCFC refrigerants and reduce emissions through best practices like retrofitting stores with lower-charge systems. GreenChill also works with manufacturers to increase the use of advanced systems and improve industry practices around installation, service, and refrigerant management.
In-line optimization Cleaning In Place (CIP)Erik Smit
OptiCIP+ is a system developed by NIZO food research to optimize cleaning-in-place (CIP) procedures in the food industry. The system uses in-line sensors and process simulation tools to monitor fouling removal during cleaning. It then optimizes the CIP procedure in real-time based on the sensor data. Initial results show the in-line turbidity sensor measurements match well with off-line measurements. Using OptiCIP+ could reduce cleaning times by 25% and fouling by 5%, saving food companies up to €200,000 annually through lower costs and increased production capacity.
Greenlane is a world leader in biogas upgrading solutions that provides complete systems to upgrade biogas to renewable natural gas (RNG). They have installed over 90 projects globally. One success story is the Surrey Biofuels Facility in BC, where Greenlane provided an integrated system to upgrade biogas from organic waste to RNG, which is then injected into the local gas pipeline for use as vehicle fuel. Greenlane's modular systems reliably produce high purity RNG that meets pipeline standards through an efficient water scrubbing process.
Energy Savings for the London Refrigeration SocietyCamfil UK
Camfil is a global company that produces air filtration solutions to protect human health, processes, and the environment. It has 24 production plants, sales in 25 countries, and aims to deliver clean air solutions in a sustainable and profitable way. Choosing low energy air filters can provide significant savings on energy and maintenance costs for buildings while still delivering clean, healthy air. Optimizing filtration solutions based on pressure drop and efficiency can reduce energy usage from air handling units by up to 30%.
The document summarizes design challenges for modifications made to a low-level radioactive waste incinerator. Key changes included eliminating unstable underground piping, improving the overfire air system design and control, installing two new primary burners, and modifying refractory lining as needed. Mass and energy balance modeling was performed to verify burner sizing and air requirements. Engineering designs went through multi-stage nuclear facility reviews. Commissioning procedures were developed and tuning was required to optimize waste reduction while minimizing emissions within existing system constraints. The modifications were completed on an aggressive schedule, with design starting in July 2015 and commissioning in September 2015.
Cardiff University : AHU - Low Energy Air Filter Case StudyCamfil UK
Cardiff University conducted a trial on two identical air handling units to evaluate the energy savings potential of Camfil's Low Energy Air Filters (LEAF). The trial found that using LEAF reduced fan motor energy consumption by 21% over several months compared to the existing filters. LEAF also improved particle stopping efficiency at 0.4 micron diameter by 21%. These "21/21 results" demonstrated that it is possible to both reduce energy use and improve air cleaning with LEAF. The short payback period for improving filters through LEAF makes it a logical first step for optimizing energy usage in air handling systems.
Australian indoor environment rating tools, and the future of building health...Michael Taranto
Presentation to AIRAH 2016 - The Future of HVAC
By Joe Scholz and Mark Graham, QED Environmental Services
Explains the link between indoor environment and productivity of office building occupants, and how this impacts tenants' bottom line.
Compares and contrasts tools for rating indoor environment: NABERS, Green Star Performance and Well Building Standard.
This document discusses low energy air filters from Camfil that can save money, energy, and carbon. It notes that typically 50% of energy use in commercial buildings is for HVAC systems. Choosing the right low energy air filter, such as Camfil's HiFlo2 F7 bag filter, can significantly reduce energy consumption from air filtration while still providing high indoor air quality. Proper air filter selection and regular maintenance are important to optimize energy efficiency and life cycle costs for HVAC systems in buildings.
Lanzatech: le pari technologique d'ArcelorMittalLuxemburger Wort
LanzaTech aims to create a carbon smart future by capturing carbon-rich waste gases and converting them into liquid fuels and chemicals using proprietary microbes. Some key points:
- 65% of the remaining carbon budget that must stay in the ground has already been used up between 1870-2011, leaving only around 1000 gigatons of CO2 that can be emitted.
- The LanzaTech process uses novel gas fermentation technology to capture CO-rich gases from sources like steel mills and convert the carbon into products like ethanol, butanol, and other fuels/chemicals without using food crops.
- LanzaTech has successfully operated demonstration plants and pilots at various scales since 2008 to prove technical viability at
The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) has launched a new strategy to help Great Britain work well by protecting lives, quality of life and livelihoods. The strategy focuses on collective ownership of health and safety, tackling ill health issues in addition to safety, and supporting small businesses. It aims to identify and manage real risks smartly in order to boost Britain's businesses through a healthier, safer and more productive workforce. The waste industry still sees too many fatalities and injuries, so the strategy provides an opportunity for all stakeholders to work together to drive further improvement in health and safety performance.
Presentation sustainable design for high strength wastewaters Seamus Crickley
This presentation is aimed at high-strength wastewaters which is herein defined as organic in nature, requiring carbon and nutrient removal to a designated level of quality.
The wastewaters result from raw product/final product/co-product carryover in washwater from production systems. Prime sources are food processing, brewing and distilling, soft drinks, agricultural slurries and run-offs, digestion sideflows, landfill leachates pharma-biopharma wastewaters may now be included in this category.
Points of relevance in assessing high-strength wastewaters:
• Concentrations in a volume may relate to organic carbon, nutrients or both.
• The process evaluation should be biased by relative biodegradability, biochemistry and, where relevant, by Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP).
• Typical high-strength wastewaters may vary from 1,000mg/l COD up to 100,000mg/l COD and the nutrient ratios and treatability require inclusion.
• Readily biodegradable COD as an indicator of reaction rate and enzyme/co-enzyme activity.
• Trend curves relating to inhouse production to emission over the periods and phases of production are an advantage.
• Proper pre-conditioning is necessary for all relative assessments.
• Sustainability analysis may be carried on existing plants after a detailed site/process survey including an energy audit.
• Alternative designs should be considered using comparative carbonation (CF Diligence) analysis to identify the optimum solution.
IRJET- Environmental Assessment of IGCC Power SystemsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an assessment of the environmental performance of Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) power systems compared to other coal-based power generation technologies. IGCC systems gasify coal to produce syngas, which is then cleaned before being used to power a gas turbine and generate electricity. The summary is as follows:
IGCC systems have significantly lower emissions of criteria air pollutants like sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and carbon monoxide compared to conventional pulverized coal plants due to the gasification and cleaning processes. Emissions are well below current federal standards. IGCC also reduces carbon dioxide emissions by over 10% compared to pulverized coal plants due to higher efficiency.
Do not include any personal information as all posted material on this site is considered to be part of a public record as defined by section 27 of the Municipal Freedom of Information and Protection of Privacy Act.
We reserve the right to remove inappropriate comments. Please see Terms of Use for City of Toronto Social Media Sites at http://www.toronto.ca/e-updates/termsofuse.htm.
The document discusses operational improvements at Thermax's Chakan facility through implementing 5S, value stream mapping, and Six Sigma tools. The Chakan facility was experiencing issues like lack of organization, high costs, and inefficient processes. A kaizen team implemented 5S to tidy the facility and establish clear organization. They also mapped processes to eliminate waste and reduce costs using Six Sigma. The turnaround efforts aimed to improve supply chain performance metrics like on-time shipment and inventory turnover.
IRJET - Production of Biogas from Cow Dung and Determination of Calorific ValueIRJET Journal
This document discusses the production of biogas from cow dung and determination of calorific value. Cow dung was collected and used to produce biogas through anaerobic digestion. The raw biogas was purified using steel wool, water, and silica gel to remove hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and water vapor, respectively. The calorific value of raw and purified biogas was measured using a Junkers gas calorimeter. It was found that the calorific value increased from 20799kj/m3 to 28423kj/m3 after purification. A water boiling test also showed that purified biogas heated water 150C faster than raw biogas. Therefore, biogas purification is essential to increase
This document provides instructions for measuring ammonia nitrogen using the phenate method. It begins with an introduction explaining the significance of nitrogen in water and different methods for measuring ammonia. The phenate method is then described, which involves reacting ammonia with phenol to form an intense blue color. The rest of the document provides the aim, method, observations and calculations, and reporting requirements for an experiment to measure ammonia in water samples using the phenate method. Participants will determine ammonia concentrations in tap water and spiked samples and report their results.
1) The document discusses the environmental impacts of food waste, estimating that 1/3 of all food produced for human consumption is lost or wasted each year. The carbon footprint of food waste is estimated to be 3.3 Gt CO2 eq, more than twice the emissions of US road transportation.
2) Recycling systems for food waste including converting it to biogas and using the leftover slurry as organic fertilizer are presented. Biogas is a mixture of gases produced from anaerobic digestion and can include methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and other trace gases.
3) The slurry leftover from biogas production makes an excellent organic fertilizer as it retains nutrients from the food waste and has
The food environment and diet transition oct 19 static maplunnevehr
The document discusses how the food environment influences dietary transitions and obesity trends globally. It provides examples of how diets have changed in countries as they undergo economic development, shifting from plant-based to more calorie-dense, processed foods. Key factors shaping food choices are discussed, including prices, information, and access. The document reviews proposed policies to create healthier food environments and makes the case that influencing the food system could help guide dietary transitions in developing countries to healthier outcomes.
This document summarizes a study on the feasibility and impact of introducing biogas technology in northern Tanzania. It provides background on the physical geography, population, economy, energy context, and governance factors in the region. It then reviews the history of biogas projects in northern Tanzania conducted by various organizations since the 1970s. Based on surveys with current biogas users and non-users, it assesses the present status of existing biogas plants and lessons learned from past activities. Finally, it analyzes the impact of biogas use on rural households' livelihoods and considers future opportunities and challenges for biogas dissemination in the region.
1) SNV Netherlands Development Organisation is an international development organization dedicated to sustainable poverty reduction.
2) SNV has over 40 years of experience implementing development projects in various countries. Their work focuses on renewable energy, including large-scale biogas programs in Asia and Africa.
3) This document discusses SNV's approach to developing sustainable domestic biogas sectors, including thorough context-specific preparation, establishing long-term sector sustainability, linking impact and capacity development, promoting market-oriented solutions, and attributing roles to multiple stakeholders.
UK AD Biogas 2016: Day One Purple Seminar - 6 July UKADBiogas
This document summarizes a panel discussion on secondary containment regulations for the anaerobic digestion industry. The panel includes representatives from CQA International, the Environment Agency, Future Biogas, and CAPITA Projen. They discuss the purpose of secondary containment, how the industry has worked to develop guidance through a risk assessment tool, and what constitutes appropriate secondary containment. The Environment Agency representative emphasizes the need for early discussions with regulators and following good practice guides like CIRIA C736. The group discusses factors to consider in containment design and the ADBA containment tool, which provides a way to assess hazards, risks, and suitable containment classifications.
Biogas can be generated from organic wastes through anaerobic digestion to provide a renewable source of energy. It has the benefits of dealing with waste management issues while also producing a clean fuel for cooking, lighting, electricity and transportation. The biogas production process involves several steps of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis and methanogenesis by which bacteria break down biomass into methane and carbon dioxide gas. Common feedstocks and their expected biogas yields are listed to evaluate production potential from various resources.
A TEXT BOOK : Complete and comprehensive inputs in Learning about Biogas and Biogas digestors:We have tried to take the mystery away from biogas.
Biogas is a renewable energy source with many different production pathways and various excellent opportunities to use.
One main advantage of biogas is the waste reduction potential. Biogas production by anaerobic digestion is popular for treating biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products.
Biogas burns more cleanly than coal, and emits less carbon dioxide per unit of energy. The carbon in biogas was recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants. Releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than burning fossil fuels.
Thus, biogas production kills two birds with one stone: it reduces waste and produces energy. In addition, the residues from the digestation process can be used as high quality fertilizer. This closes the nutrient cycle.
This document proposes a research project to implement a low-cost technology for biogas generation from kitchen wastes in Ethiopia. It notes that over 85% of Ethiopians rely on biomass like firewood for energy, causing deforestation, health issues from indoor air pollution, and burdening women's time. As alternatives, fuel-efficient stoves only delay problems, while biogas from wastes can provide renewable energy. The proposed project would develop plastic tank digesters using kitchen waste for biogas, addressing costs of existing programs. It aims to provide a sustainable and affordable energy source while supporting Ethiopia's initiatives and the university's social goals.
Effect of cow dung variety on biogas productionGajanan Bele
This document presents research on the effect of cow dung variety on biogas production. The researcher collected samples of cow dung from Jersey cows, Holstein Friesian cows, White Fulani cows, and Simmental cows to analyze which breed produces dung most suitable for biogas generation. Gas chromatography analysis found that dung from White Fulani cows produced biogas with the highest percentage of methane at 85.33% and highest calorific value at 197.157 Cal/m3, making it the most effective variety for biogas production. The researcher concludes that utilizing White Fulani cow dung in particular could help address Nigeria's energy needs in a sustainable way.
Evaluation, refinement and development of tractor operated sugarcane cutter p...Gajanan Bele
This document summarizes the evaluation of different sugarcane planter designs. It describes the specifications and performance testing of the Khalsa PE 630 and IISR Lucknow sugarcane cutter planter designs. Laboratory and field tests were conducted to analyze aspects like cutting force required, fertilizer application rates, field efficiency, and germination rates. The results found that the IISR design requires less force for cutting but sett length depends on operator feeding rate, while the Khalsa planter's sett length depends on roller diameter and rpm. Refinements were suggested for aspects like the fertilizer metering system, blade design, and ridger bodies.
Report of the Impact Assessment of the Indonesia Domestic Biogas ProgrammeFred Marree
This document presents the results of an impact assessment of Indonesia's Domestic Biogas Programme (BIRU) conducted in August 2016. The assessment aimed to determine the extent to which the biogas sector has developed beyond the BIRU programme and can be attributed to BIRU. Interviews were conducted with over 100 current and former biogas construction organizations, 187 masons/supervisors, and government officials. Additionally, 82 BIRU-model biodigesters constructed without BIRU involvement were inspected. The assessment found that a minimum of 6,060 additional BIRU-model digesters have been constructed since 2012 without BIRU support. It also found evidence that the Indonesian government is actively promoting bi
How Can CCU Provide a Net Benefit? - presentation by Peter Styring in the Emissions through the CCS Lifecycle session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
IRJET- Production and Analysis of Biogas from Municipal Solid WasteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the production and analysis of biogas from municipal solid waste. A biogas plant in Indore, India with a capacity of 20 tons per day was used to generate biogas from fruit and vegetable waste through anaerobic digestion. The plant produces approximately 2400 cubic meters of bio-CNG per day after purification. Various parameters like pH, temperature, and chemical oxygen demand were measured to understand their effects on methane formation. The pH of the inlet digester was maintained between 5-6 and the outlet between 6-7.66. The maximum biogas yield of 0.7527 cubic meters was obtained at a temperature of 35 degrees Celsius through anaerobic digestion.
The document discusses standards being developed for carbon accounting in buildings and construction. It notes that BSI, CEN, ISO, and other standards bodies are working on frameworks to measure embodied carbon in products and services as well as carbon emissions from buildings, materials, and systems throughout their lifecycle from production to use to disposal. The document raises questions about what exactly is being standardized, such as whether it is focusing only on carbon or broader environmental impacts, and whether the standards are for products, systems, or whole buildings.
An ecological assessment of food waste composting using a hybrid life cycle a...Ramy Salemdeeb
A conference paper published at the 8th Conference of the International Society for Industrial Ecology, At University of Surrey, Guildford, UK, At Surrey
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IETL is an ISO-certified company that provides biogas upgrading and bottling technologies. It has over 20 years of experience in renewable energy projects. IETL offers turnkey EPC services for biogas to power and biogas to bio-CNG projects. It has commissioned India's first large-scale waste to bio-CNG plant that upgrades 9 tons of biogas per day from distillery waste to over 95% methane bio-CNG, meeting CNG fuel standards. IETL utilizes its proprietary Bioskrubber system to remove over 99% of H2S from raw biogas in a cost-effective biochemical process.
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Overview of Bioenergy Scenarios in TIMES modellingIEA-ETSAP
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greenLIFE nella riunione Plenaria del dialogo sociale “Concia” alla Commissione europea
Lo scorso 23 novembre 2016 a Bruxelles, organizzata dalle parti sociali, il sindacato europeo industriAll e Cotance, Confederazione delle associazioni nazionali dei conciatori europei
Il progetto greenLIFE che vede coinvolte cinque aziende della filiera conciaria vicentina, Acque del Chiampo, Conceria Dani, Gruppo Mastrotto, Ikem, Ilsa, sarà presentato al meeting plenario del Comitato sul dialogo sociale, sezione concia ospitato dalla Commissione europea il prossimo 23 novembre a Bruxelles. La riunione segue l’adozione dello scorso dicembre 2015 di un manifesto redatto dalle parti sociali e dai rappresentanti industriali che sintetizza gli obiettivi per il futuro della concia europea, identificando le maggiori sfide. Tra queste la riduzione dell’impatto ambientale della filiera, la necessità di sviluppo in un’ottica di economia circolare e sancisce l’identità del settore come una industria del riciclo, la cui materia prima è di fatto un sottoprodotto dell’industria alimentare. Se dovessero continuare i trend di consumo e di crescita della popolazione - si legge nel manifesto - nel 2050 saranno necessarie le risorse di due pianeti e mezzo per soddisfarli. Lo sviluppo verso una economia circolare è quindi ineludibile e la sfida per il settore conciario riguarda principalmente la riduzione dell’uso di acqua e di prodotti chimici ad alto impatto, sottolineando la necessità di innovazione in questi ambiti. Ecco che il progetto greenLIFE si presenta ai rappresentanti europei come esempio di una fruttuosa collaborazione tra aziende e pubblico ( greenLIFE è stato finanziato per circa la metà del suo costo attraverso il programma LIFE dell’Unione Europea), che ha portato tra l’altro alla identificazione di sistemi di depilazione che potranno consentire un risparmio di acqua e di prodotti chimici fino al 20% , ma anche la valorizzazione di sottoprodotti in agricoltura e una diminuzione consistente di rifiuto solido. Relatori saranno Guido Zilli di Conceria Dani, coordinatore del progetto, e Paolo Gurisatti, presidente della Stazione sperimentale per l’industria delle pelli. Nuovi concianti naturali, provenienti da polisaccaridi derivanti da risorse rinnovabili, il monitoraggio dell’impatto ambientale dei diversi sistemi di calcinaio e concia, uno studio LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) per valutare l'impatto sulla depurazione delle acque in una prospettiva di ciclo di vita, sono altri risultati che sono stati illustrati alle parti sociali presenti a Bruxelles lo scorso 23 novembre.
"greenLIFE" Project in the plenary meeting of the Sectoral Social Dialogue C...Guido Zilli
Last 23 November in Bruxelles, greenLIFE has been presented during a plenary meeting of the Sectoral Social Dialogue Committee “Tanning & Leather”, organised by the Trade Union IndustriAll and Cotance, Confederation of National Associations of Tanners and Dressers of the European Community and hosted by the European Commission.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
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How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
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Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
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Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Nunit vs XUnit vs MSTest Differences Between These Unit Testing Frameworks.pdfflufftailshop
When it comes to unit testing in the .NET ecosystem, developers have a wide range of options available. Among the most popular choices are NUnit, XUnit, and MSTest. These unit testing frameworks provide essential tools and features to help ensure the quality and reliability of code. However, understanding the differences between these frameworks is crucial for selecting the most suitable one for your projects.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
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Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
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Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
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Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
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This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
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During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and Milvus
Upgas università barcellona
1. 25 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
1
UPGAS-LOWCO2
LIFE08/ENV/IT/000429
Environmental Assessment
2. 25 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
2
UAB TEAM
Dr. Xavier Gabarrell
Dr. Francisca Blanquez Cano
Dr. Gara Villalba Méndez
MSc. Katherine Starr
Katherine.starr@uab.cat
www.sostenipra.cat
3. 3
OBJECTIVE
Environmental assessment of the 2 proposed systems - at
an industrial scale
Perceived environmental benefit = actual environmental
benefit?
Innovative elements:
Removal and capture of CO2 from biogas. Negative contribution to
global CO2 balance.
Use of industrial waste streams
Improvement of the environmental quality of industrial wastes
once used
25 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
4. 4
FIRST STEPS IN ENV. ANALYSIS
Break down flows in and out of your
system
Studying those flows help you determine
impact of your system
25 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
5. 5
CO2 ALKALI ABSORPTION WITH REGENERATION: AWR
Mixer
Pump
Column
Pump
Alkaline solution
regenerator tank
Drying of loaded
APC
Water
purificatio
n plant Water
Chemic
al Plant
KOH
Municipal
Solid
Waste
Incinerator
Air
Pollution
Control
(APC)
Residues
Landfill
Municipa
l Waste
Landfill or
Anaerobic
digester
Injection into
natural gas grid
Heat
Exchanger
CO2
rich
biogas
Humid
CO2 lean
biometha
ne
Carbonated
APC
Gas,
leachate
Dry CO2
lean
biomethan
e
Regenerated
KOH solution
Methane
loss
Washing
of APC
Washing
Waste
water
Electricity
Alkaline with Regeneration
Process Process
Flow
Emissi
ons
Legend
25 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
6. 625 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
CO2 ADSORBTION WITH BOTTOM ASH: BABIU
MSWI BA
Weathering
Reactor
Nitrogen
gas
Municipal
Solid
Waste
Incinerator
(MSWI)
Municipal
waste
Landfill (or
anaerobic
digester)
Injection into
natural gas grid
Landfill
Loaded
bottom ash
Humid CO2
lean
biomethane
CO2
rich
biogas
Bottom
Ash (BA)
Weathered
Bottom
Ash
Unsuitable
Bottom
Ash
Gas,
leachat
e
Spent
N2
Heat
exchanger
Methane
loss
Dry CO2
lean
biomethaneChemica
l plant
Electricity
BABUI
process
Legend
Process
Flow
Emissio
ns
7. 725 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS METHODS
Life Cycle Assessment
Material Flow Analysis
Exergy Analysis
Total CO2 avoided emissions
Relevance to national scenario
Preliminary data
8. 825 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
Determine the impact on the environment along
various factors
Ecotoxicity, human toxicity, eutrophication, acidification,
global warming potential, etc.
Compare between elements
Parts in a system
Two or more systems
Focus on a unit of measure: 1 kWh energy
content in the upgraded gas
Software: GaBi 4.4
Database: Ecoinvent 2.2, and PE international
9. 925 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
BALANCEPLANPROCESSESFLOWS
INPUTS
Glass
Electricity
OUTPUTS
Bottle
Glass Wastes
BOTTLE
MANUFACTURE
INPUTS
PET
Diesel Oil
Aluminium
OUTPUTS
Stopper
Wastes of Al
STOPPER
MANUFACTURE
WATER FILLING
INPUTS
Water, Energy
OUTPUTS
Bottle filled
Defective bottles
Mass
Volume
Energy
Money
CML 2001
ADP
GWP
AP
EP
EDIP
Resources, fossil fuels
Ecosystem quality
Carcinogenic effects
EI99
Resources, fossil fuels
Ecosystem quality
Human Health
TRACI
Ecotoxicity
Global Warming Air
BOTTLEOFWATERLCA
10. 1025 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
PARAMETERS FOR LCA
Need to define parameters and boundaries of the study
Up-scaled to Industrial scale
Landfill gas
50% CH4, 50% CO2
AwR
Regeneration rate of solution: 70%
658 kg/hr of APC
6649 l/hr of water
BABIU
8333 kg/hr of Bottom ash
6.7 Nm3/hr of Nitrogen
Direct landfilling of carbonates
Reagents travel 50km to reach upgrading plant
Upgraded gas
Injected directly into the grid
11. 1125 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
•Various studies conducted using different system boundaries as well as different
functional units.
• Comparison of the proposed innovative processes to commercial upgrading
technologies :
• High pressure water scrubbing (HPWS)
• Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)
• Chemical scrubbing with amine (AS)
• Membrane separation (MS)
• Cryogenic separation (Cry)
• Organic physical scrubbing (OPS)
12. 1225 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
BIOGAS UPGRADING
Conventional processes for biogas upgrading: CO2 is removed
and vented to atmosphere
Focus on global warming
potential
High Pressure Water Scrubbing
Pressure Swing Adsorption
13. 1325 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
LCA on 8 technologies across 12 indicators - Comparison of impacts of upgrading technologies
Compared across all 12 CML
2001impact categories, BABIU
has the best performance in 8
categories and the second best in
3. Only in ozone layer depletion
(ODP) potential does BABIU have
the second highest impact, behind
AwR.
AwR had the highest impact in
11 categories. In global warming
potential (GWP) it has the second
lowest impact after BABIU. The
KOH that is needed for this
process is the main cause of the
high impact across all categories.
14. 1425 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
-100%
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Percentage
CML 2001 Categories
CO2 storage
Transport
Reagents
Electricity
Infrastructure
Disaggregated impacts of BABIU - main impact from transport and electricity.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
15. 1525 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Percentage
CML 2001 Categories
CO2 storage
Transport
Reagents
Electricity
Infrastructure
Disaggregated impacts of AwR - The production of KOH was the main reason for all of the impacts
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
16. 1625 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
Comparison of the global warming potential of using KOH and NaOH at varying regeneration rates in AwR
If the KOH is replaced
by NaOH its emissions
are reduced.
As well if the
regeneration rate of
this reagent is
increased from 70% its
emissions are reduced,
though it cannot reach
the same CO2 savings
as achieved through the
BABIU process.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
17. 1725 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
Comparison of global warming potential of distance of transport of bottom ash for BABIU and APC of AwR.
Transport distances between municipal
solid waste incinerators (MSWI) and the
upgrading plant are important. For this
functional unit, at a distance of 145 km
the impact of BABIU and AwR have
the same impact, and after that the
impact of BABIU is higher than that of
AwR, as it requires a large amount of
bottom ash to be transported. When the
distance between the MSWI and a
BABIU plant reaches around 1315 km
the impact from transport becomes
higher than any CO2 savings and the
process begins to have a negative
impact on the environment. For AwR,
this point is reach at a much further
distance of around 10475 km.
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
18. 1825 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
Exergy = energy that is useful for work
Can be used to determine efficiencies of systems
and points of improvement
Depends on amount of materials and electricity
needed and the production process of inputs
EXERGY ANALYSIS
19. 1925 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
Process Exergetic efficiency
BABIU 91%
AwR with KOH 81%
AwR with NaOH 83%
• Since BABIU uses less resources, it has a higher exergetic efficiency
than AwR
• Use of NaOH increased efficiency
•Effect of regeneration rate?
EXERGY ANALYSIS
20. 2025 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS
Quantification of the flows and stocks coming in
and out of a system
Black box approach
Only look at what goes in and out, not what goes on
inside
Flows of municipal solid waste
2008 and 2009
Spain, Italy and Austria
Flows of natural gas
21. 2125 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS
Able to calculate hypothetical amount of upgraded
biogas
Needs of the processes
Compare to natural gas
Assume all biogas is generated within the year
Gives a general idea to possibility and needs
Differences
Amount of waste collected
Landfill, Anaerobic digestor
Organic waste concentration
Biogas capture rate
Impurities in selective organic fraction
22. 2225 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS
Municipal solid waste flow – Spain 2008
23. 2325 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS
SPAIN 2008
MSWI BABIU AwR
Anaerobic
digester
624.036 37.651.670 185.476 182.570 1.648.882 185.857
Landfill 9.419.352 393.917.300 1.940.447 1.910.077 17.250.844 1.944.459
MSWI 1.890.000 984.007 378.000
1. AD– all
Organic
matter
9.283.654 1.067.620.203 5.259.207 5.176.815 46.754.354 5.269.998
2. MSWI –
all non
organic
matter
6.672.517 3.473.970 1.334.503
3. MSWI –
current +
landfill
waste
11.309.352 5.888.085 2.261.870
Scenarios
Waste
received
(T)
Estimated
biogas generated
(m3)
Estimated electricity production from
biomethane produced (MWh)
Actual Situtation in 2008
Possible
BA
production
(T)
BA from
MSWI
needed for
BABIU (T)
APC from
MSWI
needed for
AwR (T)
Possible Bottom Ash production and requirements
24. 2425 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS
AwR with NaOH BABIU
Country
Primary Energy
Consumption (%)
Imported
(%)
Produced
(%)
Primary Energy
Consumption (%)
Imported
(%)
Produced
(%)
Spain 0.75 0.36 1922 0.75 0.26 1926
Italy 0.92 0.61 8.94 0.92 0.61 8.96
Austria 0.33 0.16 1.66 0.33 0.16 1.66
Hypothetical amount of susbtituted natural gas in 2009 –
per country
25. 2525 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
AwR with NaOH BABIU
Country
Replacing
natural gas
(T CO2 eq)
Upgrading
process (T
CO2 eq)
CH4
diverted (T
CO2 eq)
Total (T CO2
eq)
Replacing
natural gas
(T CO2 eq)
Upgrading
process (T
CO2 eq)
CH4
diverted (T
CO2 eq)
Total (T CO2
eq)
Spain 837,000 194,000 2,700,000 3,731,000 839,000 284,000 2,710,000 3,833,000
Italy 2,094,000 600,000 8,360,000 11,054,000 2,098,000 877,000 8,380,000 11,355,000
Austria 84,000 27,000 376,000 487,000 84,000 40,000 376,000 500,000
•If better separation between unsorted and selective collection of OM
•Can increase savings by 300,000 - 10,000,000 T of CO2 eq.
•If landfill gas collection increases to 100%
•Can increase savings by 16,000,000 - 25,000,000 T of CO2 eq.
MATERIAL FLOW ANALYSIS
Hypothetical 2009 CO2 savings – per country
26. 2625 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
CONCLUSIONS
•Both show large CO2 savings, especially compared to conventional
•BABIU
•Has lowest impact than all conventional processes
•Due to large amount of MSWI BA, transport can have large impact if
far away
•More exergetic efficiency than AwR
•Needs higher amount of industrial waste
•Currently not possible to meet all needs
• AwR
•Production of KOH causes high impact
•Change of base to NaOH and improving regeneration rate = lower
impact
•Using NaOH rather than KOH = higher exergetic efficiency
•Needs less industrial waste than BABIU
•Impact of transport distance is less pronounced
•Needs can be more easily met
27. 2725 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
DISSEMINATION
Papers:
Starr K., Gabarrell X., Villalba G., Talens L., Lombardi L., Life cycle assessment of biogas upgrading technologies. Waste
Management 2012. In press.
Conference:
Biogas Upgrading: Global Warming Potential of Conventional and Innovative Technologies, K. Starr, X. Gabarrell, G. Villalba, L.
Talens., L.Lombardi. ECOS 2012 - International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental
Impact of Energy Systems 26-29 June 2012 Perugia, Italy.
Potential reduction of CO2 emissions in Spain through the application of carbon capture technologies in anaerobic digestion units,
K. Starr, X. Gabarrell, G. Villalba, L. Talens. Ecotech and Tools Conference 30 November – 2 December 2011 Montpellier,
France.
CO2 balance of biogas up-grading technologies, K. Starr, X. Gabarrell Durany, G. Villalba Mendez, L. Talens Peiró, L.
Lombardi. Sardinia 2011 Thirteenth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium 3 - 7 October 2011 S. Margherita di
Pula (Cagliari), Sardinia, Italy
28. 2825 Maggio 2012 – TERRAFUTURA- Firenze - Italy
Processi innovativi per l’upgrading del biogas – Innovative processes for biogas upgrading
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