Solution to AERMOD/PRIME PM10 Overpredictions for Extremely Short, Long and W...Sergio A. Guerra
The current formulation in AERMOD/PRIME is prone to downwash overestimations as documented by Petersen et al. Some of these overpredictions can be minimized by conducting a wind tunnel study to refine the building inputs used in AERMOD/PRIME for critical stacks and wind directions. Most of the wind tunnel studies conducted to date involve taller building structures of at least 20 meters in height. However, a recent wind tunnel study was conducted for the Basic American Foods, Blackfoot, Idaho facility, which has extremely short buildings (7 to 12 meters in height) with very long and wide footprints and many exhaust stacks which are less than 25 meters above ground
The wind tunnel study confirmed that AERMOD was vastly overstating downwash effects for certain critical wind directions. In some cases, AERMOD-predicted concentrations were almost four times higher without the wind tunnel refinements. This study indicates that the previously identified tendency of AERMOD to overpredict downwash using the traditional BPIP-derived building inputs also applies to sites with shorter buildings. Because shorter buildings with shorter stacks are common in many sources subject to the minor New Source Review program (such as most food and beverage and manufacturing facilities), AERMOD’s overpredictions may be causing significantly higher predicted concentrations for many industrial sources.
This paper describes the wind tunnel study performed for this site, presents the benefits obtained from these building input refinements, and reviews comments received on the project from regulatory agencies.
Future carbon capture R&D efforts need to focus on cost reductions in three main areas: materials, processes and equipment. In this webinar Ron Munson, the Institute’s Principal Manager – Capture, gave an overview of the current directions in carbon capture R&D, including development of higher performance solvents, sorbents and membranes; process improvements and intensification; equipment development; and novel equipment designs.
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas - presentation by Enzo Mangano in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Use of Wind Tunnel Refinements in the Dispersion Modeling Analysis of the Ala...Sergio A. Guerra
The proposed Alaska LNG GTP project includes the construction of a natural gas treatment plant on the Alaska North Slope. The Gas Treatment Plant (GTP) is proposed to be located on the west coast of Prudhoe Bay and would treat natural gas produced on the North Slope.
Initial dispersion modeling of the Alaska LNG Gas Treatment Plant (GTP) found results inconsistent with local and regional measurements when evaluating compliance with the 1-hour NO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) due in part to two adjacent nearby sources. These existing sources include the Central Gas Facility (CGF) and Central Compression Plant (CCP) located immediately east of the GTP. The prevailing winds at the site are east-northeast and west-southwest which align with the arrangement of the facilities.
The building downwash inputs generated by the Building Profile Input Program for PRIME (BPIPPRM) were evaluated for the CGF and CCP facilities. This analysis confirmed that the building dimension inputs for numerous wind directions were outside of the tested theory used to develop the building downwash algorithms in AERMOD. Previous studies2,8,11,12,13 suggest that AERMOD predictions are biased to overstate downwash effects for certain building input ratios.
Wind tunnel determined equivalent building dimensions (EBD) were conducted for the most critical stacks and wind directions to refine AERMOD-derived predicted concentrations. The current paper covers the EBD method used to refine the building inputs for the CGF and CCP facilities. The regulatory process and benefits from this physical modeling method is also discussed.
Using Physical Modeling to Refine Downwash Inputs to AERMOD at a Food Process...Sergio A. Guerra
Demonstrating compliance with air quality standards using dispersion modeling is increasingly difficulty because of significant tightening National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that has occurred in the last decade. Compliance with these standards is usually demonstrated using AERMOD, EPA’s standard model for assessing air quality impacts from industrial sources. However, AERMOD often produces higher predictions of air quality impacts due to the inherent conservative (high) assumptions and simplifications in its formulation. A specific situation involves the calculations used to assess the impacts of air flow downwash around buildings. Although the theory used to estimate these effects was developed for a limited set of building types, these formulae are applied indiscriminately to all types of buildings in a conservative fashion, often leading to significant overpredictions of downwash effects.
This presentation covers the basics of wind tunnel modeling and how it can be used to correct downwash induced overpredictions to achieve compliance. The presentation will also describe the setup and execution of wind tunnel modeling at a food processing facility to develop improved downwash parameters and increase the accuracy of dispersion modeling results.
Complying with EPA's Guidance for SO2 DesignationsSergio A. Guerra
EPA is under a Court order to complete the remaining SO2 designations for the rest of the country in three additional rounds. On March 20, 2015 the EPA released an updated guidance for 1-hr SO2 area designations. The two options included are compliance through dispersion modeling or ambient monitoring. Of these two options, dispersion modeling is the fastest and most cost effective one to characterize SO2 air quality. However, this compliance demonstration can be challenging given that AERMOD tends to produce overly conservative concentration estimates. Source characterization techniques and probabilistic techniques may be used to achieve compliance with the 1-hour NAAQS. Three advanced methods discussed: 1) Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD); 2) Emission Variability Processor (EMVAP); 3) 50th Percentile Background Concentrations.
Solution to AERMOD/PRIME PM10 Overpredictions for Extremely Short, Long and W...Sergio A. Guerra
The current formulation in AERMOD/PRIME is prone to downwash overestimations as documented by Petersen et al. Some of these overpredictions can be minimized by conducting a wind tunnel study to refine the building inputs used in AERMOD/PRIME for critical stacks and wind directions. Most of the wind tunnel studies conducted to date involve taller building structures of at least 20 meters in height. However, a recent wind tunnel study was conducted for the Basic American Foods, Blackfoot, Idaho facility, which has extremely short buildings (7 to 12 meters in height) with very long and wide footprints and many exhaust stacks which are less than 25 meters above ground
The wind tunnel study confirmed that AERMOD was vastly overstating downwash effects for certain critical wind directions. In some cases, AERMOD-predicted concentrations were almost four times higher without the wind tunnel refinements. This study indicates that the previously identified tendency of AERMOD to overpredict downwash using the traditional BPIP-derived building inputs also applies to sites with shorter buildings. Because shorter buildings with shorter stacks are common in many sources subject to the minor New Source Review program (such as most food and beverage and manufacturing facilities), AERMOD’s overpredictions may be causing significantly higher predicted concentrations for many industrial sources.
This paper describes the wind tunnel study performed for this site, presents the benefits obtained from these building input refinements, and reviews comments received on the project from regulatory agencies.
Future carbon capture R&D efforts need to focus on cost reductions in three main areas: materials, processes and equipment. In this webinar Ron Munson, the Institute’s Principal Manager – Capture, gave an overview of the current directions in carbon capture R&D, including development of higher performance solvents, sorbents and membranes; process improvements and intensification; equipment development; and novel equipment designs.
Adsorption Materials and Processes for Carbon Capture from Gas-Fired Power Plants – AMPGas - presentation by Enzo Mangano in the Natural Gas CCS session at the UKCCSRC Cardiff Biannual Meeting, 10-11 September 2014
Use of Wind Tunnel Refinements in the Dispersion Modeling Analysis of the Ala...Sergio A. Guerra
The proposed Alaska LNG GTP project includes the construction of a natural gas treatment plant on the Alaska North Slope. The Gas Treatment Plant (GTP) is proposed to be located on the west coast of Prudhoe Bay and would treat natural gas produced on the North Slope.
Initial dispersion modeling of the Alaska LNG Gas Treatment Plant (GTP) found results inconsistent with local and regional measurements when evaluating compliance with the 1-hour NO2 National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) due in part to two adjacent nearby sources. These existing sources include the Central Gas Facility (CGF) and Central Compression Plant (CCP) located immediately east of the GTP. The prevailing winds at the site are east-northeast and west-southwest which align with the arrangement of the facilities.
The building downwash inputs generated by the Building Profile Input Program for PRIME (BPIPPRM) were evaluated for the CGF and CCP facilities. This analysis confirmed that the building dimension inputs for numerous wind directions were outside of the tested theory used to develop the building downwash algorithms in AERMOD. Previous studies2,8,11,12,13 suggest that AERMOD predictions are biased to overstate downwash effects for certain building input ratios.
Wind tunnel determined equivalent building dimensions (EBD) were conducted for the most critical stacks and wind directions to refine AERMOD-derived predicted concentrations. The current paper covers the EBD method used to refine the building inputs for the CGF and CCP facilities. The regulatory process and benefits from this physical modeling method is also discussed.
Using Physical Modeling to Refine Downwash Inputs to AERMOD at a Food Process...Sergio A. Guerra
Demonstrating compliance with air quality standards using dispersion modeling is increasingly difficulty because of significant tightening National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) that has occurred in the last decade. Compliance with these standards is usually demonstrated using AERMOD, EPA’s standard model for assessing air quality impacts from industrial sources. However, AERMOD often produces higher predictions of air quality impacts due to the inherent conservative (high) assumptions and simplifications in its formulation. A specific situation involves the calculations used to assess the impacts of air flow downwash around buildings. Although the theory used to estimate these effects was developed for a limited set of building types, these formulae are applied indiscriminately to all types of buildings in a conservative fashion, often leading to significant overpredictions of downwash effects.
This presentation covers the basics of wind tunnel modeling and how it can be used to correct downwash induced overpredictions to achieve compliance. The presentation will also describe the setup and execution of wind tunnel modeling at a food processing facility to develop improved downwash parameters and increase the accuracy of dispersion modeling results.
Complying with EPA's Guidance for SO2 DesignationsSergio A. Guerra
EPA is under a Court order to complete the remaining SO2 designations for the rest of the country in three additional rounds. On March 20, 2015 the EPA released an updated guidance for 1-hr SO2 area designations. The two options included are compliance through dispersion modeling or ambient monitoring. Of these two options, dispersion modeling is the fastest and most cost effective one to characterize SO2 air quality. However, this compliance demonstration can be challenging given that AERMOD tends to produce overly conservative concentration estimates. Source characterization techniques and probabilistic techniques may be used to achieve compliance with the 1-hour NAAQS. Three advanced methods discussed: 1) Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD); 2) Emission Variability Processor (EMVAP); 3) 50th Percentile Background Concentrations.
A renewed interest and scrutiny of downwash shortcomings has fueled a parallel, yet complementary effort, led by industry and EPA. Industrial groups funded the update to the Plume Rise Model Enhancements (PRIME) formulation in AERMOD based on new equations derived from wind tunnel measurements. Concurrently, EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) conducted research that led to new enhancements to the downwash formulation.2 The new PRIME equations (PRIME2), along with EPA-ORD’s building downwash improvements, have been included as alpha options in an upcoming new EPA version of AERMOD.
As part of the renewed interest in building downwash, the PRIME2 subcommittee under the A&WMA APM committee was formed to: (1) establish a mechanism to review, approve and implement new science into the model for this and future improvements; and (2) provide a technical review forum to improve the PRIME building downwash algorithms. Collaboration and cooperation from EPA’s ORD and OAQPS have been on-going during this research project. These efforts included a downwash summit at EPA’s RTP facilities on February 16, 2018 where representatives of the PRIME2 committee and research funders met with EPA’s ORD and OAQPS staff to discuss the newly developed building downwash improvements. During that meeting it was decided that these enhancements would be included as new alpha options in AERMOD. The intent is that these experimental options will be tested by the user community to create enough justification to transition them to a beta status (approved on a case-by-case basis) and eventually to default options in AERMOD. An evaluation of some of these new downwash options is presented.
The Global CCS Institute and USEA co-hosted a briefing on the importance of R&D in advancing energy technologies on June 29 2017. This is the presentation given by Tim Merkel, Director, Research and Development Group at Membrane Technology & Research (MTR)
Probabilistic & Source Characterization Techniques in AERMOD ComplianceSergio A. Guerra
The short term NAAQS are more stringent and traditional techniques are not suitable anymore. The probabilistic nature of these standards also opens the door to modeling techniques based on probability. Source characterization studies can also be used to refine AERMOD’s inputs to be more accurate and achieve reductions of more than half. This presentation will cover these compliance methods.
Currently, it is assumed that a given emission unit is in operation at its maximum capacity every hour of the year. However, assuming constant maximum emissions is overly conservative for facilities such as power plants that are not in operation all the time at full load. A better approach is the use of the Monte Carlo technique to account for emission variability. Another conservative assumption in NAAQS modeling relates to combining predicted concentrations from AERMOD with maximum or design concentrations from the monitor. A more reasonable approach is to combine the 50th percentile background concentration with AERMOD values.
The inputs to AERMOD can be obtained by more accurate source characterization studies. Such is the case of building dimensions commonly calculated with BPIP. These dimensions tend to overstate the wake effects and produce significantly higher concentrations especially for lattice structures, elongated buildings, and streamlined structures. An Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD) study can be used to inform AERMOD with more accurate downwash characteristics.
PRIME2: Consequence Analysis and Model EvaluationSergio A. Guerra
This presentation will cover a preliminary consequence analysis and field evaluation related to the updates to the Plume Rise Model Enhancements updates (PRIME2). Additional research needs uncovered through this research project will also be discussed.
Emission Regulations and Reductions Technology in Western Canada's Oil and Ga...Process Ecology Inc
A presentation on current types of emission regulations, air quality management systems, and global commitments and factors in Canada. Oil and Gas: How big is the problem and what can we do about it?
This presentation covers process safety considerations and when a dynamic simulation is required. We also provide a modelling approach and a case study on Coker Bottoms Steam Generator, which includes information on device selection and device sizing.
Benzene Emissions - Staying in Compliance as Regulations ChangeProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation provides an overview of dehydration and refrigeration and lists regulations with current and upcoming changes. We also cover optimization of dehydration and refrigeration facilities and outline different technologies for benzene and GHG reduction.
This presentation contains an overview of tracking plant performance, with its application in two case studies, including gas compression train monitoring (Aspen) and production facility surveillance system (HYSYS).
Presentation given by Paul Fennell of Imperial College London on "The Integration of Power Generation, Cement Manufacture, Biomass Utilisation and Calcium Looping." at the Alternative CCS Pathways Workshop, Oxford Martin School, 27 June 2014
A renewed interest and scrutiny of downwash shortcomings has fueled a parallel, yet complementary effort, led by industry and EPA. Industrial groups funded the update to the Plume Rise Model Enhancements (PRIME) formulation in AERMOD based on new equations derived from wind tunnel measurements. Concurrently, EPA’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) conducted research that led to new enhancements to the downwash formulation.2 The new PRIME equations (PRIME2), along with EPA-ORD’s building downwash improvements, have been included as alpha options in an upcoming new EPA version of AERMOD.
As part of the renewed interest in building downwash, the PRIME2 subcommittee under the A&WMA APM committee was formed to: (1) establish a mechanism to review, approve and implement new science into the model for this and future improvements; and (2) provide a technical review forum to improve the PRIME building downwash algorithms. Collaboration and cooperation from EPA’s ORD and OAQPS have been on-going during this research project. These efforts included a downwash summit at EPA’s RTP facilities on February 16, 2018 where representatives of the PRIME2 committee and research funders met with EPA’s ORD and OAQPS staff to discuss the newly developed building downwash improvements. During that meeting it was decided that these enhancements would be included as new alpha options in AERMOD. The intent is that these experimental options will be tested by the user community to create enough justification to transition them to a beta status (approved on a case-by-case basis) and eventually to default options in AERMOD. An evaluation of some of these new downwash options is presented.
The Global CCS Institute and USEA co-hosted a briefing on the importance of R&D in advancing energy technologies on June 29 2017. This is the presentation given by Tim Merkel, Director, Research and Development Group at Membrane Technology & Research (MTR)
Probabilistic & Source Characterization Techniques in AERMOD ComplianceSergio A. Guerra
The short term NAAQS are more stringent and traditional techniques are not suitable anymore. The probabilistic nature of these standards also opens the door to modeling techniques based on probability. Source characterization studies can also be used to refine AERMOD’s inputs to be more accurate and achieve reductions of more than half. This presentation will cover these compliance methods.
Currently, it is assumed that a given emission unit is in operation at its maximum capacity every hour of the year. However, assuming constant maximum emissions is overly conservative for facilities such as power plants that are not in operation all the time at full load. A better approach is the use of the Monte Carlo technique to account for emission variability. Another conservative assumption in NAAQS modeling relates to combining predicted concentrations from AERMOD with maximum or design concentrations from the monitor. A more reasonable approach is to combine the 50th percentile background concentration with AERMOD values.
The inputs to AERMOD can be obtained by more accurate source characterization studies. Such is the case of building dimensions commonly calculated with BPIP. These dimensions tend to overstate the wake effects and produce significantly higher concentrations especially for lattice structures, elongated buildings, and streamlined structures. An Equivalent Building Dimensions (EBD) study can be used to inform AERMOD with more accurate downwash characteristics.
PRIME2: Consequence Analysis and Model EvaluationSergio A. Guerra
This presentation will cover a preliminary consequence analysis and field evaluation related to the updates to the Plume Rise Model Enhancements updates (PRIME2). Additional research needs uncovered through this research project will also be discussed.
Emission Regulations and Reductions Technology in Western Canada's Oil and Ga...Process Ecology Inc
A presentation on current types of emission regulations, air quality management systems, and global commitments and factors in Canada. Oil and Gas: How big is the problem and what can we do about it?
This presentation covers process safety considerations and when a dynamic simulation is required. We also provide a modelling approach and a case study on Coker Bottoms Steam Generator, which includes information on device selection and device sizing.
Benzene Emissions - Staying in Compliance as Regulations ChangeProcess Ecology Inc
This presentation provides an overview of dehydration and refrigeration and lists regulations with current and upcoming changes. We also cover optimization of dehydration and refrigeration facilities and outline different technologies for benzene and GHG reduction.
This presentation contains an overview of tracking plant performance, with its application in two case studies, including gas compression train monitoring (Aspen) and production facility surveillance system (HYSYS).
Presentation given by Paul Fennell of Imperial College London on "The Integration of Power Generation, Cement Manufacture, Biomass Utilisation and Calcium Looping." at the Alternative CCS Pathways Workshop, Oxford Martin School, 27 June 2014
Professor Shen Pingping - Research and Practices on CO2 Capture and Storage f...
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Vladimir Vaysman from WorleyParsons gave a Global CCS Institute webinar on 12 March 2013 to present a generic methodology developed to provide independent verification of the impact on a coal–fired power station of installing and operating a post-combustion capture plant.
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The methodology offers a sound approach to provide performance data and protect technology vendor IP while also providing confidence to the wider CCS community to evaluate a project.
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Prototype Development of an Integrated Mars Atmosphere and Soil Processing Sy...Michael Interbartolo
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Webinar: 'Applying carbon capture and storage to a Chinese steel plant.' Feas...Global CCS Institute
The Global CCS Institute has recently published a feasibility study report on applying carbon capture and storage (CCS) to a steel plant in China. Toshiba was commissioned to conduct the study in collaboration with Chinese corporations.
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The Complexities of New Source Review Air Permitting by Dan Dix.
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SECARB Plant Barry CCS Project: Sharing Knowledge & Learning - Presentation by Gerald Hill for UKCCSRC seminar, 19 September 2014, Edinburgh
1. Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration
Partnership
“SECARB PLANT BARRY CCS PROJECT:
Sharing Knowledge & Learning”
CCS Seminar
UKCCSRC
University of Edinburgh
19 September 2014
Gerald R. Hill, Ph.D.
Senior Technical Advisor
Southern States Energy Board
2. Acknowledgements
This material is based upon work supported by the U.S.
Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory.
Cost share and research support provided by SECARB/SSEB
Carbon Management Partners.
Anthropogenic Test CO2 Capture Unit funded separately by
Southern Company and partners.
2
3. Presentation Outline
Overview of U.S. CCS/CCUS Projects
SECARB Integrated Anthropogenic
Test
– Plant Barry Capture Unit
– Dedicated CO2 Pipeline
– Characterization of the Injection Site
– Injection & Monitoring Systems
– Project Risk Assessment
– Public Outreach and Education
Responding to New Realities
3
4. National Carbon Capture Center
• Flexible testing facility where new processes can be
tested on both coal derived syngas and flue gas at
various scales.
• A technology development facilitator by providing
facilities for scale-up from bench-top to
engineering-scale.
• Include a wide variety of participants and partners.
Develop “best-in-class” technology.
• Deliver innovation via a collaborative project
portfolio that provides an accelerated pathway to
cost-effective CO2 capture technology.
5. Major CCS Demonstration Projects Project Locations & Cost Share
CCPI
ICCS Area 1
FutureGen 2.0
Southern Company
Kemper County IGCC Project
Transport Gasifier w/ Carbon Capture
~$2.01B – Total, $270M – -DOE
EOR – ~3.0 MM TPY 2014 start
NRG
W.A. Parish Generating Station
Post Combustion CO2 Capture
$775 M – Total
$167M – DOE
EOR – ~1.4 MM TPY 2016 start
Summit TX Clean Energy
Commercial Demo of Advanced
IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture
~$1.7B – Total, $450M – DOE
EOR – ~2.2 MMTPY 2017 start
HECA
Commercial Demo of Advanced
IGCC w/ Full Carbon Capture
~$4B – Total, $408M – DOE
EOR – ~2.6 MM TPY 2019 start
Leucadia Energy
CO2 Capture from Methanol Plant
EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields
$436M - Total, $261M – DOE
EOR – ~4.5 MM TPY 2017 start
Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.
CO2 Capture from Steam Methane Reformers
EOR in Eastern TX Oilfields
$431M – Total, $284M – DOE
EOR – ~0.93 MM TPY 2012 start
FutureGen 2.0
Large-scale Testing of Oxy-Combustion w/ CO2 Capture and Sequestration in Saline Formation
Project: ~$1.78B – Total; ~$1.05B – DOE
SALINE – 1 MM TPY 2017 start
Archer Daniels Midland
CO2 Capture from Ethanol Plant
CO2 Stored in Saline Reservoir
$208M – Total, $141M – DOE
SALINE – ~0.9 MM TPY 2015 start
6. Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Development Phase CO2 Injection Volumes
Injection volumes updated as of September 2014
Midwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership
Michigan Basin Project
244,000 metric tons
Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium
Illinois Basin Decatur Project
926,000 metric tons
Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership
Citronelle Project
112,786 metric tons
Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership
Cranfield Project
5,023,325 metric tons
Southwest Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnership
Farnsworth Unit – Ochiltree Project
113,663 metric tons
Plains CO2 Reduction Partnership
Bell Creek Field Project
997,392 metric tons
Big Sky Carbon Sequestration Partnership
Kevin Dome Project
Injection 2015
7. SECARB Integrated Anthropogenic Test
Carbon capture from Plant Barry
(equivalent to 25MW of
electricity).
12 mile CO2 pipeline constructed
by Denbury Resources.
CO2 injection into ~9.400 ft. deep
saline formation (Paluxy) above
Citronelle Field
Monitoring of CO2 storage during
injection and 3years post-injection.
7
8. Business Integration Questions
• Demonstrating integration of CO2 capture from a coal-fired
power plant with transport and injection into a deep saline
formation is pioneering for a CCS project.
• Key business integration questions:
• What business relationships must be established?
• How can CO2 transportation and injection impact the capture
unit?
• How can plant shutdown impact CO2 transportation and
injection?
• What types of communications and control systems are
needed?
8
9. CO2
absorption
Solvent
Regeneration
Compression
Solvent
Management
Gas Conditioning
Plant Barry Capture Unit: 25MW, 500 TPD
9
10.
11. CO2 Capture Plant Performance
Items Results*
Total Operation Time hrs 11,200
Total Amount of Captured CO2 metric tons 211,860
Total Amount of Injected CO2 metric tons 100,600
CO2 Capture Rate metric tons per day > 500
CO2 Removal Efficiency % > 90
CO2 Stream Purity % 99.9+
Steam Consumption ton-steam/ton-CO2 0.98
• Gas In for CO2 Capture Plant: June, 2011
• Commissioning of CO2 Compressor: August, 2011
• Commissioning of CO2 Pipeline: March, 2012
• CO2 Injection: August, 2012
*As of 6/18/2014
12. Significant Technology Advancement
Item Main Results
Baseline mass and
heat balance
Verified that steam consumption was lower than expected under the design
condition (CO2 removal efficiency: 90%, CO2 capture rate: 500MTPD) (2011)
Emissions and
waste streams
monitoring
Successfully demonstrated amine emission reduction technologies under the
various SO3 concentration conditions – more than 90% reduction (2013)
Parametric test for
all process systems
Demonstrated several improved technologies for cost reduction (e.g. MHI
proprietary spray distributor) (2013)
Performance
optimization
Achieved 0.95 ton-steam/ton-CO2 by optimizing steam consumption. (2011)
Dynamic response
test for load
following
Carried out continuous control testing to optimize the operation condition with
self-developed dynamic simulator (2013)
Long term test to
validate equipment
reliability and life
Achieved 100,000 metric ton CO2 injection without operational issues (2013)
High impurities
loading test
Verified that amine emissions increased with higher SO3 loading (2011)
Verified removal of solvent impurities by reclaiming operation (2012, 2013)
13. Amine Emission Evaluation
More than 90%
Reduction
Fig. Relationship between SO3 conc. and solvent emission
High SO3 in the gas
Low SO3 in the gas
Fig. Absorber top
• Amine emissions increased significantly with a small amount of SO3 increase
• Proprietary amine emission reduction system decreased emissions down to less than
1/10 of the conventional system
14. Improved Technology for Cost Reduction
Fig. Trough Type Distributer
Fig. Spray Type Distributer
(MHI Proprietary)
• MHI developed a proprietary spray type distributor to reduce the weight
of tower internals
• Same performance of trough type with approximately 50% cost reduction
15. Technology Advancement Continues
•Built-in Reboiler
–Plan to evaluate a new built-in reboiler design to replace the shell and tube reboiler in solvent regeneration
•High Efficiency System (HES)
–Integration of waste heat recovery technology into the 25MW CCS demonstration plant
•CO2 Injection & Monitoring
–Additional 50,000 Mtons
16. Dedicated CO2 Pipeline: Plant Barry to Citronelle Field
Avoiding
Gopher Tortoise
habitat on
pipeline route
Images Courtesy Southern Company
16
17. SECARB Anthropogenic Test SP101013
17
•Applicable regulatory standard: US Depart of Transportation, 49 CFR Part 195 —Transportation of Hazardous Liquids by Pipeline
•4-inch (10 cm) pipe diameter carbon steel pipe
•Normal operating pressure: 1,500 psig (10.3 MPa) maximum
•Buried average of 5 ft (1.5 m) with surface re-vegetation and erosion control
CO2 Pipeline and Measurement Design
Handling pipe for horizontal directional drill
17
18. CO2 Pipeline Overview
18
Typical Pipeline/Injection
Operations
• 1,448 psi and 900F at the
transfer station
• Rate: 9.64MMcfd (~480
tonnes/day) at 1,314 psi
(wellhead) 630F.
Typical CO2 Purity
Component %
N2 0.011
O2 0.010
CO2 99.979
19. Characterization of the Injection Site
Characterization Well D9-8 #2 at Citronelle Field - Drilled (Dec. 2010/Jan. 2011)
19
20. Geologic Storage Commercialization Value Chain
Applied Research
Core RD and Laboratory Projects
Storage Validation
Small/Large-Scale Injection Projects
Pre-Commercial Verification
Demonstration (ICCS, CCPI, FutureGen)
Commercial Deployment
Commercial Scale Testing
Regional Carbon
Sequestration Partnerships
Initiative
Advancing CCS through an Integrated Value Chain from Research to Commercial Deployment
21. Selecting a Good Storage Formation
21
• Proven four-way closure at
Citronelle Dome
• Injection site located within
Citronelle oilfield where existing
well logs are available
• Deep injection interval (Paluxy
Form. at 9,400 feet)
• Numerous confining units
• Base of USDWs ~1,400 feet
• Existing wells cemented through
primary confining unit
• No evidence of faulting or fracturing
(2D)
22. SECARB Anthropogenic Test SP101013
22
Extrapolated Continuity of Upper Paluxy Sandstones
At Citronelle Southeast Unit
Northwest - Southeast
23. SECARB Citronelle: MVA Sample Locations
23
• One (1) Injector (D-9-7 #2)
• Two (2) deep Observation
wells (D-9-8 #2 & D-9-9 #2)
• Two (2) in-zone Monitoring
wells (D-4-13 & D-4-14)
• One (1) PNC logging well (D-
9-11)
• Twelve (12) soil flux monitoring
stations
24. SECARB Anthropogenic Test SP101013
24
Whole Core Analyses & Confining Unit Characterization
CoreAnalysis
D 9-7 #2
D 9-8 #2
D 9-9#2
Spectral Gamma Ray
X
X
X
Routine Porosity, Permeability, Grain Density
X
X
X
Vertical and Orthogonal Permeability
X
X
X
Relative Permeability
X
X-ray Diffraction Mineralogy
X
X
X
Fluid Sensitivity – Permeability vs. Throughput
X
Thin-Section Petrography
X
X
X
Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure
X
Total Organic Carbon
X
X
Source Rock Analysis
X
X
Shale Rock Properties
X
X
Methane Adsorption Isotherm
X
X
25. Geology Summary for Simulation
25
Injecting into Paluxy @ 9,400 feet
>260 net feet of “clean” sand
Average porosity of 19%
(ranges from 14% to 24%)
Average permeability of 300 md
(ranges from 30md to 1,000
md)
26. SECARB Phase III Anthropogenic Test Risk Workshop
Trondheim, June 10-13 2013
Project Risk Assessment Matrix: DNV KEMA Approach
CONSEQUENCE
LIKELIHOOD
A: Remote B: Unlikely C: Possible D: Probable A: Certain
Health and safety (HS)
And
Environmental protection (E)
Cost Reputation
Schedule to
start-up of
operations
Very unlikely
(P<0.05) to
occur during
life of project
Unlikely to
occur during
life of project
50/50
chance of
occurring
during life of
project
Likely to
occur during
life of project
Very likely
(P>0.95) to
occur during
life of project
CONSEQUENCE SEVERITY
E: Persistent
Severe
HS: On site & off site
exposures/injuries.
E: Persistent severe damage,
Extensive remediation required.
Environment restored > 5 years.
More
than $10
million
National or
International
media attention.
Regulators shut
down operations.
More than 12
months
M M H H H
D: Severe
HS: On site injuries/exposures leading
to absence from work more than 5 days
or long term negative health effects.
E: Severe environmental damage.
Remediation measures required.
Environment restored < 5 years
$1 to
$10
million
Regional media
attention.
Regulatory or
legal action taken
6-12 months L M M H H
C: Moderate
HS: Lost time event/on site injury
leading to absence from work up to 5
days, or affecting daily life activities
more than five days. E: Damage
managed by Company response teams,
env. restored < 2 years.
$100 to
$1000 k
Local media
attention.
Regulatory or
legal action likely
3-6 months L L M M H
B: Minor
HS: Minor injury or health effect -
affecting work performance, such as
restricting work activities, or affecting
daily life activities for up to 5 days.
E: Damage, but no lasting effect.
$10 to
$100 k
Public awareness
may exist, but
there is no public
concern
1-3 months L L L M M
A: Slight
HS: Slight injury or health effect - not
affecting work performance or daily life
activities.
E: Damage contained within premises.
Less
than $10
k
On-site
communications
Less than 1
month
L L L L M
26
27. SECARB Citronelle: Top ranked risks
Initially June 2011 the top ranked risks related to:
– Permitting – 30, 31
– Injectivity and containment – 8, 9, 10, 11
– Modelling and monitoring – 14, 32
– Reliable operations – 1, 23, 24, 38,
– Pipeline and wells – 3, 21, 34
In January 2012, Class V permit had been granted and drilling of monitoring wells and
pipeline construction had been completed. Top ranked remaining risks related to:
– Authorization to inject – 31
– Containment – 8, 9, 10 (low likelihood, but high consequence)
– Reliability of operations – 23, 38
– Pipeline or casing leak – 21, 29
In May 2013 project had been operating for 9 months. Top remaining risks related to
– Possible loss of containment – 8, 9, 10
– Reliability of operations – 23, 41
– Post-injection MVA / Authorization for closure – 52
27
28. Public Outreach and Education
Public Outreach Plan using DOE Best Practices Model
Active Community Engagement, Open House
Meetings and Tours
Communicating Project Status
Local, Regional, International Outreach
Annual SECARB Stakeholders’ Briefing
Dedicated Website
Knowledge Sharing
Facebook Page: facebook.com/SECARB
Twitter Feeds: @SECARB1
28
29. FOSSIL.ENERGY.GOV
Pending carbon legislation
Oil @ $50 - $60 per barrel
High natural gas prices
High cost of CO2 capture
No carbon legislation pending
Oil @ $80-$100 per barrel
Low cost natural gas from shale
CO2 capture costs must be driven to business case economics
Then
Now
CCUS is a business-driven path to promote CO2 capture and storage
30. Carbon pollution rule for new power plants, sets separate
CO2 emissions standards for coal and gas units and
provides incentives for plant developers to install carbon
capture and storage technology
The proposal establishes four different emissions limits for
power plants depending on the type of unit:
– Coal-fired units – 1,100 lbs CO2/MWh over a 12-month
operating period;
– Coal-fired units that choose to average their emissions
over a seven-year period – 1,000 to 1,050 lbs CO2/MWh
over that 84-month operating period;
– Gas-fired turbines larger than 850 mmBtu/hr – 1,000 lbs
CO2/MWH; and
– Gas-fired turbines smaller than 850 mmBtu/hr – 1,100
lbts/MWh
30
EPA Unveils New Plant CO2 Rule (2013)
31. EPA Unveils Existing Plant CO2 Rule (2014)
31
U.S. EPA proposes four Building Blocks for
existing plants:
1. Reducing the carbon intensity at individual
EGUs through heat rate improvements.
2. Reducing CO2 emissions by substituting less
carbon-intensive generation (including NGCC
units under construction).
3. Reducing CO2 emissions by substituting low-or
zero-carbon generation.
4. Reducing CO2 emissions by use of demand-side
energy management.
32. August 6, 2012
JAF2012_081.PPT
Midwest/Ohio Valley Regional Attributes and CO2 Utilization Opportunities
32
LaBarge
Gas Plant
Val Verde
Gas Plants
Enid Fertilizer Plant
Jackson
Dome
McElmo Dome
Sheep Mountain
Bravo Dome
13
3
17
70
6
Dakota Coal
Gasification
Plant
Antrim Gas
Plant
2
1
4
Currently, 119 CO2-EOR projects provide 352,000 B/D.
New CO2 pipelines - - the 320 mile Green Pipeline and the 226 mile Encore Pipeline - - are expanding CO2-EOR to new oil fields and basins.
The single largest constraint to increased use of CO2-EOR is the lack of available, affordable CO2 supplies.
2
Source: Advanced Resources International, Inc., based on Oil and Gas Journal, 2012 and other sources.
Number of CO2-EOR Projects
Natural CO2 Source
Industrial CO2 Source
Existing CO2 Pipeline
CO2 Pipeline Under Development
119
Encore Pipeline
Denbury/Green Pipeline
U.S. CO2-EOR Activity
Lost Cabin Gas Plant
1
33. Next Generation CO2 Oil Recovery
33
0
5
10
15
20
25
Billion Tons of CO2
CO2 Requirements
Natural
Anthropogenic
20 Billion Tons of CO2 Yields 67 Billion Barrels of Additional Oil
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
CO2 Oil Recovery Billion BBL
CO2 Oil Recovery
Billion Barrels Oil
Context - Total Proven US Oil Reserves @ 2010 = 30.9 Billion BBL
BP Annual Statistical Review - 2011
36. CCUS 2nd Generation Technologies
(per DOE Testimony in Congress, 2 Feb 2014)
DOE is supporting research to advance various
integrated power and capture technologies that may
achieve substantial cost reductions
Second generation technologies and so-called
transformational technologies, will result in lower costs
for CCS implemented on coal power plants
Second generation capture technologies must move
from the laboratory to pilot testing (<50MW) and actual
demonstration (>100MW) by the mid-2020s
3
37. CCUS 2nd Generation Technologies
(Request for Information, 2 Sep 2014)
DOE RFI “Testing Advanced Post-Combustion Carbon
Dioxide Capture Technologies at a Large Pilot Scale”
DOE anticipates the need for large pilot-scale post-combustion
carbon capture projects that must be
completed by 2020
DOE goal of having technologies ready for
commercial-scale demonstration by 2020, i.e.,
sufficiently developed and scaled-up by 2020 to enable
inclusion in the design of a first-of-kind demonstration
plant.
3
38. 2nd Generation CCUS Technologies
(CO2 Offshore Utilization & Storage Options)
2011: “Continued Evaluation of Potential for Geologic
Storage of Carbon Dioxide in the Southeastern United
States” SSEB with Offshore evaluation by UT BEG
2011: Formation of the OCS Governors Coalition, currently
including North Carolina (chair), Alaska, Texas, Louisiana,
Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina and Virginia.
2012: “Preliminary Evaluation of Offshore Transport,
Utilization and Geologic Storage of Carbon Dioxide: North
Carolina and South Carolina Waters” SSEB & University of
North Carolina - Charlotte
3
39. TX: federal offshore (BEG)
LA & MS: state and federal offshore (BEG)
AL & FL Panhandle: state and federal offshore (GSA)
Legal & Regulatory Analysis (IOGCC with team participation) Outreach & Education (SSEB & IOGCC) Project Management (SSEB)
40. Southeast Regional Carbon Sequestration
Partnership
QUESTIONS?
CCS Seminar
UKCCSRC
University of Edinburgh
19 September 2014
Gerald R. Hill, Ph.D.
Senior Technical Advisor
Southern States Energy Board