The US has the largest economy in the world. How did it get there? It is a history of booms and busts; science and technology; and heroes and scoundrels.
The Cold War at Home document discusses the fear of Communist influence that pervaded American society during the Cold War era. It summarizes that the Loyalty Review Board investigated over 3 million federal employees from 1947-1951 for loyalty to the U.S., dismissing 212. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) subpoenaed many in Hollywood for suspected Communist propaganda. This led to a Hollywood blacklist of around 500 people. Senator Joseph McCarthy falsely accused many Americans of Communist ties without evidence, fueling widespread fears in a period known as McCarthyism.
During the Cold War, fear of communism spreading to the United States led to a period known as the Red Scare. President Truman and Congress took actions to investigate and crack down on suspected communist activities and influences within the country. This included the House Un-American Activities Committee holding hearings to investigate areas of society for communist ties. Figures like Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were prosecuted for communist espionage. Senator Joseph McCarthy further exacerbated tensions by aggressively accusing many Americans of being communist sympathizers without proof, in what became known as McCarthyism. His actions were eventually discredited through televised hearings, helping to ease the Red Scare period in the United States.
To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the 1930s in the American South. It was a time of economic hardship during the Great Depression when many people were unemployed. It was also a period of legalized racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans through Jim Crow laws. The novel addresses themes of racism and injustice that were prevalent at the time through the trial of a black man falsely accused of a crime.
Railroads were first developed in Great Britain and introduced to the United States during the Industrial Revolution. They provided a fast way to transport people and goods across long distances, helping drive economic growth but also negatively impacted Native Americans by destroying buffalo populations, seizing land, and exposing workers to harsh racial views.
The Red Scare refers to two periods of intense anti-communist sentiment in the United States in the 20th century. During World War I and again in the late 1940s through 1950s, there was widespread fear of communist infiltration of the US government. This led to investigations and persecution of suspected communists, such as Ethel and Julius Rosenberg who were executed for espionage, and Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist spy. The government implemented loyalty programs and acts restricting immigration to crack down on communist threats during the Cold War era.
As Cold War tensions rose, the United States experienced a period known as the Red Scare where there was widespread fear that communists were infiltrating American society. This led President Truman and the House of Representatives to take aggressive actions to investigate and crack down on suspected communist activities and influences within the government, education system, media, and other institutions. Figures like Joseph McCarthy exploited these fears by falsely accusing Americans of being communist sympathizers, destroying careers and civil liberties through tactics known as McCarthyism until his downfall.
Senator Joseph McCarthy led a witch hunt in the 1950s accusing many Americans of being communists. He targeted government workers like John Service and Hollywood figures. McCarthy's accusations grew unreasonable over time as he attacked even the U.S. Army without proof. Public opinion turned against McCarthy and the Senate condemned his actions, marking the end of the McCarthy era.
This document provides an overview of culture and society in the 1980s. It begins with an introduction stating that the decade brought many changes to music, slang, fashion, movies and more. It then covers various topics from the decade in sections, including politics/economy, science, technology, film and others. Each section provides several brief descriptions and facts about the significant people, events and developments that defined that aspect of 1980s culture.
The Cold War at Home document discusses the fear of Communist influence that pervaded American society during the Cold War era. It summarizes that the Loyalty Review Board investigated over 3 million federal employees from 1947-1951 for loyalty to the U.S., dismissing 212. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) subpoenaed many in Hollywood for suspected Communist propaganda. This led to a Hollywood blacklist of around 500 people. Senator Joseph McCarthy falsely accused many Americans of Communist ties without evidence, fueling widespread fears in a period known as McCarthyism.
During the Cold War, fear of communism spreading to the United States led to a period known as the Red Scare. President Truman and Congress took actions to investigate and crack down on suspected communist activities and influences within the country. This included the House Un-American Activities Committee holding hearings to investigate areas of society for communist ties. Figures like Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were prosecuted for communist espionage. Senator Joseph McCarthy further exacerbated tensions by aggressively accusing many Americans of being communist sympathizers without proof, in what became known as McCarthyism. His actions were eventually discredited through televised hearings, helping to ease the Red Scare period in the United States.
To Kill a Mockingbird takes place in the 1930s in the American South. It was a time of economic hardship during the Great Depression when many people were unemployed. It was also a period of legalized racial segregation and discrimination against African Americans through Jim Crow laws. The novel addresses themes of racism and injustice that were prevalent at the time through the trial of a black man falsely accused of a crime.
Railroads were first developed in Great Britain and introduced to the United States during the Industrial Revolution. They provided a fast way to transport people and goods across long distances, helping drive economic growth but also negatively impacted Native Americans by destroying buffalo populations, seizing land, and exposing workers to harsh racial views.
The Red Scare refers to two periods of intense anti-communist sentiment in the United States in the 20th century. During World War I and again in the late 1940s through 1950s, there was widespread fear of communist infiltration of the US government. This led to investigations and persecution of suspected communists, such as Ethel and Julius Rosenberg who were executed for espionage, and Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist spy. The government implemented loyalty programs and acts restricting immigration to crack down on communist threats during the Cold War era.
As Cold War tensions rose, the United States experienced a period known as the Red Scare where there was widespread fear that communists were infiltrating American society. This led President Truman and the House of Representatives to take aggressive actions to investigate and crack down on suspected communist activities and influences within the government, education system, media, and other institutions. Figures like Joseph McCarthy exploited these fears by falsely accusing Americans of being communist sympathizers, destroying careers and civil liberties through tactics known as McCarthyism until his downfall.
Senator Joseph McCarthy led a witch hunt in the 1950s accusing many Americans of being communists. He targeted government workers like John Service and Hollywood figures. McCarthy's accusations grew unreasonable over time as he attacked even the U.S. Army without proof. Public opinion turned against McCarthy and the Senate condemned his actions, marking the end of the McCarthy era.
This document provides an overview of culture and society in the 1980s. It begins with an introduction stating that the decade brought many changes to music, slang, fashion, movies and more. It then covers various topics from the decade in sections, including politics/economy, science, technology, film and others. Each section provides several brief descriptions and facts about the significant people, events and developments that defined that aspect of 1980s culture.
This document discusses several key events in the early Cold War period relating to the containment policy. It summarizes that the US provided economic aid to Greece and Turkey under the Truman Doctrine in 1947, representing the first application of containment to prevent the spread of communism in those countries. It also discusses the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the Berlin Airlift from 1948 to 1949, in which the US flew supplies into West Berlin after the USSR cut off access by other means. Finally, it notes China becoming communist under Mao Zedong in 1949 and the initial US involvement supporting France in Vietnam starting in 1950 under the Truman Doctrine.
The Manhattan Project was a top secret US research project during World War II that developed the first atomic bombs. It culminated in the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 with a uranium bomb that killed an estimated 140,000 people, and the bombing of Nagasaki on August 9 with a more powerful plutonium bomb that killed around 70,000. The bombings succeeded in forcing Japan's unconditional surrender and ended the war in the Pacific. However, some argue that conventional bombing may have achieved the same result without using nuclear weapons.
This museum exhibit documents the rise and fall of McCarthyism in the United States during the Cold War era. It begins with contextualizing information on the Atomic Era and start of the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union. It then covers Joseph McCarthy's rise to power as a Senator from Wisconsin and his communist investigations that led to the persecution of thousands of Americans. Key events explained include the Army-McCarthy hearings, which were televised and turned public opinion against McCarthy, ultimately leading to the decline and end of the McCarthyist era.
The document discusses the Second Red Scare that occurred in the United States from 1947 to 1957. During this period, hysteria grew over the perceived threat of communism as tensions increased between the US and Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War. This led the US government to investigate people for signs of communist sympathies, including federal employees and those in the film industry. Notable figures like Senator Joseph McCarthy made unsubstantiated accusations of communist influence. The climate of fear surrounding communism began to ease by the late 1950s.
McCarthy gained power in the United States during the Red Scare period by claiming that communists had infiltrated the government, pointing to events like the Soviet Union acquiring nuclear weapons, China becoming communist, and spy trials involving people like Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs as evidence. He argued these events showed the need to root out communist influence in the U.S. government.
The document discusses the top five scientific advances of the 20th century as presented in a time capsule. #1 is the atomic bomb, developed during World War 2 to end the war. #2 is the discovery of DNA structure in 1953, which revealed how genetics works. #3 is radio, which allowed widespread communication and entertainment. #4 is airplanes, which revolutionized transportation. #5 is computers, which gradually became faster and more capable throughout the century. The order was chosen based on the impacts of the advances.
The document discusses various aspects of life in the 1950s including the Cold War, nuclear weapons, the Space Race, television, music trends, fashion, cuisine, youth culture, sexuality, architecture, science/medicine, and transportation. The Cold War dominated global politics as the US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers following WWII. Nuclear weapons became a daily reality and the Space Race heated up as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite. Rock and roll music rose to popularity in the latter half of the decade. Technology was influencing areas like food, fashion, and entertainment.
The document provides an overview of several key events, people, and developments in the United States during the 1920s. It covers political scandals like the Teapot Dome Scandal, fears over communism and immigration, cultural changes brought by Prohibition and the flappers, economic boom periods and busts, and influential figures like Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. The 1920s was a transformative decade for the US as it transitioned from World War I and experienced major social, political, economic and technological changes.
The document summarizes key events that helped trigger the Second Red Scare in the mid-20th century in the United States, including the Soviet Union developing atomic weapons in 1949, the rise of Communist control in China, laws targeting Communist organizations and sympathizers in the US, high-profile spy cases involving the Soviets, President Truman's investigations of government employees for loyalty, Senator Joseph McCarthy's baseless accusations of Communist infiltration and his rise of McCarthyism, the House Un-American Activities Committee investigations of Hollywood, and McCarthy's eventual decline in popularity from 1954 after attacking the US Army.
This document summarizes the key events and origins of McCarthyism during the Second Red Scare period in the United States from the late 1940s to 1950s. It provides definitions for some of the central tactics and accusations of McCarthyism such as equating dissent with disloyalty and guilt by association. Some notable events highlighted include the Amerasia Affair, the creation of loyalty programs under the Truman administration, the accusations against Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs, the Army-McCarthy hearings which resulted in McCarthy being censured, and the broader impacts on civil liberties and political dissent during this period.
This document lists many significant events from the 1970s including the completion of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt, the break up of the Beatles, the introduction of floppy disks and VCRs, the Watergate scandal, Roe v. Wade legalizing abortion in the US, the launch of Skylab, the US pulling out of Vietnam, Nixon's resignation as president, the Cambodian genocide, Microsoft being founded, the first Ebola outbreaks, North and South Vietnam joining to form Vietnam, Elvis being found dead, the airing of Roots, the Jonestown massacre, Iran taking American hostages, Margaret Thatcher becoming the first female British prime minister, and the introduction
The document lists famous people from history including US presidents George Washington and John F. Kennedy, composers Beethoven and Mozart, scientist Albert Einstein, artists Picasso and Van Gogh, inventor Guglielmo Marconi who invented the radio, explorer Christopher Columbus who discovered America, writer Agatha Christie, philosopher Socrates, and film actor Charlie Chaplin. It provides brief details about their accomplishments.
During the McCarthy Era of the 1950s in America, Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited fears about communism for political gain. He claimed to have a list of government employees who were communists and launched accusations with little evidence. McCarthyism led to widespread paranoia where Americans were denounced as communist sympathizers. It influenced society through restrictions on education, censorship of media, and promotion of pro-American ideals. McCarthy's accusations eventually lost credibility and he was censured after televised hearings showed his bullying behavior, marking the end of the McCarthy Era.
The document summarizes the Hollywood Blacklist period in the 1940s-1950s when the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated Hollywood for alleged communist influence. It describes how 10 people who refused to cooperate with HUAC's questioning became known as the Hollywood Ten and were imprisoned and blacklisted. It then provides biographies of several of the Hollywood Ten, including their careers and how they were impacted by being blacklisted.
The document discusses Edward R. Murrow's decline in the late 1950s and early 1960s which included the loss of his Alcoa sponsorship, the cancellation of his show "See It Now", and the production of "Harvest of Shame". It also discusses his famous 1958 speech to the Radio Television News Directors Association where he warned about television being used just for profits. Murrow then took a sabbatical before being appointed by JFK to the United States Information Agency, and he later died of lung cancer in 1965.
This document highlights several influential African American pioneers including Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Madam C.J. Walker, and Malcolm X, and suggests that these pioneers would have welcomed the election of President Barack Obama as the newest pioneer.
The document outlines major events and movements in the fight for civil rights in the United States from the 18th century to the late 20th century. It discusses the 3/5ths Compromise, Dred Scott decision, Jim Crow laws and disenfranchisement. It then covers key legal cases like Brown v. Board of Education and political figures and events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. and the passing of the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act in the 1960s amid widespread protests and violence.
This document provides background information on African American history and culture, as well as profiles of influential African Americans including Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Condoleezza Rice, and Barack Obama. It discusses how African Americans were historically enslaved and lacked rights, the civil rights movement that fought for equality, and Obama being the first African American president, showing how far the community has progressed over time.
The 1980s saw significant changes in British society, youth culture, politics, technology, and language. The rich got richer while the poor got poorer under Margaret Thatcher's government. Youth embraced new music genres like hip hop, break dancing, and warehouse raves. Politically, Thatcher dominated but was criticized for policies like raising the poll tax. Technological advances like home computers, email, and camcorders entered popular use. The financial sector boomed, introducing new words around markets, investing, and economics. Overall, the decade brought many innovations and new vocabulary that reflected social and cultural shifts.
End of course flashcard list (full version)mrsstrong-clay
This document provides 130 terms related to United States history that students should make flashcards for and study, to be quizzed on weekly from January to the end of the semester. The terms cover a range of topics in American history from the Industrial Revolution to recent decades, and include important people, events, policies, court cases, and more.
During the late 19th century, urbanization increased rapidly as many Americans moved to cities. The urban population grew from 10 million in 1870 to over 30 million by 1900, with most new urban residents being immigrants. Many immigrants lived in crowded and unsanitary tenement housing in ethnic enclaves and worked long hours for low pay in the growing industrial economy. At the same time, large corporations like Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil dominated their industries, leading to concerns over monopolies and wealth inequality. Workers organized unions to fight for better conditions, while African Americans faced increasing racial segregation and violence in the South under Jim Crow laws after the Supreme Court's "separate but equal" ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.
This document discusses several key events in the early Cold War period relating to the containment policy. It summarizes that the US provided economic aid to Greece and Turkey under the Truman Doctrine in 1947, representing the first application of containment to prevent the spread of communism in those countries. It also discusses the establishment of Israel in 1948 and the Berlin Airlift from 1948 to 1949, in which the US flew supplies into West Berlin after the USSR cut off access by other means. Finally, it notes China becoming communist under Mao Zedong in 1949 and the initial US involvement supporting France in Vietnam starting in 1950 under the Truman Doctrine.
The Manhattan Project was a top secret US research project during World War II that developed the first atomic bombs. It culminated in the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 with a uranium bomb that killed an estimated 140,000 people, and the bombing of Nagasaki on August 9 with a more powerful plutonium bomb that killed around 70,000. The bombings succeeded in forcing Japan's unconditional surrender and ended the war in the Pacific. However, some argue that conventional bombing may have achieved the same result without using nuclear weapons.
This museum exhibit documents the rise and fall of McCarthyism in the United States during the Cold War era. It begins with contextualizing information on the Atomic Era and start of the Cold War between the US and Soviet Union. It then covers Joseph McCarthy's rise to power as a Senator from Wisconsin and his communist investigations that led to the persecution of thousands of Americans. Key events explained include the Army-McCarthy hearings, which were televised and turned public opinion against McCarthy, ultimately leading to the decline and end of the McCarthyist era.
The document discusses the Second Red Scare that occurred in the United States from 1947 to 1957. During this period, hysteria grew over the perceived threat of communism as tensions increased between the US and Soviet Union in the early stages of the Cold War. This led the US government to investigate people for signs of communist sympathies, including federal employees and those in the film industry. Notable figures like Senator Joseph McCarthy made unsubstantiated accusations of communist influence. The climate of fear surrounding communism began to ease by the late 1950s.
McCarthy gained power in the United States during the Red Scare period by claiming that communists had infiltrated the government, pointing to events like the Soviet Union acquiring nuclear weapons, China becoming communist, and spy trials involving people like Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs as evidence. He argued these events showed the need to root out communist influence in the U.S. government.
The document discusses the top five scientific advances of the 20th century as presented in a time capsule. #1 is the atomic bomb, developed during World War 2 to end the war. #2 is the discovery of DNA structure in 1953, which revealed how genetics works. #3 is radio, which allowed widespread communication and entertainment. #4 is airplanes, which revolutionized transportation. #5 is computers, which gradually became faster and more capable throughout the century. The order was chosen based on the impacts of the advances.
The document discusses various aspects of life in the 1950s including the Cold War, nuclear weapons, the Space Race, television, music trends, fashion, cuisine, youth culture, sexuality, architecture, science/medicine, and transportation. The Cold War dominated global politics as the US and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers following WWII. Nuclear weapons became a daily reality and the Space Race heated up as the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first artificial satellite. Rock and roll music rose to popularity in the latter half of the decade. Technology was influencing areas like food, fashion, and entertainment.
The document provides an overview of several key events, people, and developments in the United States during the 1920s. It covers political scandals like the Teapot Dome Scandal, fears over communism and immigration, cultural changes brought by Prohibition and the flappers, economic boom periods and busts, and influential figures like Henry Ford, Charles Lindbergh, and F. Scott Fitzgerald. The 1920s was a transformative decade for the US as it transitioned from World War I and experienced major social, political, economic and technological changes.
The document summarizes key events that helped trigger the Second Red Scare in the mid-20th century in the United States, including the Soviet Union developing atomic weapons in 1949, the rise of Communist control in China, laws targeting Communist organizations and sympathizers in the US, high-profile spy cases involving the Soviets, President Truman's investigations of government employees for loyalty, Senator Joseph McCarthy's baseless accusations of Communist infiltration and his rise of McCarthyism, the House Un-American Activities Committee investigations of Hollywood, and McCarthy's eventual decline in popularity from 1954 after attacking the US Army.
This document summarizes the key events and origins of McCarthyism during the Second Red Scare period in the United States from the late 1940s to 1950s. It provides definitions for some of the central tactics and accusations of McCarthyism such as equating dissent with disloyalty and guilt by association. Some notable events highlighted include the Amerasia Affair, the creation of loyalty programs under the Truman administration, the accusations against Alger Hiss and the Rosenbergs, the Army-McCarthy hearings which resulted in McCarthy being censured, and the broader impacts on civil liberties and political dissent during this period.
This document lists many significant events from the 1970s including the completion of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt, the break up of the Beatles, the introduction of floppy disks and VCRs, the Watergate scandal, Roe v. Wade legalizing abortion in the US, the launch of Skylab, the US pulling out of Vietnam, Nixon's resignation as president, the Cambodian genocide, Microsoft being founded, the first Ebola outbreaks, North and South Vietnam joining to form Vietnam, Elvis being found dead, the airing of Roots, the Jonestown massacre, Iran taking American hostages, Margaret Thatcher becoming the first female British prime minister, and the introduction
The document lists famous people from history including US presidents George Washington and John F. Kennedy, composers Beethoven and Mozart, scientist Albert Einstein, artists Picasso and Van Gogh, inventor Guglielmo Marconi who invented the radio, explorer Christopher Columbus who discovered America, writer Agatha Christie, philosopher Socrates, and film actor Charlie Chaplin. It provides brief details about their accomplishments.
During the McCarthy Era of the 1950s in America, Senator Joseph McCarthy exploited fears about communism for political gain. He claimed to have a list of government employees who were communists and launched accusations with little evidence. McCarthyism led to widespread paranoia where Americans were denounced as communist sympathizers. It influenced society through restrictions on education, censorship of media, and promotion of pro-American ideals. McCarthy's accusations eventually lost credibility and he was censured after televised hearings showed his bullying behavior, marking the end of the McCarthy Era.
The document summarizes the Hollywood Blacklist period in the 1940s-1950s when the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigated Hollywood for alleged communist influence. It describes how 10 people who refused to cooperate with HUAC's questioning became known as the Hollywood Ten and were imprisoned and blacklisted. It then provides biographies of several of the Hollywood Ten, including their careers and how they were impacted by being blacklisted.
The document discusses Edward R. Murrow's decline in the late 1950s and early 1960s which included the loss of his Alcoa sponsorship, the cancellation of his show "See It Now", and the production of "Harvest of Shame". It also discusses his famous 1958 speech to the Radio Television News Directors Association where he warned about television being used just for profits. Murrow then took a sabbatical before being appointed by JFK to the United States Information Agency, and he later died of lung cancer in 1965.
This document highlights several influential African American pioneers including Rosa Parks, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Harriet Tubman, Frederick Douglass, Madam C.J. Walker, and Malcolm X, and suggests that these pioneers would have welcomed the election of President Barack Obama as the newest pioneer.
The document outlines major events and movements in the fight for civil rights in the United States from the 18th century to the late 20th century. It discusses the 3/5ths Compromise, Dred Scott decision, Jim Crow laws and disenfranchisement. It then covers key legal cases like Brown v. Board of Education and political figures and events like the Montgomery Bus Boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr. and the passing of the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act in the 1960s amid widespread protests and violence.
This document provides background information on African American history and culture, as well as profiles of influential African Americans including Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Condoleezza Rice, and Barack Obama. It discusses how African Americans were historically enslaved and lacked rights, the civil rights movement that fought for equality, and Obama being the first African American president, showing how far the community has progressed over time.
The 1980s saw significant changes in British society, youth culture, politics, technology, and language. The rich got richer while the poor got poorer under Margaret Thatcher's government. Youth embraced new music genres like hip hop, break dancing, and warehouse raves. Politically, Thatcher dominated but was criticized for policies like raising the poll tax. Technological advances like home computers, email, and camcorders entered popular use. The financial sector boomed, introducing new words around markets, investing, and economics. Overall, the decade brought many innovations and new vocabulary that reflected social and cultural shifts.
End of course flashcard list (full version)mrsstrong-clay
This document provides 130 terms related to United States history that students should make flashcards for and study, to be quizzed on weekly from January to the end of the semester. The terms cover a range of topics in American history from the Industrial Revolution to recent decades, and include important people, events, policies, court cases, and more.
During the late 19th century, urbanization increased rapidly as many Americans moved to cities. The urban population grew from 10 million in 1870 to over 30 million by 1900, with most new urban residents being immigrants. Many immigrants lived in crowded and unsanitary tenement housing in ethnic enclaves and worked long hours for low pay in the growing industrial economy. At the same time, large corporations like Carnegie Steel and Standard Oil dominated their industries, leading to concerns over monopolies and wealth inequality. Workers organized unions to fight for better conditions, while African Americans faced increasing racial segregation and violence in the South under Jim Crow laws after the Supreme Court's "separate but equal" ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.
The document provides an overview of the Industrial Revolution and its impacts. It discusses how the Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread across Europe and the United States, aided by government policies. It also examines the social impacts of industrialization, including rapid urban growth, new social classes like the industrial middle class and working class, and the emergence of socialism as an ideology. The document notes both the benefits and costs of capitalism that arose from the Industrial Revolution.
World War I began in 1914 and the United States entered in 1917 in response to German submarine warfare and an intercepted telegram proposing a German-Mexican alliance against America. The war was fought largely in trenches and led to massive casualties before ending in 1918. The Treaty of Versailles imposed harsh terms on Germany, sowing discontent. In the 1920s, the U.S. experienced economic boom but the stock market crash of 1929 plunged the country into the Great Depression. Franklin Roosevelt responded with his New Deal programs to provide relief, recovery, and reform through new agencies and public works.
What is history of Economic Thought
Why study History of Economic Thought
Three General Beliefs in the study of History of Economic Thought
History of Economic Thought Vs Economic Thought
Period /Timeline of History of Economic Thought
Attempt to put economics on a more mathematical footing
Marshall's graphical representation is the famous supply and demand graph
At the margin, the satisfaction of more goods and services decreases.
An example of the theory of diminishing returns is that for every orange one eats, the less pleasure one gets from the last orange (until one stops eating).
This document provides an outline of the history of economic thought from Adam Smith and the classical political economists in the 18th century to contemporary thinkers. It summarizes the key ideas and works of influential economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, John Maynard Keynes, Milton Friedman, Amartya Sen, and Thomas Piketty and the schools of thought they represented, including classical economics, marginalism, Keynesian economics, monetarism, and debates around inequality. The document traces the evolution of economic ideas and chronicles how economic theory has developed in response to historical conditions and events.
SIAULIU "ROMUVOS" GIMNAZIJAPPt on History EN / Lithuanian to become an appCharo Cuart
This document provides information on several important historical figures and their contributions in science and technology from the 18th-19th centuries. Some of the key people and developments mentioned include: Dmitri Mendeleev creating the periodic table in 1869; Albert Einstein publishing the theory of relativity in 1905; James Maxwell creating a magnetic field theory; Joseph Thomson discovering the electron; Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovering X-rays; Gregor Mendel discovering genetics; Charles Darwin developing the theory of evolution; Thomas Edison inventing the light bulb; the Wright brothers achieving the first powered flight; and the industrial revolution beginning in Western Europe and later spreading globally.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and immigration. Millions moved from rural areas to cities, and many immigrants from Europe also arrived in urban centers. By 1900, over 30 million people lived in US cities. New York, Chicago, and other major cities saw their populations boom, becoming hubs of industry and home to large immigrant communities. However, this period also brought problems of urban poverty, disease, high crime rates, and the rise of political machines to help immigrants navigate city life. At the same time, the new urban middle class began to enjoy increased leisure activities and the rise of mass consumption and popular culture.
The Scientific Revolution occurred between 1543-1650 and saw developments in fields like astronomy and physics. The Scientific Method using empirical proofs in experiments also emerged during this time, sometimes conflicting with Church doctrine. Famous scientists like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton made important discoveries, with Newton creating the laws of gravitation and calculus. The Enlightenment era that followed emphasized natural law, scientific progress, deism and civic freedoms, laying the foundations for modern political and economic systems. Key thinkers during this period included Locke, Voltaire and Montesquieu. The French and American Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals of natural rights and separation of powers.
From 1900 to 1909, there were major technological advances like the automobile. Henry Ford revolutionized automobile production. Significant events included the Boxer Rebellion, Wright brothers' first flight, Einstein's theory of relativity, and Panama gaining independence from Colombia. Important figures were Theodore Roosevelt, who became president after McKinley's assassination, and Booker T. Washington, who advocated industrial education for African Americans. Puccini's opera Tosca premiered in 1900. L. Frank Baum also published The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.
This document provides an overview of the origins of the Cold War between the United States and Soviet Union following World War II. It discusses the wartime alliance between the US, Britain, and Soviet Union which was pragmatic but lacked trust. At conferences like Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam, the Allied leaders were unable to resolve disagreements over the post-war structure of Europe. As the Soviets exerted control over Eastern Europe, tensions rose further and the Cold War began, marked by the Iron Curtain speech in 1946 and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO.
During the late 19th century, the United States underwent rapid urbanization and industrialization. Millions of immigrants, particularly from Europe, flocked to major cities, transforming the nation from a rural to an urban one. New York, Chicago, and other cities saw their populations boom, becoming hubs of industry and immigrant communities. However, urban living also brought problems like poverty, disease, high crime rates, and the rise of political machines that provided services in exchange for votes. At the same time, new forms of mass entertainment and culture emerged to meet the needs of urban immigrant populations and the growing middle class.
This document provides an overview of the key topics and standards for a US History course, covering major events and developments from the Civil War era through the 1920s. It includes summaries of industrialization and its effects after the Civil War, patterns of immigration, Gilded Age politics and society, technological innovations of the late 19th century, American imperialism, and social and political reforms in the early 20th century. The document is intended to guide a teacher in addressing the essential information students need to understand major themes and developments in US history during this time period.
After World War II, the United States and Soviet Union emerged as global superpowers with opposing economic and political ideologies, leading to increased tensions known as the Cold War. As the Cold War escalated, the US fought communist forces in the Korean War and a period of intense anti-communist sentiment grew domestically. Additionally, the development of nuclear weapons heightened fears and the arms race between the US and Soviet Union, posing new challenges for President Eisenhower in confronting communism abroad through brinkmanship and covert operations during the Cold War era.
The document discusses several intellectual and social theories in the 19th century that helped enable and justify European imperialism, including social Darwinism, nationalism, and anti-Semitism. Key figures discussed include Karl Marx, Charles Darwin, and their influences on political and economic thought during this period. The rise of new imperialism in the late 19th century is examined, driven by economic, military, and ideological factors. Responses to imperialism, such as resistance movements, are also mentioned.
Chapter 5 - Industrialization and the Gilded Age.pptxAngelaPhillips49
The document summarizes technological innovations and industrialization in the United States following the Civil War. Key developments included the Bessemer process which increased steel production, new inventions like the telephone and typewriter, and the rise of oil and electricity as energy sources. The growth of railroads connected regions and markets. Entrepreneurs like Rockefeller and Carnegie established large corporations and amassed wealth, though workers faced long hours, low pay, and unsafe conditions, leading some to organize unions. Overall industrialization transformed the US economy through technological advances and new business models.
The document provides background information on the economic and social conditions in the United States during the 1920s that ultimately led to the Great Depression. It discusses how postwar economic adjustments, nativism, the Red Scare, labor unrest, and the Sacco and Vanzetti trial created social tensions. It also describes the economic boom of the 1920s fueled by the rise of the automobile industry, mass production, consumer credit, and the stock market. However, it notes the prosperity of the 1920s was built on unstable economic foundations, as farmers struggled, income inequality grew, and many Americans took on too much debt, setting the stage for the economic collapse of the Great Depression.
The document provides brief summaries of important people, events, places, and concepts from history and world civilizations. Topics covered include African salt trade, Al-Qaeda, alliances preceding World War I, Archimedes, the Armenian genocide, Thomas Aquinas, arms races, the Atlantic slave trade, the atomic bomb, Aztec civilization, the Balkans in World War I, the Black Death, William Blackstone, Simon Bolivar, Bolsheviks, Napoleon Bonaparte, Robert Boyle, Buddhism, the Byzantine Empire, John Calvin, Christianity, Winston Churchill, the Cold War, the Columbian Exchange, the Commercial Revolution, Confucianism, Nicolas Copernicus, the Crusades, Marie Curie, Darfur, the
The Roaring 20s, Great Depression and New Dealleighlee218
The document provides an overview of life in the United States during the 1920s period of prosperity and the Great Depression of the 1930s. It describes the economic boom and consumerism of the 1920s, known as the Jazz Age, followed by the stock market crash of 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression. President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to the economic crisis with his New Deal programs, which provided relief, recovery, and reform through massive public works projects, social programs, and financial reforms to pull the country out of the Depression.
Similar to United States of America: Economic Powerhouse (20)
The document discusses principles for making ideas sticky, including simplicity, unexpectedness, concreteness, credibility, emotions, and stories. It also discusses creativity as a way of operating rather than a talent, and encourages persistent thinking to allow unconscious ideas to emerge. The document promotes play, whacks on the side of the head to stimulate creativity, and stealing ideas from others to then make your own in a process of mixing and matching to free your mind.
Starting, Growing, and Running a BusinessJohn Cousins
This document provides an overview of starting, growing, and running a successful business. It discusses entrepreneurship and some of the key reasons why people become entrepreneurs, such as freedom, purpose, and the ability to combine work with other interests. It also notes that necessity is another reason, as industrialization and technology may make some workers obsolete. The document outlines important skill sets for entrepreneurs, including management, marketing, accounting, finance, and business planning. It emphasizes the importance of orchestrating these skills and knowledge through proper integration, improvisation, collaboration, and applying experiences. Finally, it provides some resources on specific business disciplines like management, marketing, accounting, and strategic thinking.
What Star Wars, Beowolf, and Breaking Bad have in common. Understanding archetypes and narrative arcs can help us write more interesting prose. Think of your own life story in heroic terms.
People and platforms are creating new modes of work. In today’s world we can rely on email, Skype and other technologies to bring people together to work effectively without concerns for geography. We don’t need to be in the same office any longer. We can contract with people with specific skill sets to create and organize teams to fulfill certain goals on a project oriented basis.
These developments create flatter, less hierarchical organizations based on networks. To accomplish our work and meet our needs we rely on dozens, hundreds, thousands of individuals and organizations over whom we exercise no direct control.
Purposeful management in these situations takes communication skills. Written communication skills have become of paramount importance.
The piano has been an integral part of the jazz idiom since its inception, in both solo and ensemble settings. Its role is multifaceted due largely to the instrument's combined melodic and harmonic capabilities. Jazz piano technique and the orchestral scope instrument itself offer soloists an exhaustive number of choices. Jazz piano has played a leading role in developing the sound of jazz. Here is a quick list of the greatest players and composers.
Marketing is the way companies interact with consumers to create relationships that are beneficial to both parties. Businesses use marketing to identify their audience before advertising to them. Today, this is most visible through social media interactions.
10 Best Books Finance and Capital MarketsJohn Cousins
These books discuss major events in finance and financial markets from the past and present. They help readers understand how the current financial system developed and important lessons that can be learned from past crises and failures. Several books profiled analyze the 2008 financial crisis and housing bubble, including The Big Short about those who predicted the crisis and Flash Boys about high-frequency trading. Other books discuss the collapse of Enron, the failure of hedge fund Long-Term Capital Management, the rise of leveraged buyouts in the 1980s, and the classic Security Analysis on value investing.
Market segmentation is a marketing strategy which involves dividing a broad target market into subsets of consumers, businesses, or countries who have, or are perceived to have, common needs, interests, and priorities, and then designing and implementing strategies to target them.
Marketing is the action or business of promoting and selling products or services, including market research and advertising.
This document provides an overview of key marketing concepts including branding, advertising, sales, the marketing funnel, targeting, and personal branding. It discusses branding fundamentals like logos and taglines. It also covers the 4 Ps of marketing - price, place, promotion, product. Other topics include content marketing, product placement, advertising approaches on the internet and traditional media, and models for diffusion of innovation and crossing the chasm. Famous personal brands and marketing strategies used by companies are cited as examples.
Arbitrage and the Value of Time in FinanceJohn Cousins
Race Against the Machines! The Stock Market is no longer run by humans. It is run by matching engines in computers. The stock exchanges are now server farms and the capital markets have been fragmented. The speed of transactions is now the competitive advantage in trading, only limited by the speed of light. The economic value of time in finance has exploded. Time is truly money.
The tale of high frequency trading HFT and the building of the straight fiber link between Chicago, the Merc, and New York, NYSE, is from the first chapter of Flash Boys by Michael Lewis. I highly recommend this book and all the other books by Mr. Lewis.
The Great American Songbook Composers and Their Greatest SongsJohn Cousins
I came to the Great American Songbook seeking freshness and novelty, but a came through a different door. The gateway to GAS was jazz. I began listening to jazz in high school and my knowledge and interest broadened and accreted over a long arc of decades.
I have a fascination with these songs and their composers and the performers and their zeitgeist. I want to share it and ignite your interest and curiosity. Look up these tunes, performers and composers on YouTube: it is your free jukebox music library of just about every tune. You can even see the original performances in the Hollywood musicals! This is an amazing time and you have access to it all at your fingertips, so grab your smartphone and earbuds!
There are few things more precious and interesting than a Golden Age. There was a Golden Age of a particular kind of music that ran from the twenties through the fifties: the golden age of popular standards; the songs that constitute The Great American Song Book. These tunes were written by dapper, creative giants like Cole Porter, Rodgers and Hart, the Gershwins, Johnny Mercer, Hoagy Charmichael, Jerome Kern, and Dorothy Fields. Urbane sophisticated talents who created a body of work that effortlessly captures that urbanity and sophistication.
They created tunes focused on the subject of romantic love and exploring all the stages and aspects of the arc of a great love affair: from the initial “walking on air” to the jaded ennui of “never again”. They were obsessed with this theme and subject. Describing, exploring, and driving deep into all its mysteries. These composers and lyricists were in love with Love.
These tunes wed lyrics and music into songs that were crafted by songwriting teams originally centered around Tin Pan Alley; The Brill Building on Broadway in Mid town Manhattan. These songwriting teams in many cases split the composing tasks along functional lines: one writing the music and on writing the lyrics. The composers were writing vehicles for others to perform and usually pitched the tunes in the context of a Broadway or Hollywood musical. They were cranking out tunes for the Hollywood and Broadway dream factories at a prodigious pace. They really worked! Cranking out so many songs, they have a tossed off, effortless quality and a guileless directness. They feel unpretentious and casual: genuine and authentic. But their craft and genius raise these songs to high art.
Many of these tunes became popular hits in their own right, lifted out of the shows and movies, and have been recorded by all the great performers. Fred Astaire debuted many of these tunes and was a favorite of the writing teams. He was known as much for his singing as his dancing! Diana Krall, Harry Connick Jr. and Michael Buble are some of the latest to pay homage to the songbook.
This presentation explores the relationship between money, time, value and wealth. What is transactional, what is valuable, where does wealth repose? This presentation delves into some of the most important philosophical underpinnings of business, economics, finance, time, and psychology.
Inventory: Buffer or Suffer operations and supply chain managementJohn Cousins
Understanding and managing inventory is a critical strategic and operations endeavor; buffer or suffer!
Receivables and inventory are usually financed with a line of credit (revolving debt like a credit card). Managing receivables aims to making sure that all your customers pay and that they pay in a timely manner; you need that cash in the door! Managing inventories also means not letting inventories build up. You do this by monitoring sales and manufacturing activity. You want enough inventories so you can accommodate a spike in sales, but you also don’t want to risk having too much inventory that you can’t unload. This is especially important with products that have a short life cycle and can become obsolete. If not sold in a timely manner this might force you to discount them heavily and take a loss. Operations management is carefully focused on this potential problem. .
You can quickly asses how a company is doing in this regard by looking at their balance sheet and comparing Current Assets to Current Liabilities and seeing if there is a larger amount of Current Assets. Do this comparison for the last few years and you can see if there is a change in Working Capital and if it is due to a build-up of inventories.
We live in a glorious time of bounty when it comes to educational resources for the curious and ambitious. Here are some ideas to point you in the direction of life-long learning.
This slide deck is based on the concepts in a great book by William Ury called Getting Past No. If these slides pique your interest, I suggest reading the book; it is well worth your time.
This document outlines strategies for effective negotiation and mutual gain. It recommends inventing creative solutions that expand options rather than assuming a fixed pie. Negotiators should brainstorm many potential agreements before deciding, separating inventing from judging ideas. They should look for shared and differing interests between parties to craft solutions with benefits for both sides. The goal is to understand others' perspectives and make their decision to agree as easy as possible.
Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.
5 Tips for Creating Standard Financial ReportsEasyReports
Well-crafted financial reports serve as vital tools for decision-making and transparency within an organization. By following the undermentioned tips, you can create standardized financial reports that effectively communicate your company's financial health and performance to stakeholders.
[4:55 p.m.] Bryan Oates
OJPs are becoming a critical resource for policy-makers and researchers who study the labour market. LMIC continues to work with Vicinity Jobs’ data on OJPs, which can be explored in our Canadian Job Trends Dashboard. Valuable insights have been gained through our analysis of OJP data, including LMIC research lead
Suzanne Spiteri’s recent report on improving the quality and accessibility of job postings to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Decoding job postings: Improving accessibility for neurodivergent job seekers
Improving the quality and accessibility of job postings is one way to reduce employment barriers for neurodivergent people.
Discover the Future of Dogecoin with Our Comprehensive Guidance36 Crypto
Learn in-depth about Dogecoin's trajectory and stay informed with 36crypto's essential and up-to-date information about the crypto space.
Our presentation delves into Dogecoin's potential future, exploring whether it's destined to skyrocket to the moon or face a downward spiral. In addition, it highlights invaluable insights. Don't miss out on this opportunity to enhance your crypto understanding!
https://36crypto.com/the-future-of-dogecoin-how-high-can-this-cryptocurrency-reach/
A toxic combination of 15 years of low growth, and four decades of high inequality, has left Britain poorer and falling behind its peers. Productivity growth is weak and public investment is low, while wages today are no higher than they were before the financial crisis. Britain needs a new economic strategy to lift itself out of stagnation.
Scotland is in many ways a microcosm of this challenge. It has become a hub for creative industries, is home to several world-class universities and a thriving community of businesses – strengths that need to be harness and leveraged. But it also has high levels of deprivation, with homelessness reaching a record high and nearly half a million people living in very deep poverty last year. Scotland won’t be truly thriving unless it finds ways to ensure that all its inhabitants benefit from growth and investment. This is the central challenge facing policy makers both in Holyrood and Westminster.
What should a new national economic strategy for Scotland include? What would the pursuit of stronger economic growth mean for local, national and UK-wide policy makers? How will economic change affect the jobs we do, the places we live and the businesses we work for? And what are the prospects for cities like Glasgow, and nations like Scotland, in rising to these challenges?
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024) FDI, Culture, Glo...AntoniaOwensDetwiler
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
Abhay Bhutada, the Managing Director of Poonawalla Fincorp Limited, is an accomplished leader with over 15 years of experience in commercial and retail lending. A Qualified Chartered Accountant, he has been pivotal in leveraging technology to enhance financial services. Starting his career at Bank of India, he later founded TAB Capital Limited and co-founded Poonawalla Finance Private Limited, emphasizing digital lending. Under his leadership, Poonawalla Fincorp achieved a 'AAA' credit rating, integrating acquisitions and emphasizing corporate governance. Actively involved in industry forums and CSR initiatives, Abhay has been recognized with awards like "Young Entrepreneur of India 2017" and "40 under 40 Most Influential Leader for 2020-21." Personally, he values mindfulness, enjoys gardening, yoga, and sees every day as an opportunity for growth and improvement.
STREETONOMICS: Exploring the Uncharted Territories of Informal Markets throug...sameer shah
Delve into the world of STREETONOMICS, where a team of 7 enthusiasts embarks on a journey to understand unorganized markets. By engaging with a coffee street vendor and crafting questionnaires, this project uncovers valuable insights into consumer behavior and market dynamics in informal settings."
OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.
2. Beginnings
• Alexander Hamilton
• Federalism
• Strong Nation State
• Strong Executive
• Central Bank
• Stock Market
• Manufacturing
• National Debt
• Taxes
• Standing Army
• Thomas Jefferson
• States Rights
• Small National
Government
• Agriculture
• No Taxes
• No Army; just Militias
3. Ideal of Self Made Man
• Benjamin Franklin
– Autobiography
– Early to Bed, Early to
Rise
– A Penny Saved,
8. Gilded Age
• Standard Oil
• John D. Rockefeller
• JP Morgan
– US Steel
– Con Edison
• Railroad Tycoons
– Leland Stanford
– Huntington
– Jay Gould
– Commodore Vanderbuilt
11. WW II
• Industrial might
• DC3
• Tanks
• Petroleum Fuels
• Liberty Ships
– Henry Kaiser
• Ammunition
• Science
– Vannevar Bush
– Alfred Loomis
• Radar
• Atom Bomb
– Leslie Groves
– Robert Oppenheimer
12. Alfred Loomis
The Untold Story of the American
Entrepreneur Who Helped Build the Atomic
Bomb and Defeat the Nazis.
Legendary financier, philanthropist, and
society figure Alfred Lee Loomis gathered the
most visionary scientific minds of the
twentieth century -- Albert Einstein, Werner
Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, Enrico Fermi, and
others -- at his state-of-the-art laboratory in
Tuxedo Park, New York, in the late 1930s. He
established a top-secret defense laboratory
at MIT and personally bankrolled pioneering
research into new, high-powered radar
detection systems that helped defeat the
German Air Force and U-boats. With Ernest
Lawrence, the Nobel Prize-winning physicist,
he pushed Franklin Delano Roosevelt to fund
research in nuclear fission, which led to the
development of the atomic bomb.
13. Science and War
• The Chemists won WW I
• The Physicists won WW II
• The Mathematicians will win WW III
– Cyber war
14. Post War Boom
• Pent up Demand
• Cars
– Motels/Interstate Hwys
• Homes
– Suburbs/BBQs
• GI Bill
– University Education
• Marshall Plan
– Rebuild Europe
15. 60s
• Social Change
• Counter Culture
• Civil Rights
• Women’s Movement
• Space Race
• Vietnam
– Guns and Butter
16. Yuppies
• Hippies get acquisitive
and become lawyers
• Women enter the
workforce in big
numbers