This document discusses emerging trends in education such as globalization, liberalization, privatization, lifelong learning, and online education. Globalization is increasing integration worldwide through the flow of information, ideas, technologies, and people, impacting education systems. Liberalization refers to relaxing government restrictions, especially in economic policy. Privatization involves increasing the role of the private sector in education through deregulation and reduced government control. Lifelong learning emphasizes ongoing, voluntary pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional reasons. Online education uses electronic media and ICTs to deliver educational content and enable two-way communication between students and teachers over computer networks. The document examines the positive and negative impacts of these trends on education systems and societies.

1. Unit X: Emerging Trends in Education
Impact of globalization, liberalization, and privatization on education - Life-long
learning and online education.
Globalization
Globalization is the increasing interdependence, integration, and interaction among
people and corporations in various locations worldwide. The term “Globalization” means
integration of world economies through the cross-country free flow of information, ideas,
technologies, goods, services, finance, and people. Globalization is a process that has affected
many areas of human life, including education. This means bringing the education system of
different economies under the common roof which requires the unification of teaching
curriculum, methodology, and up-gradation of knowledge and systems to attain the goals of
life. In the twentieth century, many developing countries have experienced growth in the
educational facilities available to them due to the entry of institutions from the West.
The Aim and the Importance of Global Education
The main duty of a government in education is to design the educational activities that
have been developed according to strategic aims and make policies suitable for the aims.
Besides education is a major area of government expenditure and is a significant potential
target for human resources. The local authorities of each country can state the local goal of
education. Their aims can change according to the local needs and necessities and may show
differences from each other. But the global education has many goals in common for every
country. The aims and importance of global education can be stated as follows:
 Obtain skills of new cultures.
 Develop the ability to distinguish intercultural differences.
 Aiding the people for criticizing events from a global perspective.
 Explain how different cultures impact the activities of organizations.
 Help students realize how attitudes are shaped and how they influence behaviors.
 Develop the language and harmony skills of the managers who will work in different
cultures.

2.  Provide the ability to work together with people coming from different cultures.
 Develop the skill of multi-sided thinking by causing them to gain cultural sensitivity
and experience.
 Teach how to behave according to cultural differences.
 Teach how to manage multinational groups.
 Develop the way of thinking from individuality to globalize.
Features of Globalization
 Encouragement of markets rather than government central planning
 The increasing migration of peoples within and across national boundaries in search
of work
 The growth of media by satellite that ensures programs to be beamed across the globe
regardless of national boundaries
 Growth of national and international Non-Governmental Organization (NGOs)
Impact of Globalization on Education
Through the Globalization of education, knowledge is getting transferred from the
Western countries into developing countries, to improve the skills and capabilities of the
people. The direct interrelation between the industries, the corporate world, and higher
education has brought a transformation in the skills required for various jobs. The process of
globalization has brought significant transformation in world trade, communications,
educational activities, and economic relations since the latter part of the 20th century.
Education is an important investment in building human capital that is a driving force
for technological innovation and economic growth. It is only through improving the
educational status of a society that the mufti-faceted development of its people can be
ensured. In the post-industrialized world, the advanced nations have derived a major
proportion of their national income not from agriculture or industry but the service sector.
Since the service sector is based on imparting skills or training to the students and youth, the
education sector is the most sought after. It must provide gainful employment so that the
sector is developed in a big way. It has also given rise to controversies relating to introducing
changes in the inter-sectoral priorities in the allocation of resources leading to the

3. misconceived policy of downsizing of higher education. It has also advocated the
privatization of higher education without realizing the danger of making the system a
commercial enterprise.
Positive Impact
Globalization is creating opportunities for sharing knowledge, technology, social
values, and behavioral norms and promoting developments at different levels including
individuals, organizations, communities, and societies across different countries and cultures.
In particular, the advantages of globalization may include the following:
 Global sharing of knowledge, skills, and intellectual assets that are necessary to
multiple developments at different levels
 Mutual support, supplement and benefit to produce synergy for various developments
of countries, communities, and individuals
 Creating values and enhancing efficiency through the above global sharing and
mutual support to serving local needs and growth
 Promoting international understanding, collaboration, harmony, and acceptance of
cultural diversity across countries and regions
 Facilitating communications, interactions, and encouraging multi-cultural
contributions at different levels among countries
Negative Impact
Globalization creating serious negative impacts for developing and underdeveloped
countries. The negative impacts include the following:
 Increasing the technological gaps and digital divides between advanced countries and
less developed countries
 Creating more legitimate opportunities for a few advanced countries for a new form
of colonization of developing countries
 Increasing inequalities and conflicts between areas and cultures
 Promoting the dominant cultures and values of some advanced areas.

4. Liberalization
Liberalization refers to relaxing certain reforms and policies. These reforms can be
termed as relaxation of previous government's restrictions usually in areas of social or
economic policy. Usually, the term is used about Economic Liberalization. Though India is
Economically Liberal, the Education System is not Liberal. There are many reasons, one of
them is that the national education industry does not want competitiveness and Government
does not want to give away its control. The higher education system in India suffers from a
lack of autonomy and the burden of affiliation. It is characterized by extreme rigidity and lack
of flexibility. The real weakness of higher education is in the structure itself, and there is a
need for introspection and reflection. Also, the public mindset is short cut and easy going.
Our policy in terms of education is focused more on only expanding the system with no focus
on quality education.
Impact of Liberalization on Education
Positive Impact
The Indian economy which is majorly fueled by the service industry will get a boost
with the education sector becoming a large chunk of the economic source. Hundreds of
thousands of Indian student’s study abroad at an annual estimated cost of around US$ 1
billion and it can even stem the exodus of thousands of students who left the country to study
abroad. This will save India immense capital. Allowing corporate would ensure the
development of better industry-oriented graduates with specific skill sets. An increase in the
educated population implies rapid developments in technology and communications. It also
implies the shift of society from industrialization-biased towards an information-based
society. Liberalization offers students the option of studying close to home with the added
benefits of a degree which will be valid worldwide. It also curbs brain drain which is also a
nation's loss.
Negative Impact
 Students and local institutions in developing countries are unregulated.
 Uninformed or simply dubious institutions in developing countries may form
partnerships with low-quality colleges and universities in India.

5.  There is also the risk of fake institutes which are looking to stuff their pockets
whenever the opportunity arises.
 There may be unforeseen outcomes that come to light only after the outcome occurs.
 Local institutes which have limited capital will not be able to survive, rendering many
jobless.
 Even the reputed institutions will face competition as their national certificates will be
less valued as compared to the world-recognized certificates.
Privatization
Privatization connotes a wide range of ideas. Privatization implies the induction of
private ownership, management, and control of organizations. Privatization can imply
deregulation meaning thereby lesser control of the government. It refers to the expansion of
the private sector and reduction of the public sector. It also means that areas reserved for the
public sector will be opened to the private sector. The shift towards privatization reduces the
role of the government and increases the role of the private, cooperative, and local
governments. The areas of the shift are mainly decision making and responsibility of money
and administration.
Privatization on Education
Applied to the education sector, privatization can be seen as part of the wider reform
of the public sector. Education is both a private and social investment. It is, therefore, the
responsibility of both the individual including the student, his family, and even his
employers, and the society which includes the community and the state. The areas of a shift
in the education sector are mainly decisions and responsibility of money, administration, and
a relevant curriculum of high quality. Privatization is managed by the private sector with a
total absence of government intervention. Such institutions generate their own funds through
higher fees, user charges, and full use of resources. They survive on the philosophy that they
do not have to pay for those who can pay. Privatization of higher education has emerged in
several forms and types in the recent decade in India.
1. Privatization within government higher education institutions takes place in the form
of introducing self-financing courses within government institutions

6. 2. Converting government-aided private institution into a private self-financing
institution.
3. Allowing expansion of self-financing private institution with recognition and also
without recognition, this may be termed as commercial private higher education
institutions.
Components of Privatization on Education
The major components of privatization of education include the following:
 Establishment, in the private sector of institutions imparting education and skills viz.,
schools, colleges, polytechnics, research laboratories, professional colleges in
agriculture, engineering, medicine, management, etc.
 Withdrawal of subsidies by introducing full costing in the individual and the
institutional domain.
 To grant the right to the management to start or stop courses in response to market
signals and to persuade the users of the output of educational institutions to contribute
towards the funding of education.
Impact of Privatization on Education System
Education is no longer viewed as a social service, it is considered a necessary
economic input and as such investment in education is treated as a factor contributory to
human resources development. In this effort towards human resource development, the
private sector is also expected to play its part since it is a major beneficiary of the knowledge
industry.
Positive Impact
Privatization will enhance:
 Decentralization of education institutions
 Initiatives in educational reforms
 Innovativeness in teaching and evaluation
 Tailor-made services and provision of a wide choice of courses and subjects to
students
 Competition

7.  Quality education and training
 Shaping of the curriculum according to global, national, and local needs
 Availability and better maintenance of recourses transparency in all procedures
 Fulfill the need of the country in liberation, privatization, and globalization
 Utility of human and physical resources in a proper way
Negative Impact
 Will badly affect the poor
 Undermine equity, diversity, and openness
 Does not address issues of equality, fairness, and responsibility
 Exorbitant fees will deprive many of availing education
 Accountability problem will arise
 Courses in humanities and social sciences will be sidelined due to no economic gain
 Civic and democratic values may not get passes down
 Apprehensions about job security and retrenchment of staff
 Cost-saving will lead to cost-cutting
 Collected funds may be misused by the owners
 Favoritism towards family members and friends
Privatization is essentially deregulation meaning thereby lesser control of the
government. Private institutions generate their own funds through higher fees, uses charges,
and full use of resources. The need for privatization arose due to the government’s inability to
financially support higher education and provide efficient and effective education to its young
population. While there are many advantages of privatization, at the same time there are
many obvious fears which put privatization in a disadvantaged position.
Life-Long Learning
Lifelong learning (Colloquialism) is the "ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated”
pursuit of knowledge for either personal or professional reasons. Therefore, it not only
enhances social inclusion, active citizenship, and personal development, but also self-
sustainability, as well as competitiveness and employability.
Lifelong learning is based on the following four fundamental principles:
 Learning to know, by combining a sufficiently broad general knowledge with the
opportunity to work in-depth on a small number of subjects. This also means learning
to learn, to benefit from the opportunities education provides throughout life.

8.  Learning to do, to acquire not only an occupational skill but also, more broadly, the
competence to deal with a large number of situations and work in teams. It also means
learning to do in the context of young people’s various social and work experiences
which may be informal, as a result of the local or national context, or formal,
involving courses alternating study and work.
 Learning to live together, by developing an understanding of other people and an
appreciation of interdependence, - carrying out joint projects and learning to manage
conflicts – in a spirit of respect for the values of pluralism, mutual understanding, and
peace.
 Learning to be, to develop better one’s personality and be able to act with
increasingly greater autonomy, judgment, and personal responsibility. To that end,
education must not disregard any aspect of a person’s potential: memory, reasoning,
aesthetic sense, physical capacities, and communication skills.
Need and Importance of Lifelong Learning
 Homeschooling involves learning to learn or the development of informal learning
patterns
 Waldorf education teaches children to love learning for its own sake
 Adult education or the acquisition of formal qualifications or work and leisure skills
later in life
 Continuing education which often describes extension or not-for-credit courses
offered by higher education institutions
 Knowledge work which includes professional development and on-the-job training
 Personal learning environments or self-directed learning using a range of sources and
tools including an online application.
Online Education
Online education refers to an education system that involves electronic media and
Information and Communication Technologies. In simple, it is the technique of learning,
getting training, and researching Electronic Medias. Online education is defined as the
creation and proliferation of the personal computer, the globalization of ideas and other
human acts, and the use of technology in exchanging ideas and providing access to more
people. Audio, video, computer, and networking technologies are often combined to create a
multifaceted instructional delivery system. The fundamental method to unite the distance
learning instructor with the distance learner is the network.

9. There are many terms for online education. Some of them are virtual education,
internet-based education, web-based education, education via computer-mediated
communication. The web-Edu project uses a definition of online education that is based on
Desmond Keegan’s (1988) definition. It is by:
 The separation of teachers and learners distinguishes it from face-to-face education
 The influence of an educational organization which distinguishes it from self-study
and private tutoring
 The use of a computer network to present or distribute some educational content
 The provision of two-way communication via a computer network so that students
may benefit from communication with each other, teachers, and staff.