Polyamides, also known as nylons, were the first commercial synthetic polymers. Nylon 66 was the first synthetic fiber invented in 1935. This document discusses modifying polyamide 6 (PA6) through solid-state polymerization or solution polymerization to improve properties while retaining good mechanical properties. It examines two approaches - synthesizing multiblock polyesteramide copolymers from short PA and polyester blocks to enhance biodegradability, and incorporating a semi-aromatic nylon salt into the PA6 backbone to modify properties. The results of these studies on synthesis, properties, degradation and morphology are presented.
This document describes a British patent from 1957 for an improved device for measuring distances along lines on maps. The device uses a plurality of rotatably enclosed drums connected end-to-end in a rigid housing. One end of the housing has a map-engaging wheel geared to the adjacent drum. Adjacent drums are interconnected with lost-motion couplings so that the second drum of a pair only rotates after the first drum reaches a predetermined angle of rotation. Each drum has calibration or scale markings that register with a window or slit in the housing. The drums preferably carry decimal scale numerals that successively register with the window to directly indicate long distances.
The document discusses various petroleum refining processes including catalytic isomerization, UOP Butamer and Penex isomerization processes, catalytic polymerization, UOP catalytic polymerization process, alternative UOP tubular reactor design, and the IFP Dimersol process. It provides details on the chemistry and operating principles of each process, including feedstocks, reactions, yields, equipment used and product properties. The overall purpose is to describe several key technologies used in refineries to convert petroleum fractions into higher octane products like gasoline.
This document provides an overview of amines, including methylamines such as mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine. It discusses their production processes, catalysts used, and markets/applications. The key production method involves reacting methanol and ammonia over solid acid catalysts like silica-alumina at 400°C to form the methylamines. Zeolite catalysts can provide improved selectivity for dimethylamine. The largest producers use recycling to control product distributions. Amines have a variety of applications, including as gas treating agents to remove acid gases.
The document describes a process for producing acetic acid from methane using three steps. First, methane is oxidized in a reactor to produce methanol and acetic acid. The products are separated using flash distillation, yielding methanol and acetic acid. The methanol is then converted to additional acetic acid in a carbonylation reactor using a rhodium catalyst. Mass and energy balances were performed on the overall process. The reactors and separation equipment are also described.
Here are the answers to the quick check questions:
1. Raw materials required for ethanol production by fermentation are carbohydrates such as starch or sugar, water, yeast and a source of enzymes.
2. The chemical equations for the fermentation of sugar are:
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
This appendix contains 34 tables and figures with thermodynamic property data for various common gases, liquids, refrigerants and other substances. Table A-1 lists the molar mass, gas constant and critical point properties for over 30 common gases and refrigerants. The appendix provides property data including temperature-dependent properties of saturated liquids and gases, ideal gas properties, enthalpy, entropy and other thermodynamic values.
This document describes a British patent from 1957 for an improved device for measuring distances along lines on maps. The device uses a plurality of rotatably enclosed drums connected end-to-end in a rigid housing. One end of the housing has a map-engaging wheel geared to the adjacent drum. Adjacent drums are interconnected with lost-motion couplings so that the second drum of a pair only rotates after the first drum reaches a predetermined angle of rotation. Each drum has calibration or scale markings that register with a window or slit in the housing. The drums preferably carry decimal scale numerals that successively register with the window to directly indicate long distances.
The document discusses various petroleum refining processes including catalytic isomerization, UOP Butamer and Penex isomerization processes, catalytic polymerization, UOP catalytic polymerization process, alternative UOP tubular reactor design, and the IFP Dimersol process. It provides details on the chemistry and operating principles of each process, including feedstocks, reactions, yields, equipment used and product properties. The overall purpose is to describe several key technologies used in refineries to convert petroleum fractions into higher octane products like gasoline.
This document provides an overview of amines, including methylamines such as mono-, di-, and tri-methylamine. It discusses their production processes, catalysts used, and markets/applications. The key production method involves reacting methanol and ammonia over solid acid catalysts like silica-alumina at 400°C to form the methylamines. Zeolite catalysts can provide improved selectivity for dimethylamine. The largest producers use recycling to control product distributions. Amines have a variety of applications, including as gas treating agents to remove acid gases.
The document describes a process for producing acetic acid from methane using three steps. First, methane is oxidized in a reactor to produce methanol and acetic acid. The products are separated using flash distillation, yielding methanol and acetic acid. The methanol is then converted to additional acetic acid in a carbonylation reactor using a rhodium catalyst. Mass and energy balances were performed on the overall process. The reactors and separation equipment are also described.
Here are the answers to the quick check questions:
1. Raw materials required for ethanol production by fermentation are carbohydrates such as starch or sugar, water, yeast and a source of enzymes.
2. The chemical equations for the fermentation of sugar are:
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Glucose → Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
This appendix contains 34 tables and figures with thermodynamic property data for various common gases, liquids, refrigerants and other substances. Table A-1 lists the molar mass, gas constant and critical point properties for over 30 common gases and refrigerants. The appendix provides property data including temperature-dependent properties of saturated liquids and gases, ideal gas properties, enthalpy, entropy and other thermodynamic values.
Alkenes readily undergo addition reactions where carbon-carbon double bonds become single bonds. Common addition reactions include bromination, hydrogenation, and combustion. Alkenes are manufactured through cracking of petroleum, which involves breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller molecules like alkenes over a catalyst at high temperatures. Cracking provides important products for fuels and materials.
This document describes a process for producing new amide-like derivatives of lysergic acid and isolysergic acid. The process involves reacting isolysergic acid azide with an amine, then isolating the lysergic acid amide and isolysergic acid amide products. Several examples are provided where isolysergic acid azide is reacted with pyrrolidine, piperidine, or morpholine to produce the corresponding lysergic acid and isolysergic acid amides. The compounds produced have sedative and blood pressure lowering properties.
This document describes enzymatic fatty ester synthesis using immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei. Specifically, it investigates the esterification of 1,2-isopropylidene glycerol with oleic acid catalyzed by this lipase to produce 1,2-isopropylidene-3-oleoyl glycerol. The effects of temperature, pressure, and enzyme-to-substrate ratio on the conversion of oleic acid were examined. The optimal conditions for highest conversion (80% of oleic acid) were determined to be 55°C, 0.057 bar pressure, and an enzyme addition of 0.096 g per 1 g of reaction mixture. Kinetic
This document discusses fats and oils, including their reactions, properties, and analytical constants. It describes the processes of hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and rancidity. It also defines several analytical constants used to characterize fats and oils, such as acid number, saponification number, iodine number, ester number, Reichert-Meissl number, and acetyl number. The constants are used to identify fat composition and purity and to detect adulteration.
The document summarizes experiments using a Gas Module attached to an H-Cube Pro reactor to enable gas-liquid and gas-solid reactions. Key findings include:
1) The Gas Module allows versatile use of various gases including oxygen, carbon monoxide, ethylene and others for reactions.
2) Reactions with gases are fast, completing in under 10 minutes, and the Gas Module is capable of pressures up to 100 bar.
3) Optimization of alcohol oxidation over different catalysts and conditions showed the highest conversion and selectivity at 100°C, 100 bar, and 5% Ru/Al2O3 catalyst.
4) Aminocarbonylation reactions achieved up to 82% conversion using different
This document describes a method for preparing low molecular weight polymers of esters of methacrylic acid. Specifically, it involves the thermal polymerization of monomers like methyl methacrylate at temperatures between 225-350°C without polymerization inhibitors. This allows the monomers to polymerize via an equilibrium step-reaction into mixtures of dimers, trimers, tetramers and higher polymers up to a degree of polymerization of 50. Several examples are provided demonstrating the preparation of specific low molecular weight polymer mixtures from various methacrylate monomers at different temperatures and times.
KMPS expertise in chemical process design, particularly the design of deep vacuum distillation systems processing thermally sensitive products has made KMPS a leader in the Biodiesel Purification Industry. Our expertise includes the development of process simulation models, design of low pressure drop heat exchangers and distillation column internals, selection of vacuum systems, process control strategies and the detailed design and construction of fully integrated modular purification and recovery systems.
KMPS has performed extensive proof of concept pilot testing. These tests, performed at our Houston, Texas Pilot Plant development facility, are based upon actual feedstocks provided by our clients. Please refer to the following Process Flow Diagram summarizing KMPS’ areas of biodiesel expertise.
This document summarizes the synthesis of a cyclopalladated complex: [Pd(μ-Cl)(C6H4N(O)=NPh)]2. The student followed the cyclopalladation reaction of azoaryls to synthesize the azoxypalladate complex. The reaction involved PdCl2 and azobenzene heated to 130-140°C for 0.25 hours, yielding the yellow solid product with a melting point of 170-209°C and 71.63% yield. Infrared spectroscopy showed characteristic bands for the complex between 1100-1000 cm-1 indicating Pd interactions. The conclusions were that the reaction yield was satisfactory but purity could not be
The document discusses catalytic cracking using zeolites to produce liquid fuels from plastics, waste, oils, and algae. It describes:
1) Thermocatalytic cracking plants that use catalytic cracking at lower temperatures than pyrolysis to produce oil from waste such as plastic.
2) Zeolites are effective catalysts for this process as their porous, acid structures facilitate cracking of long hydrocarbon chains.
3) The process yields recycled diesel, gasoline, gas, and char. Mass balances from different waste streams show product compositions vary but fuels can be obtained.
4) Chromatograms show recycled diesel from municipal waste has identical boiling points to fossil diesel despite different chemical compositions.
Terpene and structure elucidation of monoterpeneShalini jaswal
This document discusses the structure elucidation of three monoterpenoids: citral, menthol, and camphor. It provides details on their isolation, constitution, and synthesis. Citral is an acyclic monoterpene with a molecular formula of C10H16O and contains two double bonds and an aldehyde group. Menthol is a monocyclic monoterpene with the formula C10H20O that contains a secondary alcoholic group. Camphor is a bicyclic monoterpene with the formula C10H16O that contains a ketone group and a six-membered ring. Oxidation and reaction studies were used to determine the structures and constituents of these three important mon
This document describes gas sweetening processes used to remove acid gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas. It focuses on chemical absorption processes using alkanolamine solvents like MEA, DGA, DEA, and MDEA in aqueous solutions. The general process involves absorbing acid gases from the feed gas in an absorber column, regenerating the solvent in a regenerator column, and recycling the regenerated solvent. Key unit operations discussed include the absorber, flash drum, amine/amine heat exchanger, regenerator, reboiler, and condenser. Process conditions and equipment details are provided for the typical operation of each unit.
Solid base catalyzed depolymerization (liquifaction/valorization) of lignin i...Richa Chaudhary
This document presents research on the depolymerization of lignin into low molecular weight aromatic products using solid base catalysts. It summarizes the characterization of various solid base catalysts and alkaline lignin using techniques such as XRD, TGA-DTA, NMR, FT-IR. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of catalyst type and reaction conditions like temperature, time and pH on the product yield. The highest yields of depolymerization products like guaiacol, vanillin and acetoguaiacone were obtained using NaX catalyst at pH 9.2, 250°C for 1 hour. The spent NaX catalyst was characterized and compared to fresh NaX.
GFS Chemicals is a U.S. manufacturer specializing in alkynes and downstream derivatives. For over 85 years, they have served customers in research, pilot plant, and full-scale production. Their core technologies include liquid ammonia chemistry, halogenation, hydrogentation, and Grignard synthesis. They produce a wide range of specialty chemicals including alkynes, olefins, heteroaromatics, and halogenated organics. GFS Chemicals offers manufacturing support from development through commercialization.
Application Description
The Impact Of Poor Quality Olefin Feedstocks
The Importance Of Alky Unit Pre-treatment
Typical Process Conditions
VULCAN VIG Catalyst Morphology
Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylenes and Alkenes
Alkylation Reaction Chemistry
ALKYLATION CHEMISTRY AND PROCESS VARIABLES
What Are VULCAN Processes
FIXED BED PROCESSES
Advantages
Dis-Advantages
VULCAN UltraPurification Guards
VULCAN UltraPurification Impurities
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Guards - Prediction Of Sulfur In Feed
Basic HDS Reactions
Mechanisms for DBT desulfurization
Relative Reactivities of Three benzothiophene molecules
Synthesis and characterization of resin copolymer derived from cardanol-furfu...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
1) The Pt supported on mesoporous silicate FSM-16 showed high and stable catalytic activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene at 350°C and this activity was higher than that of commercial CoMo/A120 3 catalysts.
2) Among noble metal/FSM-16 catalysts, Pt/FSM-16 showed the highest activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene. The optimal loading of Pt on FSM-16 was determined to be 5 wt%.
3) The activity of Pt/FSM-16 decreased temporarily when hydrogen sulfide was introduced but was restored after cutting off the introduction, indicating that hydrogen sulfide is reversibly adsorbed on the Pt/FSM
Glythermin P44 is a heat transfer fluid used in solar heating equipment and food/water processing. It is a non-toxic, odorless liquid based on propylene glycol. Glythermin P44 must be diluted with 25-75% water and protects metals from corrosion when used in heating systems. It is miscible with other propylene glycol-based heat transfer fluids and has a shelf life of at least three years when stored properly.
Description of nitric acid manufacturing processSameer Pandey
Nitric acid is manufactured through the Ostwald process which involves oxidizing ammonia with air over a platinum-rhodium catalyst at 850°C to produce nitric oxide, which is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and absorbed in water to form nitric acid. The manufacturing process can operate at single or dual pressures and involves filtering air, oxidizing and absorbing NO to form weak nitric acid, and concentrating the weak acid through extractive distillation with sulfuric acid to produce strong nitric acid at 99% concentration. Emissions are controlled by further absorbing tail gases to produce sodium nitrate and nitrite or with wet scrubbers.
Synthesis and Characterization of cyclohexylidene containing novel cardo pol...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides information on various engineering thermoplastics, including polyamides, polyoxymethylene, polyesters, polycarbonate, and polyphenylene oxide. It focuses on the structures, properties, production methods and applications of nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 6,10, nylon 6,12, polyester (PET and PBT), and polycarbonate. Key points covered include the monomers and polymer structures of these materials, how they are synthesized, their mechanical properties, processing considerations, advantages and disadvantages. Common applications are also outlined.
This document provides information on Nylon 6 and Nylon 66, including their preparation, manufacturing, structure-property relationships, applications, and composites. Nylon 6 is prepared from epsilon-caprolactam and water, while Nylon 66 is prepared from hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid. Both are manufactured using continuous polymerization processes. Their properties, such as strength and melting point, are influenced by factors like the distance between functional groups and molecular weight. Common applications include business equipment, consumer products, electrical/machinery parts, and automotive components. Composites with fibers or fillers can enhance properties for specific applications.
Alkenes readily undergo addition reactions where carbon-carbon double bonds become single bonds. Common addition reactions include bromination, hydrogenation, and combustion. Alkenes are manufactured through cracking of petroleum, which involves breaking down long-chain hydrocarbons into smaller molecules like alkenes over a catalyst at high temperatures. Cracking provides important products for fuels and materials.
This document describes a process for producing new amide-like derivatives of lysergic acid and isolysergic acid. The process involves reacting isolysergic acid azide with an amine, then isolating the lysergic acid amide and isolysergic acid amide products. Several examples are provided where isolysergic acid azide is reacted with pyrrolidine, piperidine, or morpholine to produce the corresponding lysergic acid and isolysergic acid amides. The compounds produced have sedative and blood pressure lowering properties.
This document describes enzymatic fatty ester synthesis using immobilized lipase from Mucor miehei. Specifically, it investigates the esterification of 1,2-isopropylidene glycerol with oleic acid catalyzed by this lipase to produce 1,2-isopropylidene-3-oleoyl glycerol. The effects of temperature, pressure, and enzyme-to-substrate ratio on the conversion of oleic acid were examined. The optimal conditions for highest conversion (80% of oleic acid) were determined to be 55°C, 0.057 bar pressure, and an enzyme addition of 0.096 g per 1 g of reaction mixture. Kinetic
This document discusses fats and oils, including their reactions, properties, and analytical constants. It describes the processes of hydrolysis, hydrogenation, and rancidity. It also defines several analytical constants used to characterize fats and oils, such as acid number, saponification number, iodine number, ester number, Reichert-Meissl number, and acetyl number. The constants are used to identify fat composition and purity and to detect adulteration.
The document summarizes experiments using a Gas Module attached to an H-Cube Pro reactor to enable gas-liquid and gas-solid reactions. Key findings include:
1) The Gas Module allows versatile use of various gases including oxygen, carbon monoxide, ethylene and others for reactions.
2) Reactions with gases are fast, completing in under 10 minutes, and the Gas Module is capable of pressures up to 100 bar.
3) Optimization of alcohol oxidation over different catalysts and conditions showed the highest conversion and selectivity at 100°C, 100 bar, and 5% Ru/Al2O3 catalyst.
4) Aminocarbonylation reactions achieved up to 82% conversion using different
This document describes a method for preparing low molecular weight polymers of esters of methacrylic acid. Specifically, it involves the thermal polymerization of monomers like methyl methacrylate at temperatures between 225-350°C without polymerization inhibitors. This allows the monomers to polymerize via an equilibrium step-reaction into mixtures of dimers, trimers, tetramers and higher polymers up to a degree of polymerization of 50. Several examples are provided demonstrating the preparation of specific low molecular weight polymer mixtures from various methacrylate monomers at different temperatures and times.
KMPS expertise in chemical process design, particularly the design of deep vacuum distillation systems processing thermally sensitive products has made KMPS a leader in the Biodiesel Purification Industry. Our expertise includes the development of process simulation models, design of low pressure drop heat exchangers and distillation column internals, selection of vacuum systems, process control strategies and the detailed design and construction of fully integrated modular purification and recovery systems.
KMPS has performed extensive proof of concept pilot testing. These tests, performed at our Houston, Texas Pilot Plant development facility, are based upon actual feedstocks provided by our clients. Please refer to the following Process Flow Diagram summarizing KMPS’ areas of biodiesel expertise.
This document summarizes the synthesis of a cyclopalladated complex: [Pd(μ-Cl)(C6H4N(O)=NPh)]2. The student followed the cyclopalladation reaction of azoaryls to synthesize the azoxypalladate complex. The reaction involved PdCl2 and azobenzene heated to 130-140°C for 0.25 hours, yielding the yellow solid product with a melting point of 170-209°C and 71.63% yield. Infrared spectroscopy showed characteristic bands for the complex between 1100-1000 cm-1 indicating Pd interactions. The conclusions were that the reaction yield was satisfactory but purity could not be
The document discusses catalytic cracking using zeolites to produce liquid fuels from plastics, waste, oils, and algae. It describes:
1) Thermocatalytic cracking plants that use catalytic cracking at lower temperatures than pyrolysis to produce oil from waste such as plastic.
2) Zeolites are effective catalysts for this process as their porous, acid structures facilitate cracking of long hydrocarbon chains.
3) The process yields recycled diesel, gasoline, gas, and char. Mass balances from different waste streams show product compositions vary but fuels can be obtained.
4) Chromatograms show recycled diesel from municipal waste has identical boiling points to fossil diesel despite different chemical compositions.
Terpene and structure elucidation of monoterpeneShalini jaswal
This document discusses the structure elucidation of three monoterpenoids: citral, menthol, and camphor. It provides details on their isolation, constitution, and synthesis. Citral is an acyclic monoterpene with a molecular formula of C10H16O and contains two double bonds and an aldehyde group. Menthol is a monocyclic monoterpene with the formula C10H20O that contains a secondary alcoholic group. Camphor is a bicyclic monoterpene with the formula C10H16O that contains a ketone group and a six-membered ring. Oxidation and reaction studies were used to determine the structures and constituents of these three important mon
This document describes gas sweetening processes used to remove acid gases like H2S and CO2 from natural gas. It focuses on chemical absorption processes using alkanolamine solvents like MEA, DGA, DEA, and MDEA in aqueous solutions. The general process involves absorbing acid gases from the feed gas in an absorber column, regenerating the solvent in a regenerator column, and recycling the regenerated solvent. Key unit operations discussed include the absorber, flash drum, amine/amine heat exchanger, regenerator, reboiler, and condenser. Process conditions and equipment details are provided for the typical operation of each unit.
Solid base catalyzed depolymerization (liquifaction/valorization) of lignin i...Richa Chaudhary
This document presents research on the depolymerization of lignin into low molecular weight aromatic products using solid base catalysts. It summarizes the characterization of various solid base catalysts and alkaline lignin using techniques such as XRD, TGA-DTA, NMR, FT-IR. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of catalyst type and reaction conditions like temperature, time and pH on the product yield. The highest yields of depolymerization products like guaiacol, vanillin and acetoguaiacone were obtained using NaX catalyst at pH 9.2, 250°C for 1 hour. The spent NaX catalyst was characterized and compared to fresh NaX.
GFS Chemicals is a U.S. manufacturer specializing in alkynes and downstream derivatives. For over 85 years, they have served customers in research, pilot plant, and full-scale production. Their core technologies include liquid ammonia chemistry, halogenation, hydrogentation, and Grignard synthesis. They produce a wide range of specialty chemicals including alkynes, olefins, heteroaromatics, and halogenated organics. GFS Chemicals offers manufacturing support from development through commercialization.
Application Description
The Impact Of Poor Quality Olefin Feedstocks
The Importance Of Alky Unit Pre-treatment
Typical Process Conditions
VULCAN VIG Catalyst Morphology
Selective Hydrogenation of Acetylenes and Alkenes
Alkylation Reaction Chemistry
ALKYLATION CHEMISTRY AND PROCESS VARIABLES
What Are VULCAN Processes
FIXED BED PROCESSES
Advantages
Dis-Advantages
VULCAN UltraPurification Guards
VULCAN UltraPurification Impurities
VULCAN Sulfur Guards
VULCAN Guards - Prediction Of Sulfur In Feed
Basic HDS Reactions
Mechanisms for DBT desulfurization
Relative Reactivities of Three benzothiophene molecules
Synthesis and characterization of resin copolymer derived from cardanol-furfu...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
1) The Pt supported on mesoporous silicate FSM-16 showed high and stable catalytic activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene at 350°C and this activity was higher than that of commercial CoMo/A120 3 catalysts.
2) Among noble metal/FSM-16 catalysts, Pt/FSM-16 showed the highest activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene. The optimal loading of Pt on FSM-16 was determined to be 5 wt%.
3) The activity of Pt/FSM-16 decreased temporarily when hydrogen sulfide was introduced but was restored after cutting off the introduction, indicating that hydrogen sulfide is reversibly adsorbed on the Pt/FSM
Glythermin P44 is a heat transfer fluid used in solar heating equipment and food/water processing. It is a non-toxic, odorless liquid based on propylene glycol. Glythermin P44 must be diluted with 25-75% water and protects metals from corrosion when used in heating systems. It is miscible with other propylene glycol-based heat transfer fluids and has a shelf life of at least three years when stored properly.
Description of nitric acid manufacturing processSameer Pandey
Nitric acid is manufactured through the Ostwald process which involves oxidizing ammonia with air over a platinum-rhodium catalyst at 850°C to produce nitric oxide, which is then oxidized to nitrogen dioxide and absorbed in water to form nitric acid. The manufacturing process can operate at single or dual pressures and involves filtering air, oxidizing and absorbing NO to form weak nitric acid, and concentrating the weak acid through extractive distillation with sulfuric acid to produce strong nitric acid at 99% concentration. Emissions are controlled by further absorbing tail gases to produce sodium nitrate and nitrite or with wet scrubbers.
Synthesis and Characterization of cyclohexylidene containing novel cardo pol...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides information on various engineering thermoplastics, including polyamides, polyoxymethylene, polyesters, polycarbonate, and polyphenylene oxide. It focuses on the structures, properties, production methods and applications of nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 6,10, nylon 6,12, polyester (PET and PBT), and polycarbonate. Key points covered include the monomers and polymer structures of these materials, how they are synthesized, their mechanical properties, processing considerations, advantages and disadvantages. Common applications are also outlined.
This document provides information on Nylon 6 and Nylon 66, including their preparation, manufacturing, structure-property relationships, applications, and composites. Nylon 6 is prepared from epsilon-caprolactam and water, while Nylon 66 is prepared from hexamethylene diamine and adipic acid. Both are manufactured using continuous polymerization processes. Their properties, such as strength and melting point, are influenced by factors like the distance between functional groups and molecular weight. Common applications include business equipment, consumer products, electrical/machinery parts, and automotive components. Composites with fibers or fillers can enhance properties for specific applications.
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of new aromatic polyamides. A new diamine monomer, N,N'-bis-(4'-aminobenzoyl)benzene1,3-diamine, was synthesized and characterized. A series of polyamides were synthesized by copolymerizing this monomer with isophthaloyl chloride and terephthaloyl chloride in various ratios using solution polycondensation. The polyamides had inherent viscosities ranging from 0.30 to 0.44 dL/g, indicating moderate to high molecular weights. Thermal analysis showed the polyamides had glass transition temperatures between 154-207°C and high thermal stability, with no weight loss
C-terminal Sequencing of Protein : Novel Partial Acid Hydrolysis & Analysis b...Keiji Takamoto
The document describes a novel method for C-terminal sequencing of proteins using partial acid hydrolysis and mass spectrometry analysis. Peptides or proteins are hydrolyzed with vapors of strong organic acids like trifluoroacetic acid or hepta-fluorobutyric acid at high temperatures. This results in successive degradation of the C-terminal residues as seen by mass spectrometry. The degradation is believed to occur via formation of an oxazolone ring at the C-terminal amino acid, followed by removal of the C-terminal residue. Specific cleavages also occur at the peptide bonds preceding aspartic acid and serine residues. This method allows efficient C-terminal sequencing of proteins in small quantities directly from mass
The document discusses several engineering thermoplastics including polyamides (nylons), polyoxymethylene (POM/acetals), polyesters (PBT and PET), polycarbonate (PC), and polyphenylene oxide (PPO). It provides details on the structure, properties, synthesis, processing, applications of each polymer. For polyamides, it specifically discusses nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon 6,10, nylon 11, and nylon 12. It compares the characteristics and performance properties of nylon 6 and nylon 6,6.
The document summarizes research on synthesizing various silicoaluminophosphate (SAPO) molecular sieves. It discusses synthesizing SAPO-35 using different inorganic promoters in non-aqueous media to reduce crystallization time. Characterization techniques like PXRD, SEM, and NMR confirmed the successful synthesis of SAPO-35. Promoter-assisted samples showed similar catalytic activity to the standard in methanol-to-olefins reactions. The document also examines synthesizing SAPOs like SAPO-16 using microwave irradiation and their application in benzaldehyde acetalization reactions.
This document discusses the thermal and rheological properties of Povidone (PVP) and Copovidone polymers for use in hot melt extrusion. It finds that all PVP polymers show some degradation above 180°C, so that temperature is recommended as the upper limit for melt extrusion. PVP K-12 and S-630 are found to have ideal rheological properties for melt extrusion, with melt viscosities between 700-100,000 Pa.s. The other grades may require plasticization to be successfully melt extruded below 180°C.
This document summarizes information about acetonitrile (CH3CN). It provides acetonitrile's molecular formula, synonyms, physical properties such as boiling point and density, solubility, reactivity, uses as a solvent and in manufacturing processes, production methods, safety considerations, and worldwide production and trade data. The document contains detailed process flow diagrams and calculations for producing acetonitrile via ammoxidation of propylene in a two-reactor system with quenching and separation steps.
Synthesis and Characterization of Comb-PolymethacrylateJUAN DU
The document discusses solid polymer electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries. It describes the synthesis of various copolymers containing poly(ethylene glycol) side chains, and their characterization by FTIR, NMR, DSC, and EIS. The ionic conductivity was found to increase with temperature for all polymer electrolytes. Electrolytes with methoxy end-capped side chains showed higher conductivity than those with hydroxyl end-caps, possibly due to decreased hydrogen bonding.
Fundamentals of petroleum processing_ lecture7-1.pdfRobinsonA9
This document discusses various fuel refining processes including catalytic isomerization and polymerization. It provides details on catalytic isomerization of light hydrocarbons to improve gasoline octane. The document describes isomerization feedstocks, catalysts used, reaction conditions, and the process technology. It also summarizes the polymerization process for producing high-octane gasoline from olefin molecules and the visbreaking process for reducing viscosity of vacuum residues through mild cracking.
New Eco-Sustainable Polyamide-Based Polymers for Multipurpose ApplicationsRadiciGroup
Nicolangelo Peduto - R&D manager at Radici Chimica & Radici Plastics
Anna De Sio - R&D and Technical Marketing at Radici Chimica
11th China International Polyamide & Intermediates Forum in Shanghai, 5-6 /12/2013
Carboxy-terminal Degradation of Peptides using Perfluoroacyl Anhydrides : C-T...Keiji Takamoto
This document describes a new method for determining the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) amino acid sequence of peptides using perfluoroacyl anhydride vapor. Exposure of peptides to the vapor at -20°C for 0.5-1 hours sequentially degrades the peptide from the C-terminus. Analysis of the truncated peptide fragments by fast-atom-bombardment mass spectrometry allows determination of the C-terminal sequence based on mass differences. The method provides C-terminal sequence information as a complement to the common Edman degradation method for amino-terminal sequencing. The perfluoroacyl anhydride vapor method results in more extensive C-terminal degradation than a previous method using perfluoric acid
This document discusses the use of polysaccharide-based nanoparticles for drug delivery applications. It describes how nanoparticles between 10-700nm in size can encapsulate and provide controlled release of drugs while decreasing side effects. Polysaccharides are promising materials for nanoparticles due to their biocompatibility, low cost, and reactive groups. The document outlines methods for preparing nanoparticles from chitosan, alginate, pectin, and other polysaccharides using techniques like ionic crosslinking. Characterization of the nanoparticles in solution and solid form is presented, showing properties like particle size and surface charge. Future work aims to use the nanoparticles to encapsulate drugs and study their release, uptake, and shape evolution in physiological conditions.
Lignin-depolymerization-aromatic monomers-solid acid-heterogeneous catalyst-A...Deepa A K
The document summarizes research on the depolymerization of lignin over heterogeneous catalysts having acidic functionality. Key points:
- Lignin can be converted into high-value chemicals but is currently underutilized. Heterogeneous catalysts can aid in the depolymerization of lignin into aromatic monomers.
- Testing of various solid acid catalysts showed H-USY zeolite gave the highest yield (60%) of aromatic monomers from depolymerization of dealkaline lignin. However, H-USY deactivated after reuse.
- Products were analyzed using GC-MS, GPC and MALDI-TOF, confirming the formation of aromatic monomers rather than high molecular weight compounds. FTI
This document discusses solid dispersion technology for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drug compounds. It focuses on using hot-melt extrusion to produce solid dispersions at commercial scale. Key factors in developing successful solid dispersions include selecting polymers that facilitate drug dissolution and prevent recrystallization while being suitable for hot-melt extrusion processing. The document examines the thermal and rheological properties of various povidone and copovidone polymers for use in hot-melt extrusion. Results show these polymers are thermally stable below 180°C but degrade at higher temperatures. Rheological analysis defines suitable processing windows in terms of temperature and viscosity.
This document describes the synthesis of polyimide aerogels cross-linked with octa(aminophenyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS). Gels were formed from polyamic acid solutions containing 3,30,4,40-biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), bisaniline-p-xylidene (BAX) and OAPS. The gels were chemically imidized and dried using supercritical CO2 extraction to produce aerogels around 0.1 g/cm3 in density that are highly porous, flexible and foldable with high surface areas and low thermal conductivity. Mechanical testing showed the polyimide aerogels cross-linked
The document is a technical project report that proposes establishing a 60,000 KL/year plant named SANKALP BIO-TECH to produce bio-fuels and other products through trans-esterification of feedstocks like oils, animal fats and greases. The plant would be located in Maharashtra, India. Raw materials would include distillates from various oil and fat processing waste streams. Main products would be bio-diesel, fatty acid methyl esters, glycerin and other specialty products that meet standards like ASTM D6751 and IS 1560.
This document summarizes research using a Differential Reaction Calorimeter (DRC) to measure the heat of CO2 absorption (ΔHdiff) into aqueous solutions of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) and piperazine (PZ) blends at various temperatures, CO2 loadings, and AMP/PZ ratios. The DRC provided accurate ΔHdiff data that decreased with increasing CO2 loading and temperature. A lower AMP/PZ ratio showed more pronounced effects at high CO2 loading due to different reaction rates between CO2 and each amine. Measured ΔHdiff also compared favorably to estimated values from solubility data.
2. Polyamides, also known as nylons, are the first commercial synthetic polymers entering
modern life.
Polyamides have a repeating amide group (―CONH―) in their molecular structure.
The world’s first sytnhetic fiber was invented by Carothers at Du Pont laboratories in
1935 and was called as Nylon 66.
Chemical structure of Nylon 66:
Introduction
3. PA6 has good stiffness, strength, toughness, resistance to chemicals and thermal stability.
It is mostly used in electrical, automotive and packaging applications.
Polyamide 6 is mostly synthesized in melt by the ring opening polymerization of
caprolactam. Molecular weight of the polymer is increased by a solid-state polymerization
process where mobile reactive groups are able to react below the melting temperature of
the polymer.
Polyamide 6
4. Scope of the study
To improve the properties of PA6 incorporation of different monomers/oligomers/polymers
can be realized according to the desired applications.
If the modification of PA6 is carried out in solution or in the solid state above the glass
transition but below the melting temperature of PA6 then, the good properties of PA6 can
be retained while some other desired properties can be obtained.
Using solution or solid state polymerization route, deformation of the crystalline phase is
prevented, which provides good mechanical and thermal properties to PA6. The
modification of the polyamide occurs in the mobile amorphous phase.
5. PART 1: Multiblock polyesteramide synthesis from short polyamide and polyester
blocks for enhanced biodegradability. This was done either following an
isocyanate or epoxide route.
PART 2: Incorporation of a semi-aromatic nylon salt into PA6 backbone by SSP by
making use of transreactions. Salt can be chosen according to the desired
property of the copolymer such as higher Tg, increased hydrophobicity,
flame retardancy, etc.
Two main approaches used in this study
7. Synthesis and the thermal properties of the copolymer
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
NormalizedRISECsignal
SSP-160 °C
SSP-140 °C
SSP-100 °C
PA6C
TPCL
Elution time (min)
End of solution mixing
SSP-60 °C
SEC chromatograms recorded during the
multiblock copolymer formation.
-40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
Temperature (°C)
Heatflow(W/g)Endodown
156.3°C
-7.6°C
36.6°C 199.3°C
206.4°C
TPCL
PA6
PEA-ASM
heating
cooling
43.6°C
DSC traces of the second heating cycle of TPCL, PA6
and the second heating and cooling scans of PEA-
ASM polymer.
8. Biodegradation
Scanning electron micrographs of the polymer
films:
(A) PEA-ASM before degradation,
(B) PEA-ASM after 4 weeks of enzymatic
degradation,
(C) PEA-ASM after 8 weeks of enzymatic
degradation,
(D) Commercial PA6 after 8 weeks of
enzymatic degradation.
Remaining weight (%) of the polymers vs. time
of degradation during
(▪) enzymatic degradation of PA6,
(●) hydrolytic degradation of PEA-ASM,
(▲) enzymatic degradation of PEA-ASM.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
80
85
90
95
100
Remainingweight(%)
Degradation time (days)
9. PART 2-Incorporation of a semi-aromatic nylon salt into PA6
Commercial grade, high molecular weight PA6 was
mixed with different amounts of Dytek A/IPA salt in a
common solvent.
The solvent was removed at 55 °C.
After drying of the mixture, SSP was carried out at
180 °C which was continued at 200 °C for a total of 24
hours.
Via solid state polymerization:
Via melt polymerization:
ε-Caprolactam was reacted with different amounts of
Dytek A/IPA salt at 265 °C overnight.
Unreacted monomers and cyclic compounds were
extracted in demi-water at 100 °C and dried.
Scheme for the incorporation of the
nylon salt into the PA6 backbone of
the PA6 during the solid state
polymerization
10. Molecular weight analysis of the copolyamides
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38
NormalizedUVSECsignal Elution time (min)
0 h
0.5 h
1 h
2 h
4 h
8 h
12 h
16 h
24 h
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
NormalizedRISECsignal
Elution time (min)
0 h
0.5 h
1 h
2 h
4 h
8 h
12 h
16 h
24 h
Dytek A IPA
SEC chromatographs of the copolyamides at different reactions times recorded
with an RI and an UV detector.
11. Thermal properties of the copolyamides
Comparison of the DSC traces of the first (---) and second (―)heating and cooling runs
of PA6, copolymers with 20 wt% salt in feed synthesized via SSP and MP and salt
homopolymer.
40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
(CL/DyI20
)M2
(CL/DyI20
)S2
DyI HP
Temperature (ºC)
Heatflow,Endodown(W/g)
PA6
40 60 80 100120140160180200220
Temperature (ºC)
Heatflow,Endodown(W/g)
(CL/DyI20
)M2
(CL/DyI20
)S2
DyI HP
PA6
12. The degree of randomness (R) of the copolyamides
10 15 20 25 30
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Dytek A-IPA salt (wt%)
DegreeofrandomnessR
Melt polymerization
Solid-state modification
13. Local chain conformation and the morphology of the copolyamides
3400 3200 3000 2800
2895
2868
2937
3072
3202
220
o
C
Absorbance[a.u.]
Wavenumber [cm-1
]
Heat
30
o
C
3300
1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800
927
960
1029
1121
1170
1201
1239
1266
1292
1373
1417
1436
14541462
1477
220
o
C
Absorbance[a.u.]
Wavenumber [cm-1
]
Heat
30
o
C
1505
*
* *
* Bands associated with the hydrogen-bonded NH stretching vibration become less
pronounced close to the melting temperatures of the copolymers.
* Bands associated with the methylene units totally disappear upon heating indicating a
Brill transition where the interchain and intersheet distances of the chains become equal
forming a pseudohexagonal phase.
* * * * *
14. 10 15 20 25 30
100
002/202
200
PA6
(CL/DyI20
)S2
(CL/DyI30
)S2
Intensity
2 (deg)
180 160 140 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
ppm
212 °C
193 °C
174 °C
155 °C
136 °C
117 °C
98 °C
79 °C
60 °C
41 °C
t g t t,g g t
C1 C2, C3
C4
C5
IPACOIPA
CO
Local chain conformation and the morphology of the copolyamides
X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the
homopolymer and copolymers of PA6
with 20 wt% and 30 wt% DyI salt in the
feed .
Temperature-dependent solid state 13C CP/MAS NMR
spectra of the copolymer with 20 wt% DyI salt in the
feed.
15. Conclusions
Polyesteramide multiblock copolymers were synthesized in solution and in the solid
state by using an isocyanate route and an epoxide route. By this way biodegradability
of the PA6 can be enhanced.
Incorporation of a semi-aromatic nylon salt into the backbone of the high molecular
weight PA6 was performed in the solid state. A comparison with the melt polymerized
samples showed that superior thermal properties were obtained in case of solid-state
modification. The degree of randomness analysis indicated a block structure when SSP
was used.
Analysis of the PA6-salt copolymers with temperature dependent FTIR showed the
formation of non-hydrogen bonded amide groups with increasing salt content and the
Brill transition at around 160-180 °C. X-Ray and solid-state NMR results were in
agreement indicating no co-crystallization of the salt with the PA6 chains.
16. Acknowledgements
Cor Koning
Thierry Leblanc
Donglin Tang
Lidia Jasinska-Walc
Marko Nieuwenhuizen
Maurizio Villani
Martin Fijten
Rinske Knoop
Rene Kierkels
Rudy Rulkens
Ronald Ligthart
Pim Janssen
Marcel Aussems
Victoria de Bruijn
16
Magnus Eriksson
Mats Martinelle
Max-Planck
Institute for
Polymer Research
Michael Ryan Hansen
19. Synthesis of polyesteramide copolymers
80 °C, 0.45 wt%
80 °C, 0.90 wt%
100 °C, 0.45 wt%
100 °C, 0.90 wt%
120 °C, 0.45 wt%
120 °C, 0.90 wt%
140 °C, 0.45 wt%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
MnSEC(g/mol)
Time (h)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
11000
Time (h)
MnSEC(g/mol)
80 °C, no cat.
80 °C, 2 wt%
80 °C, 5 wt%
100 °C, no cat.
100 °C, 2 wt%
100 °C, 5 wt%
120 °C, no cat.
Increase in molecular
weight during the
reaction of PA6 and the
oligoester with DMAP as
catalyst.
Increase in molecular
weight during the reaction
of PA6 and the oligoester
with or without TEA as
catalyst.
20. Thermal analysis of the copolymers
DSC heating and cooling scans of
DEPA, PA6 and the polyesteramide
copolymer.
-80 -40 0 40 80 120 160 200
-68.9 °C
205.0 °C
Heatflow(W/g)Endodown
Temperature (°C)
DEPA
PA6
PA6/DEPA
4.9 °C
205.5 °C
-40 0 40 80 120 160 200
169.4 °C
166.1 °C
Temperature (°C)
Heatflow(W/g)Endodown
DEPA
PA6
PA6/DEPA
Editor's Notes
Thank you Mr. Chairman.
I will make a brief summary of my PhD study which is entitled as Polyamide 6 Based….
Same lines.
The same lines + Polyamide 6 chains fold back and forth as shown in this figure and make strong hydrogen bonding between the amide linkages.
Two main approaches were used in this study. In the first part, I will describe the incorporation of…..
In the second part, I will describe incorporation of…..
Polyesteramide synthesis was made by following an isocyanate and epoxide route.
Firstly, diamine end capped low molecular weight PA6 was synthesized by adding a small amount of diamine during the ring opening polymerization of caprolactam.
Later, polycaprolactone diol was end capped with isocyanate. And by the solution mixing of both components in a common solvent multiblock polyesteramie copolymers were obtained at room temperature.
Size exclusion chromatography results showed that high molecular weight product was formed at a higher elution time. Thermal analysis showed that melting temperatures of PA6 and TPCL are almost retained and two separate crystallization peaks are also seen.
Biodegradation studies of the copolymer films were done in buffer solution with and without enzyme.
A clear loss in weight was observed already after 8 weeks.
SEM measurements showed the level of degradation in the films after 4 and 8 weeks compared to the non-degraded films.
“The same sentence” are seen. Both Dytek A and IPA peaks totally disappear and initial chain scission due to aminolysis and acidolysis reactions were followed by an increase in molecular weight.
The same sentence + a significant decrease in the melting and the crystallization temperatures and in the degree of crystallinity of the melt polymerized sample is observed compared to the those of the PA6 and the copolymers modified in solid state.
R calculations were performed by making use of quantitative 13C NMR analysis. A value close to 1 points to a totally random incorporation of the salt whereas a lower value indicates the formation of a blocky microstructure which is the case for the copolymers synthesized in solid state.
From the X-Ray patterns it was observed that intensity of the reflections decrease but show no shift in position. This means that the crystallinity is decreasing with increasing salt content however no co-crystallization with the salt molecules is seen.
Temperature dependent solid state 13C NMR shows the conformation of trans conformers into gauche upon heating. Disappearance of the IPA peaks also indicates that there is no co-crytallization.
Second route of polyesteramide synthesis consisted of synthesizing a diacid end capped low molecular weight PA6 and mixing this with a dipeoxide oligoester in a common solvent with the addition of a base catalyst. Then, the solvent was totally removed and solid-state reactions were performed from 80-140 degrees.
PA6-diepoxy propylene adipate reactions were performed at different temperatures with different amount of catalyst additions.
In case of DMAP addition highest molecular weight was obtained at 100 degrees and the other case highest molecular weight was obtained at 120 degrees without any catalyst addition.
After DSC analysis it was seen that high melting and crystallization temperature of the PA6 is still retained and an increase in the Tg of the oligoester was seen due to the restricted chain movement.