The Entity-Relationship (E/R) model is a conceptual data modeling technique used to describe and design the data requirements of an information system. The E/R model uses entities, attributes, and relationships to model the real world entities and relationships between entities of an organization or system. The E/R model diagrammatically represents entities as rectangles, attributes as ellipses, and relationships as diamonds. This allows for a graphical depiction of the entities, attributes, and relationships within a system.
The document discusses the Entity Relationship Model and its key concepts including entities, attributes, relationships, keys, and cardinalities. It explains how ER diagrams visually depict these concepts through symbols like rectangles for entities and diamonds for relationships. The ER model is used for conceptual database design and captures the logical properties and meanings within an organization's domain.
1) The document describes an entity-relationship (ER) diagram for a university database. It identifies the main entities as Department, Course, Module, Lecturer, and Student.
2) The key relationships are that a Department offers multiple Courses, a Course includes multiple Modules, a Lecturer teaches multiple Modules, and a Student enrolls in a Course and takes the Modules required to complete it.
3) The document explains the different components of an ER diagram, including entities, relationships, attributes, keys, and relationship types (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many). It provides examples of how to map an ER diagram to database tables.
This document provides an overview of entity/relationship modeling and ER diagrams. It discusses key concepts such as entities, attributes, relationships, and how to represent them in ER diagrams. An example of modeling a university database is used to demonstrate how to identify entities, attributes, relationships from a description and represent them in an ER diagram. Guidelines are provided for determining whether something should be an entity or attribute. The document also discusses modeling one-to-one relationships and how redundant relationships can be merged.
The document outlines requirements for a student transcript database for XYZ University. It includes entities for students, courses, departments, instructors, sections, and grade reports. The proposed ER diagram would include entities for these concepts and attributes like student name and ID, course name and number, department name and code, instructor name and ID, section details, and student grades. Relationships would connect these entities, like departments offering courses, sections assigning instructors to teach courses, and students taking courses and receiving grades.
1. The document defines key concepts in conceptual data modeling including entities, attributes, relationships, and extended entity relationship (EER) modeling.
2. Entities can be strong or weak. Attributes can be single-valued or multi-valued, stored or derived. Relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many.
3. EER modeling allows for generalization and specialization of entities through supertypes/subtypes to model common and unique attributes more accurately.
The steps are:
1. Find the module entity instance for "Database Systems"
2. Find the enrollment entity instances that match this module
3. For each matching enrollment, retrieve the associated student
The document discusses entity-relationship (E-R) modeling which is used for conceptual database design. It describes how E-R modeling involves identifying entities, attributes, and relationships between entities. These components are represented in an E-R diagram using graphical symbols like rectangles for entities and diamonds for relationships. An example E-R diagram is provided for a university database with entities for departments, programs, courses, lecturers, and students and relationships such as "offers" and "teaches".
The document discusses the Entity Relationship Model and its key concepts including entities, attributes, relationships, keys, and cardinalities. It explains how ER diagrams visually depict these concepts through symbols like rectangles for entities and diamonds for relationships. The ER model is used for conceptual database design and captures the logical properties and meanings within an organization's domain.
1) The document describes an entity-relationship (ER) diagram for a university database. It identifies the main entities as Department, Course, Module, Lecturer, and Student.
2) The key relationships are that a Department offers multiple Courses, a Course includes multiple Modules, a Lecturer teaches multiple Modules, and a Student enrolls in a Course and takes the Modules required to complete it.
3) The document explains the different components of an ER diagram, including entities, relationships, attributes, keys, and relationship types (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many). It provides examples of how to map an ER diagram to database tables.
This document provides an overview of entity/relationship modeling and ER diagrams. It discusses key concepts such as entities, attributes, relationships, and how to represent them in ER diagrams. An example of modeling a university database is used to demonstrate how to identify entities, attributes, relationships from a description and represent them in an ER diagram. Guidelines are provided for determining whether something should be an entity or attribute. The document also discusses modeling one-to-one relationships and how redundant relationships can be merged.
The document outlines requirements for a student transcript database for XYZ University. It includes entities for students, courses, departments, instructors, sections, and grade reports. The proposed ER diagram would include entities for these concepts and attributes like student name and ID, course name and number, department name and code, instructor name and ID, section details, and student grades. Relationships would connect these entities, like departments offering courses, sections assigning instructors to teach courses, and students taking courses and receiving grades.
1. The document defines key concepts in conceptual data modeling including entities, attributes, relationships, and extended entity relationship (EER) modeling.
2. Entities can be strong or weak. Attributes can be single-valued or multi-valued, stored or derived. Relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many.
3. EER modeling allows for generalization and specialization of entities through supertypes/subtypes to model common and unique attributes more accurately.
The steps are:
1. Find the module entity instance for "Database Systems"
2. Find the enrollment entity instances that match this module
3. For each matching enrollment, retrieve the associated student
The document discusses entity-relationship (E-R) modeling which is used for conceptual database design. It describes how E-R modeling involves identifying entities, attributes, and relationships between entities. These components are represented in an E-R diagram using graphical symbols like rectangles for entities and diamonds for relationships. An example E-R diagram is provided for a university database with entities for departments, programs, courses, lecturers, and students and relationships such as "offers" and "teaches".
The document outlines requirements for a student transcript database for XYZ University. It includes entities for students, courses, departments, instructors, sections, and grade reports. The proposed ER diagram would include entities for these concepts and attributes like student name and ID, course name and number, department name and code, instructor name and ID, section details, and student grades. Relationships would connect these entities, like departments offering courses, sections assigning instructors to teach courses, and students taking courses and receiving grades.
The document discusses entity relationship (ER) models and describes the key concepts including entities, attributes, relationships, keys, ER diagrams, weak entities, and mapping constraints. It provides examples of an ER model for a university database that includes the entities of students, courses, and professors. The model shows the relationships between these entities, their attributes, cardinalities, and a sample ER diagram. Overall, the document provides an overview of ER models and demonstrates how to design an ER schema for a database using a university example.
The document provides information on the key concepts of an entity-relationship (E-R) model, including:
1) Entities represent real-world objects like people, places, and things that are stored in a database. Attributes describe the properties of entities.
2) Relationships represent associations between entities. Relationships have properties like degree, cardinality, and existence.
3) Keys like primary keys and foreign keys uniquely identify entities and define relationships between entities.
4) Strong and weak entities differ in whether they have their own primary keys or rely on other entities.
5) E-R diagrams visually depict entities, attributes, relationships, keys and other concepts to model a database.
The document discusses how to model a database using an entity-relationship (ER) model. It describes the key components of an ER model including entities, attributes, relationships, and keys. It explains how entities can have attributes and how relationships associate entities. It also covers mapping cardinalities, weak entities, specialization/generalization, and how to map an ER diagram to relational database tables.
The Experience Of Under Graduate Students with Literal Symbolsiosrjce
This study investigated the result of an survey (experiment) where we observed misuses of literal
symbols by university/college students when they perform operation on integration & differentiation problems
This document provides an overview of entity-relationship modeling as a first step for designing a relational database. It describes how to model entities, attributes, relationships, and participation constraints. Key aspects covered include using boxes to represent entity types, diamonds for relationship types, and labeling relationships with degrees. The document also discusses handling multi-valued attributes and deciding whether to model concepts as attributes or entity types.
This document discusses entity relationship (ER) modeling. It defines key concepts in ER modeling including entities, attributes, relationships, and ER diagram notations. Entities can be people, places, objects or concepts and are grouped into entity types. Attributes provide information about entities. Relationships define how entities are connected. Common relationship types are one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. ER diagrams use notations like boxes, lines, and crow's foot symbols to visually depict entities, attributes, and relationships in a database design. The document also covers entity classification, primary keys, foreign keys, and potential problems in ER modeling.
An E-R diagram is a logical representation of data in an organization that views the entire system as entities related to one another. The key elements of an E-R diagram are entities, attributes, and relationships. Entities represent people, places, things, or events and have attributes with defined domains. Relationships connect different entities and can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. E-R diagrams were introduced in 1976 and provide advantages like a logical structure for modeling an organization's data.
Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) are used to model relationships between entities in a database. The document discusses ERD components like entities, relationships, cardinality, and attributes. It provides an example of an ERD for a company with departments, supervisors, employees, and projects. Key entities are identified and their relationships and attributes are represented in the example ERD diagrams.
The document discusses data modeling and the entity-relationship model. It defines key concepts like entities, attributes, relationships, and cardinalities. Entities have attributes and can be connected through relationships. Relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many depending on how many entities can be associated with each other. The entity-relationship model is useful for conceptual database design and represents these concepts visually in diagrams.
The document presents information on Entity Relationship (ER) modeling for database design. It discusses the key concepts of ER modeling including entities, attributes, relationships and cardinalities. It also explains how to create an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) using standard symbols and notations. Additional features like generalization, specialization and inheritance are covered which allow ERDs to represent hierarchical relationships between entities. The presentation aims to provide an overview of ER modeling and ERDs as an important technique for conceptual database design.
Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) are conceptual data models used in software engineering to model information systems. ERDs represent entities as rectangles, attributes as ellipses, and relationships as diamonds connecting entities. Attributes can be single-valued, multi-valued, composite, or derived. Relationships have cardinality like one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. Participation constraints and Codd's 12 rules of relational databases are also discussed in the document.
Database Management Systems (DBMS) allow users to define, construct, and manipulate databases. A DBMS provides facilities to define data structures and constraints, store data, and retrieve or update data through queries. Common examples of databases include company records, airline reservation systems, and library catalogs. It is important to distinguish between a database schema, which describes the database structure, and a database instance, which contains the actual stored data. Popular DBMS languages include DDL for defining data structures and DML for manipulating data. DBMSs can be classified based on their data model, number of users, distribution, and cost.
Here is an E-R diagram for the university database case study:
Student Number Year of Study Degree Program Concentration Department
Department Code Office Phone Faculty Members
Course Number Title Description Prerequisites
Section Term Slot Instructor
Employee Number Rank Office Number Phone Number Email Address
Faculty
This E-R diagram models the entities, attributes, and relationships specified in the case study requirements. Entities are represented by rectangles and attributes by ovals. Relationships are shown using lines and crow's feet.
The document discusses the Entity-Relationship (ER) model used for conceptual database design. The ER model uses entities, attributes, and relationships to model real-world concepts and connections. The model allows expression of key constraints, participation constraints, and other integrity rules. Conceptual design requires determining the best way to represent concepts as entities or attributes and relationships.
The document discusses the entity-relationship (E-R) data model. It defines key concepts in E-R modeling including entities, attributes, entity sets, relationships, and relationship sets. It describes different types of attributes and relationships. It also explains how to represent E-R diagrams visually using symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and lines to depict entities, relationships, keys, and cardinalities. Primary keys, foreign keys, and weak entities are also covered.
The document describes a grade entry system for a high school that allows faculty to store, compute, and record student grades. It includes entity relationship diagrams and descriptions of the key system components, including normalized data schemas and physical database design. The system provides a way to efficiently generate student report cards and grading sheets at the end of each period.
This document discusses the entity-relationship (ER) model for conceptual database design. It defines key concepts like entities, attributes, relationships, keys, and participation constraints. Entities can be strong or weak, and attributes can be simple, composite, multi-valued, or derived. Relationships associate entities and can specify cardinality like one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. The ER model diagrams the structure and constraints of a database before its logical and physical implementation.
The document provides an overview of the Entity-Relationship (E/R) model, a conceptual data modeling technique. It describes the key concepts of the E/R model including entities, attributes, relationships, cardinalities, participation constraints, weak entities and E/R diagrams. The E/R model is used to describe a database at the conceptual level and provides a rigorous yet understandable representation of data. An example E/R schema for modeling student, course, department and other data for an educational institution is presented to demonstrate how the concepts are applied.
The document outlines requirements for a student transcript database for XYZ University. It includes entities for students, courses, departments, instructors, sections, and grade reports. The proposed ER diagram would include entities for these concepts and attributes like student name and ID, course name and number, department name and code, instructor name and ID, section details, and student grades. Relationships would connect these entities, like departments offering courses, sections assigning instructors to teach courses, and students taking courses and receiving grades.
The document discusses entity relationship (ER) models and describes the key concepts including entities, attributes, relationships, keys, ER diagrams, weak entities, and mapping constraints. It provides examples of an ER model for a university database that includes the entities of students, courses, and professors. The model shows the relationships between these entities, their attributes, cardinalities, and a sample ER diagram. Overall, the document provides an overview of ER models and demonstrates how to design an ER schema for a database using a university example.
The document provides information on the key concepts of an entity-relationship (E-R) model, including:
1) Entities represent real-world objects like people, places, and things that are stored in a database. Attributes describe the properties of entities.
2) Relationships represent associations between entities. Relationships have properties like degree, cardinality, and existence.
3) Keys like primary keys and foreign keys uniquely identify entities and define relationships between entities.
4) Strong and weak entities differ in whether they have their own primary keys or rely on other entities.
5) E-R diagrams visually depict entities, attributes, relationships, keys and other concepts to model a database.
The document discusses how to model a database using an entity-relationship (ER) model. It describes the key components of an ER model including entities, attributes, relationships, and keys. It explains how entities can have attributes and how relationships associate entities. It also covers mapping cardinalities, weak entities, specialization/generalization, and how to map an ER diagram to relational database tables.
The Experience Of Under Graduate Students with Literal Symbolsiosrjce
This study investigated the result of an survey (experiment) where we observed misuses of literal
symbols by university/college students when they perform operation on integration & differentiation problems
This document provides an overview of entity-relationship modeling as a first step for designing a relational database. It describes how to model entities, attributes, relationships, and participation constraints. Key aspects covered include using boxes to represent entity types, diamonds for relationship types, and labeling relationships with degrees. The document also discusses handling multi-valued attributes and deciding whether to model concepts as attributes or entity types.
This document discusses entity relationship (ER) modeling. It defines key concepts in ER modeling including entities, attributes, relationships, and ER diagram notations. Entities can be people, places, objects or concepts and are grouped into entity types. Attributes provide information about entities. Relationships define how entities are connected. Common relationship types are one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. ER diagrams use notations like boxes, lines, and crow's foot symbols to visually depict entities, attributes, and relationships in a database design. The document also covers entity classification, primary keys, foreign keys, and potential problems in ER modeling.
An E-R diagram is a logical representation of data in an organization that views the entire system as entities related to one another. The key elements of an E-R diagram are entities, attributes, and relationships. Entities represent people, places, things, or events and have attributes with defined domains. Relationships connect different entities and can be one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. E-R diagrams were introduced in 1976 and provide advantages like a logical structure for modeling an organization's data.
Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) are used to model relationships between entities in a database. The document discusses ERD components like entities, relationships, cardinality, and attributes. It provides an example of an ERD for a company with departments, supervisors, employees, and projects. Key entities are identified and their relationships and attributes are represented in the example ERD diagrams.
The document discusses data modeling and the entity-relationship model. It defines key concepts like entities, attributes, relationships, and cardinalities. Entities have attributes and can be connected through relationships. Relationships can be one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many depending on how many entities can be associated with each other. The entity-relationship model is useful for conceptual database design and represents these concepts visually in diagrams.
The document presents information on Entity Relationship (ER) modeling for database design. It discusses the key concepts of ER modeling including entities, attributes, relationships and cardinalities. It also explains how to create an Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) using standard symbols and notations. Additional features like generalization, specialization and inheritance are covered which allow ERDs to represent hierarchical relationships between entities. The presentation aims to provide an overview of ER modeling and ERDs as an important technique for conceptual database design.
Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) are conceptual data models used in software engineering to model information systems. ERDs represent entities as rectangles, attributes as ellipses, and relationships as diamonds connecting entities. Attributes can be single-valued, multi-valued, composite, or derived. Relationships have cardinality like one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. Participation constraints and Codd's 12 rules of relational databases are also discussed in the document.
Database Management Systems (DBMS) allow users to define, construct, and manipulate databases. A DBMS provides facilities to define data structures and constraints, store data, and retrieve or update data through queries. Common examples of databases include company records, airline reservation systems, and library catalogs. It is important to distinguish between a database schema, which describes the database structure, and a database instance, which contains the actual stored data. Popular DBMS languages include DDL for defining data structures and DML for manipulating data. DBMSs can be classified based on their data model, number of users, distribution, and cost.
Here is an E-R diagram for the university database case study:
Student Number Year of Study Degree Program Concentration Department
Department Code Office Phone Faculty Members
Course Number Title Description Prerequisites
Section Term Slot Instructor
Employee Number Rank Office Number Phone Number Email Address
Faculty
This E-R diagram models the entities, attributes, and relationships specified in the case study requirements. Entities are represented by rectangles and attributes by ovals. Relationships are shown using lines and crow's feet.
The document discusses the Entity-Relationship (ER) model used for conceptual database design. The ER model uses entities, attributes, and relationships to model real-world concepts and connections. The model allows expression of key constraints, participation constraints, and other integrity rules. Conceptual design requires determining the best way to represent concepts as entities or attributes and relationships.
The document discusses the entity-relationship (E-R) data model. It defines key concepts in E-R modeling including entities, attributes, entity sets, relationships, and relationship sets. It describes different types of attributes and relationships. It also explains how to represent E-R diagrams visually using symbols like rectangles, diamonds, and lines to depict entities, relationships, keys, and cardinalities. Primary keys, foreign keys, and weak entities are also covered.
The document describes a grade entry system for a high school that allows faculty to store, compute, and record student grades. It includes entity relationship diagrams and descriptions of the key system components, including normalized data schemas and physical database design. The system provides a way to efficiently generate student report cards and grading sheets at the end of each period.
This document discusses the entity-relationship (ER) model for conceptual database design. It defines key concepts like entities, attributes, relationships, keys, and participation constraints. Entities can be strong or weak, and attributes can be simple, composite, multi-valued, or derived. Relationships associate entities and can specify cardinality like one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many. The ER model diagrams the structure and constraints of a database before its logical and physical implementation.
The document provides an overview of the Entity-Relationship (E/R) model, a conceptual data modeling technique. It describes the key concepts of the E/R model including entities, attributes, relationships, cardinalities, participation constraints, weak entities and E/R diagrams. The E/R model is used to describe a database at the conceptual level and provides a rigorous yet understandable representation of data. An example E/R schema for modeling student, course, department and other data for an educational institution is presented to demonstrate how the concepts are applied.
The document discusses the Entity Relationship (ER) model, which was introduced in 1976 to define the conceptual view of a database. The ER model represents real-world entities and relationships between entities using entity sets, attributes, and relationship types. These constructs allow the ER model to map to a relational database schema and serve as a design tool for database developers and a communication tool for users. Key ER modeling concepts covered include entities, attributes, relationships, cardinalities, and participation constraints.
This document provides an introduction to conceptual modeling in database design. It discusses the stages of database design including data analysis, conceptual design, logical design, and physical design. The conceptual and logical models are explained using an example of a university database. Key aspects of conceptual modeling using the entity-relationship model are covered, including entities, attributes, relationships, keys, participation constraints, and weak/strong entities. Design principles are presented for reducing redundancy and choosing between entities and attributes.
The document discusses entity relationship (ER) diagrams, which are used to design databases. It provides details on the major components of ER diagrams, including entities, relationships, attributes, keys, and cardinality. As an example, it presents an ER diagram for a college database showing students enrolled in subjects taught by instructors using both Chen's notation and Crow's foot notation. The diagram models the one-to-many relationships between students and subjects and instructors and subjects.
Entity Relationship modeling is used to define relationships between entities in a database. It involves creating Entity Relationship Diagrams which use entities, attributes, and relationships to represent how data is connected. The ER diagram defines the entities, their attributes, and the relationships between entities. This modeling helps with database design and implementation by illustrating how data is structured and related.
1) The document discusses the relational model and database concepts including relations, attributes, tuples, domains, and schemas.
2) It also describes the entity-relationship model which represents data using entities, attributes, and relationships between entities.
3) The key aspects of the entity-relationship model are explained such as entity sets, relationship sets, attributes, keys, and the different types of relationships between entities.
The document provides an introduction to SQL and database concepts. It discusses:
- What a database management system (DBMS) is and its importance for data management.
- An introduction to structured query language (SQL) as a standard language for interacting with relational databases.
- Key SQL concepts like data definition language, data manipulation language, and data control language.
- How to perform common SQL operations like creating databases and tables, inserting, updating, and deleting data, and using joins and aggregation functions.
The document provides an overview of entity relationship modeling and SQL. It defines key concepts like entities, attributes, relationships and cardinalities. It also explains how these concepts are represented in an entity relationship diagram using standard symbols like rectangles for entities and diamonds for relationships. Specific examples of one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-one relationships are illustrated. The document aims to introduce fundamental database and data modeling principles.
This document discusses entity relationship (ER) diagrams and modeling concepts. It defines entities, attributes, relationships and cardinalities. It also covers ER diagram notation for representing these concepts visually including different relationship types. Finally, it discusses transforming an ER diagram into a relational database schema by mapping entities to tables, relationships to tables, and ensuring integrity through keys and constraints.
This document discusses data modeling using the entity-relationship model. It describes the key components of an entity-relationship model including entities, attributes, relationships, and identifiers. It explains how these components are represented graphically and provides examples of one-to-one, one-to-many, and many-to-many relationship types. It also covers topics such as weak entities, minimum and maximum cardinality, derived attributes, and how to denote optional and mandatory participation in relationships.
The document discusses entity relationship diagrams and how to model data using ER diagrams. It covers the key components of ER diagrams including entities, attributes, relationships and cardinality. Entities can be people, places, objects, events or concepts. Attributes are the properties of entities. Relationships show associations between entities. Cardinality specifies the minimum and maximum number of relationships between entities. The document provides examples and guidelines for properly constructing ER diagrams to model data without redundancy.
This document discusses entity relationship diagrams and how to create them. It defines the different types of cardinal relationships as one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. It provides examples of each type of relationship. The document then outlines the steps to create an ER diagram, including identifying entities, relationships, cardinality, and attributes. It provides an example of an ER diagram for a university with students, courses, and professors.
The document discusses data modeling and the entity-relationship (ER) model. It defines key concepts like the ER model, entities, attributes, relationships and keys. The ER model is used to develop a conceptual design for a database through entity-relationship diagrams. These diagrams show entities, attributes and relationships. Entities can have primary keys, foreign keys and other types of keys to uniquely identify records. The ER model provides a high-level view of data that is later mapped to relational database schemas.
Entity type
Entity sets
Attributes and keys
Relationship model
Mapping Constraints
The ER Model
Cardinality Constraints
Generalization, Specialization and Aggregation
ER Diagram & Database design with the ER Model
Introduction
Relational Model
Concepts
Characteristics
The document discusses the relational model of data, which was proposed by Edgar F. Codd in the 1970s. It presents the key concepts of the relational model including relation schemes, relation instances, keys, foreign keys, and referential integrity constraints. It also introduces relational algebra operations such as select, project, join, and set operations that allow querying of relational databases and provides examples to illustrate how they work. Finally, it discusses how relational algebra provides the foundation for query optimization and execution in relational database management systems.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
MATATAG CURRICULUM: ASSESSING THE READINESS OF ELEM. PUBLIC SCHOOL TEACHERS I...NelTorrente
In this research, it concludes that while the readiness of teachers in Caloocan City to implement the MATATAG Curriculum is generally positive, targeted efforts in professional development, resource distribution, support networks, and comprehensive preparation can address the existing gaps and ensure successful curriculum implementation.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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2. Entity-Relationship (E/R) Model
Widely used conceptual level data model
• proposed by Peter P Chen in 1970s
Data model to describe the database system at the requirements
collection stage
• high level description.
• easy to understand for the enterprise managers.
• rigorous enough to be used for system building.
Concepts available in the model
• entities and attributes of entities.
• relationships between entities.
• diagrammatic notation.
2
3. Entities
Entity - a thing (animate or inanimate) of independent
physical or conceptual existence and distinguishable.
In the University database context, an individual
student, faculty member, a class room, a course
are entities.
Entity Set or Entity Type-
Collection of entities all having the same properties.
Student entity set – collection of all student entities.
Course entity set – collection of all course entities.
3
4. Attributes
Each entity is described by a set of attributes/properties.
student entity
StudName – name of the student.
RollNumber – the roll number of the student.
Sex – the gender of the student etc.
All entities in an Entity set/type have the same set of attributes.
Chosen set of attributes – amount of detail in modeling.
4
5. Types of Attributes (1/2)
• Simple Attributes
having atomic or indivisible values.
example: Dept – a string
PhoneNumber – an eight digit number
• Composite Attributes
having several components in the value.
example: Qualification with components
(DegreeName, Year, UniversityName)
• Derived Attributes
Attribute value is dependent on some other attribute.
example: Age depends on DateOf Birth.
So age is a derived attribute.
5
6. Types of Attributes (2/2)
• Single-valued
having only one value rather than a set of values.
for instance, PlaceOfBirth – single string value.
• Multi-valued
having a set of values rather than a single value.
for instance, CoursesEnrolled attribute for student
EmailAddress attribute for student
PreviousDegree attribute for student.
• Attributes can be:
simple single-valued, simple multi-valued,
composite single-valued or composite multi-valued.
6
7. Diagrammatic Notation for Entities
entity - rectangle
attribute - ellipse connected to rectangle
multi-valued attribute - double ellipse
composite attribute - ellipse connected to ellipse
derived attribute - dashed ellipse
Lname
Fname Mname
Program
RollNumber
StudName
Student
Sex
Age
DateOfBirth
AdmissionYear
EmailAddress
7
8. Domains of Attributes
Each attribute takes values from a set called its domain
For instance, studentAge – {17,18, …, 55}
HomeAddress – character strings of length 35
Domain of composite attributes –
cross product of domains of component attributes
Domain of multi-valued attributes –
set of subsets of values from the basic domain
8
9. Entity Sets and Key Attributes
• Key – an attribute or a collection of attributes whose value(s)
uniquely identify an entity in the entity set.
• For instance,
• RollNumber - Key for Student entity set
• EmpID - Key for Faculty entity set
• HostelName, RoomNo - Key for Student entity set
(assuming that each student gets to stay in a single room)
• A key for an entity set may have more than one attribute.
• An entity set may have more than one key.
• Keys can be determined only from the meaning of the
attributes in the entity type.
• Determined by the designers
9
10. Relationships
• When two or more entities are associated with each other,
we have an instance of a Relationship.
• E.g.: student Ramesh enrolls in Discrete Mathematics course
• Relationship enrolls has Student and Course as the
participating entity sets.
• Formally, enrolls ⊆ Student × Course
• (s,c) ∈ enrolls ⇔ Student ‘s’ has enrolled in Course ‘c’
• Tuples in enrolls – relationship instances
• enrolls is called a relationship Type/Set.
10
11. Degree of a relationship
• Degree : the number of participating entities.
• Degree 2: binary
• Degree 3: ternary
• Degree n: n-ary
• Binary relationships are very common and widely used.
11
12. Diagrammatic Notation for Relationships
Relationship – diamond shaped box
Rectangle of each participating entity is connected by a line to
this diamond. Name of the relationship is written in the box.
A
R
B
C
12
13. Binary Relationships and Cardinality Ratio
M
E1 R
N
E2
• The number of entities from E2 that an entity from E1 can
possibly be associated thru R (and vice-versa) determines
the cardinality ratio of R.
• Four possibilities are usually specified:
• one-to-one (1:1)
• one-to-many (1:N)
• many-to-one (N:1)
• many-to-many (M:N)
13
14. Cardinality Ratios
• One-to-one: An E1 entity may be associated with at
most one E2 entity and similarly
an E2 entity may be associated with at
most one E1 entity.
An E1 entity may be associated with
many E2 entities whereas an E2 entity may
be associated with at most one E1 entity.
… ( similar to above)
Many E1 entities may be associated with a
single E2 entity and a single E1 entity
may be associated with many E2 entities.
• One-to-many:
• Many-to-one:
• Many-to-many:
14
15. Cardinality Ratio – example (one-to-one)
Name
Sex
Phone
1
Professor
Address
HostelName
1
RollNo Student ResidesIn
1
RoomNo
Hostel
Room
Teaches
CourseID Name
Credits
1
Course
Name
Address
15
16. Cardinality Ratio – example (many-to-one/one-to-many)
Name
Sex
Phone
N
Professor
Address
Name
1
Sex Professor guides
N
Student
belongsTo
Name
1
Location
Department
(many-to-one)
RoomNo
Name Phone
Address Address (one-to-many)
16
17. Cardinality Ratio – example (many-to-many)
Name RollNo
Name
CourseId
Student
M
Address
enrolls
N
Credits
Course
Name Phone
worksFor
M N
Name Sponser
Sex Professor SponsoredProject
Address
Value
Start
Date
Duration
End
Date
17
18. Participation Constraints
• An entity set may participate in a relation either totally or
partially.
• Total participation: Every entity in the set is involved in
some association (or tuple) of the relationship.
• Partial participation: Not all entities in the set are involved
in association (or tuples) of the relationship.
Notation:
E1
total
R
partial
E2
18
19. Example of total/partial Participation
Name
Sex
Phone
N
Professor
Address
Name
1
Sex Professor guides
N
Student
belongsTo
Name
1
Location
Department
(many-to-one)
RoomNo
Name Phone
Address Address
one-to-many
19
20. Structural Constraints
• Cardinality Ratio and Participation Constraints are together
called Structural Constraints.
• They are called constraints as the data must satisfy them to be
consistent with the requirements.
• Min-Max notation: pair of numbers (m,n) placed on the line
connecting an entity to the relationship.
• m: the minimum number of times a particular entity must
appear in the relationship tuples at any point of time
• 0 – partial participation
• ≥ 1 – total participation
• n: similarly, the maximum number of times a particular entity
can appear in the relationship tuples at any point of time
20
22. Attributes for Relationship Types
Relationship types can also have attributes.
properties of the association of entities.
M
Student enrolls
N
Course
Grade
grade gives the letter grade (S,A,B, etc.) earned by
the student for a course.
neither an attribute of student nor that of course.
22
23. Attributes for Relationship Types – More Examples
N
Professor belongsTo
1
Department
joinDate
M N
Professor worksFor SponsoredProject
percentTime
23
24. Recursive Relationships and Role Names
• Recursive relationship: An entity set relating to itself
gives rise to a recursive relationship
• E.g., the relationship prereqOf is an example of a recursive
relationship on the entity Course
• Role Names – used to specify the exact role in which the
entity participates in the relationships
• Essential in case of recursive relationships
• Can be optionally specified in non-recursive cases
prerequisite
Course
course
Role Names
24
prereq
Of
25. Weak Entity Sets
Weak Entity Set: An entity set whose members owe their
existence to some entity in a strong entity set.
entities are not of independent existence.
each weak entity is associated with some entity of the
owner entity set through a special relationship.
weak entity set may not have a key attribute.
Double wall
boxS
Owner entity
R W
Always total
Identifying relationship
25
26. Weak Entity Sets - Example
Year
Name
SectionNo
SemesterNo
CourseID Course
Credits
has
Section
Section
Professor
RoomNo
ClassTime
A popular course may have
several sections each taught
by a different professor and
having its own class room
and meeting times
Partial key:
Uniquely identifies a section
among the set of sections
of a particular course
26
27. Complete Example for E/R schema: Specifications (1/2)
In an educational institute, there are several departments and
students belong to one of them. Each department has a unique
department number, a name, a location, phone number and is
headed by a professor. Professors have a unique employee Id,
name, phone number.
We like to keep track of the following details regarding students:
name, unique roll number, sex, phone number, date of birth,
age and one or more email addresses. Students have a local
address consisting of the hostel name and the room number.
They also have home address consisting of house number,
street, city and PIN. It is assumed that all students reside in the
hostels.
27
28. Complete Example for E/R schema: Specifications (2/2)
A course taught in a semester of the year is called a section. There
can be several sections of the same course in a semester; these
are identified by the section number. Each section is taught by a
different professor and has its own timings and a room to meet.
Students enroll for several sections in a semester.
Each course has a name, number of credits and the department that
offers it. A course may have other courses as pre-requisites i.e,
courses to be completed before it can be enrolled in.
Professors also undertake research projects. These are sponsored
by funding agencies and have a specific start date, end date and
amount of money given. More than one professor can be
involved in a project. Also a professor may be simultaneously
working on several projects. A project has a unique projectId.
28
30. Entities – Department and Course
Location
Name
Phone
Credits
CourseID Name
HOD
Department
DeptNo
Course
30
31. Entities – Professor, Project and Sections
Professor
Name
ProfID
PhoneNumber
StartDate EndDate
Project Sponsor
Amount
ProjectId
Section
Timing
SectionID ClassRoom
31
32. E/R Diagram showing relationships
N
Student
M
belongs
To
1
Department
1
1
enrolls
N
N
1
sfer
of
1
works
For
N
Course
M
hasSection
prerequisite
Of
N
N
Professor
M
teaches
works
On
NN
Section Project
32
33. Design Choices: Attribute versus Relationship
• Should offering department be an attribute of a course or
should we create a relationship between Course and Dept
entities called, say, offers ?
• Later approach is preferable when the necessary entity,
in this case the Department, already exists.
• Should class room be an attribute of Section or
should we create an entity called ClassRoom and
have a relationship, say, meetsIn,
connecting Section and ClassRoom?
• In this case, the option of making classRoom as an attribute
of Section is better as we do not want to give a lot of
importance to class room and make it a an entity.
33
34. Design Choices:
Weak entity versus composite multi-valued attributes
• Note that section could be a composite multi-valued attribute
of Course entity.
• However, if so, section can not participate in relationships,
such as, enrolls with Student entity.
• In general, if a thing, even though not of independent existence,
participates in other relationships on its own, it is best
captured as a weak entity.
• If the above is not the case, composite multi-valued
attribute may be enough.
34
35. Ternary Relationships
Relationship instance (c, p, j) indicates that
company c supplies a component p that is made use of by the project j
canSupply
Company supply Component
ser
ve
s
s es
u
Project
35
36. Ternary Relationships
(c,p) in canSupply, (j,p) in uses, (c,j) in serves may not together imply (c,p,j) is
in supply. Whereas the other way round is of course true.
canSupply
Company supply Component
ser
ve
s
s es
u
Project
The binary
relationships
together do not
convey the
same meaning
as supply
36