The document provides an overview of biology concepts across multiple chapters. It begins with an outline of chapter 1 which covers life characteristics, grouping living things, science as a body of knowledge, sources of scientific information, critical thinking, and science in society. Chapter 2 is outlined next, covering matter, atoms, molecules, water, hydrogen ions, organic molecules, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and ATP. Subsequent chapters cover cells, tissues, organs and organ systems. Key concepts include the structure and function of cells, plasma membranes, and cellular transport.

1. By Christy Baker

2.  Chapter 1
 1.1 Life Characteristics Slide #6
 1.2 Grouping living things by Characteristics
Slide # 7-9
 1.3 Science is a body of knowledge and a process
Slide # 10-11
 1.4 Getting scientific information in different style
sources Slide # 12
 1.5 Being a Critical Thinker Slide #13
 1.6 Science in society Slide #14

3.  Chapter 2
 2.1 Matter consists of elements Slide # 15-16
 2.2 Atoms form Molecules Slide # 17-18
 2.3 Life depends on water Slide # 19
 2.4 Hydrogen ions importance Slide # 20
 2.5 Organic molecules of living organisms Slide # 21
 2.6 Carbohydrates Slide # 22
 2.7 Lipids Slide # 23
 2.8 Protiens Slide #24
 2.9 Genetic Information stotred in nucleic acids Slide #25
 2.10 ATP Slide # 26

4.  Chapter 3
 3.1 Cell classification Slide # 27
 3.2 Cell structure reflects cell function Slide # 28
 3.3 Cell surrounded by plasma membrane Slide # 29-30
 3.4 Molecules cross plasma membrane Slide # 31-33
 3.5 Specific Functions carried out by internal structures
Slide # 34-35
 3.6 Cells have structures for support and movement
Slide # 36
 3.7 Matter and energy are used and transformed by cells
Slide # 37-38

5.  Chapter 4
 4.1 Tissues are groups of cells Slide # 39
 4.2 Epithelial tissues Slide # 40
 4.3 Connective Tissue Slide # 41
 4.4 Muscle tissues Slide # 42
 4.5 Nervous tissues Slide # 43
 4.6 Organs and organ systems Slide # 44-45
 4.7 Skin Slide # 46-47
 4.8 Multicellular organisms Slide # 48

6.  All living things require energy that is
originally from the sun
 Cells are what make up living things
 Living things must maintain the regulation of
internal environment no mater how bad the
external environment may get (homeostasis)
 Living thing are smart and now how to get to
things that they need to live when in different
environmental settings
 They also have DNA which allows them to get
larger and reproduce

7.  Humans have certain features that define them such as compared
to our body size we have a large brain, we have opposable thumb
that help us grab thing, we prefer to stand or walk on two
legs(Bipedalism), and we also have the capacity for complex
language
 Humans and other living things start out as just an atom and a
molecule then the make a cell, it makes the tissue, which makes
the organs, that make up the organ system(
body system, that complete an organisms,
whom is a part of a population, that makes a
community, that is in the ecosystem, that
makes up the biosphere
I found this image at:
http://deltabiology.com/2012/levels-of-biological-organization/

8.  There is both the three domain system and the five
kingdom system that characterize living things
 Both of the domains Bacteria and Achaea consist of
organisms from the kingdom Monerans
 The Domain Eukarya, which contains a nuclei, consist of
all for of the other kingdoms which are
 The Fungi Kingdom, which are the decomposers
 The Plante Kingdom, the ones that make the food for the
heterotrophs using organic materials (Photosynthetic plants)
 The Animalia Kingdom, which are heterotrophs that feed off
of materials that are produced by other organisms
 The Protista, consists of the simple multicellular and
unicellular eukaryotes
Images to help demonstrate shown on the next slide!

9. Five Kingdom System Three Domain System
http://fitz6.wordpress.com/2011/12/12/the-kingdoms-of-life/
http://biology.about.com/od/evolution/a/aa041708a.htm

10.  Scientific knowledge helps use learn and predict things to come of
the natural world
 The scientific method is when we use our scientific knowledge to
predict or make a hypothesis of what is to come of something in
the natural world and prove it to be false you have to follow the
steps for it to work
 You look at what ever it is you experimenting and observe it while using
inductive reasoning
 After you have observed you will create a statement of what you believe to
be true about the natural world that you can test, which is your hypothesis
 Once you have a hypothesis you must now make a prediction that you can
test
 You must now test that prediction you made by experimenting and
observing what happens
 Once you have seen what has gone on in the experiment you need to then
notice thing that may change and make a new hypothesis and repeat you
steps as many times as you need until you are confident with your out
come

11.  A theory is formed
be a very broad hypothesis
that must have a large
range of scientific facts
that can always be relied
on, it must have been
tested over and over
again, and it has to be
supported over
periods of time
http://mlmlblog.wordpress.com/2008/10/

12.  There are various areas that scientific information
can be found
 Peer-review journals, these are written with such
persistency that it could be hard to understand for most
people and other scientists should be able to duplicate the
experiment
 There are also science books and magazines that are
translated to be understood by people with a small
scientific background
 The best articles for the general public to read are web
pages because they are translated to be understood by
most people you must be aware that some articles my
contain false information and it is generally better to view
sites ending in .org or .gov

13.  You have to have a certain attitude to be a critical thinker
 You must first show some type of skepticism, which means you
must not believe everything you hear or read you need to question
things about it and find out more
 Statistics mean a lot to scientists and could determine if he/she
would be comfortable doing the experiment at all
 You must know how to read all different types of graphs because
they contain all of the answers and results
 Be very careful when reading anecdotes they can be misleading
and not always scientific facts
 Make sure that you know the difference between facts and
conclusions, facts can be verified and conclusions are just
someone's judgment
 Also make sure that you know a correlation does not necessarily
mean that one must have caused the result of the other you must
make sure to use causation and make sure to look at every
perspective

14.  Technology plays a huge rule in science there are
new technological advances all the time helping
with predictions some say relying on the
technology could lead to problems but that could
also be predicted with science and technology
 Although science can predict and experiment on
many things they are somewhat limited because it
can only focus on things that can be observed or
physical explanations nothing spiritual or faith
related
 With our everyday lives we are faced with many
questions that we must make informed decisions
on
http://www.ghananewsagency.org/details/Education/Ghanaian-youth-
need-firm-foundation-in-science-and-technology/?ci=9&ai=32089

15.  An atom contains a nucleolus and surrounded by
electrons, which are negatively charged, and it is also
the smallest unit of an element
 Protons, which are positively charged, and the
neutrons, which have no charge, make up the
nucleolus of an atom and amount to the majority of its
weight
 The periodic table is the masterpiece of science and you
can find just about anything you need t to know about
an element on it see image on next slide
 An isotope is an atom with more or less neutrons than
normal
 Radioisotopes give off energy in the form of radiation
which makes them unstable and possibly harmful

16. http://www.radiochemistry.org/periodictable/download_table.html

17.  Molecules are created to form energy
 Potential energy is energy that is not actually doing anything at
that moment
 The energy that is in motion doing something at that time is kinetic
energy
 Atoms join together to create molecules and chemical bonds
by filling their outer shell
 Ionic bonds are when an atom gives up its electrons from its outer
shell or takes electrons from another atom’s outer shell
 Covalent bonds are when two atoms share their electrons from
their outer shells
 Hydrogen bonds are when oppositely charged polar molecules
attract but it is a weak bond and constantly break and form new
molecules
 With all the elements in the world 99% of the human body
weight is composed of just six which are oxygen, carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorous

18. Ionic Covalent Hydrogen
http://www.historyforkids.org/scienceforkids/chemistry/atoms/ionic.htm
http://www.goalfinder.com/blog/template_permalink.asp?id=97
http://www.goalfinder.com/blog/template_permalink.asp?id=97

19.  Water is the most essential molecule to living things
 The are polar molecules
 When at body temperature it is a liquid
 It also absorbs and holds energy
 Other substances can dissolve in water making it a
solvent also meaning that these are hydrophilic
molecules that are attracted and interact with water
well opposed to hydrophobic molecules that do not
mix well with water and are nonpolar
 Our bodies need to maintain a temperature of 98.6
degrees Fahrenheit and we need water to help us do so
because we generate heat while metabolizing or the
other way around water can hold heat if our body
temperature is dropping

20.  The hydrogen ion is one of the most import ions in
the body and it is a single proton without an
electron
 There are acids that donate hydrogen ions and in
solution they gain hydrogen concentration or there
are bases which accept hydrogen ions and in
solution they lower their hydrogen concentration
 The pH scale is to measure the concentration of
hydrogen ions in a solution
 There are pairs of molecules that help minimize
changes in a pH level when an acid or base is
added, these are called buffers

21.  Although carbon is not very common in the
natural world it plays a large role as the main
organic molecule in the body accounting for
about 18%
 Dehydration synthesis requires energy and
forms organic molecules
 Hydrolysis releases energy and breaks down
the organic molecules

22.  A quick sources of energy are simple sugars or
monosaccharaides
 When a few monosaccharaides are linked by
dehydration synthesis they become
oligosaccharides
 When thousands of monosaccharaides are
linked by dehydration synthesis they become
complex carbohydrates or polysaccharides
 The most important storage polysaccharide in
animals is glycogen and in plants it is starch

23.  Lipids are the most important physical
characteristic of organic molecules in biology and
are not dissolvable in water
 Triglycerides or natural fats are synthesized from three
fatty acids, which are chains of hydrocarbons that end in
a carboxyl group, and a glycerol molecule they are stored
in fat tissue and store energy
 Phospholipids also have a molecule of glycerol but only
has two fatty acid tails and replaces the third one with a
phosphate group that is negatively charged
 Steroids are completely different from the other to lipids
and are composed of four rings they contain three 6-
membered carbon rings and one 5-membered carbon ring
that many things can attach to the most familiar is
cholesterol which is the source of several hormones

24.  There are thousands of proteins in the human body
and they all have different functions
 Proteins are macromolecules that are constructed from
amino acids, and all the proteins constuted in a human
are made up of only 20 different amino acids
 Protein structure is makes the function
 Primary structure is when each amino acid has a three letter
code
 Secondary structure is based on the amino acids are spaced
 Tertiary structure is based on how the amino acids twist and
fold
 Quaternary structure how many polypeptide chains there are
 Enzymes are proteins that do not change the final
result of a biological reaction but helps them occur

25.  DNA is in all living things and directs everything that
the cell does
 DNA is constructed by four different DNA nucleotide
 DNA is composed of a double helix that intertwines
with two strands of nucleotides and produces RNA
 RNA is composed of one single strand of nucleotides
and have the codes for producing proteins
 Nucleotides that compose both DNA and RNA consist
of a five-carbon sugar, a base which is a single or
double ringed structure containing nitrogen, and one
or more phosphate groups
http://gene-tics.wikispaces.com/17.+From+Gene+to+Protein+

26.  ATP is another nucleotide that has an
important function
 ATP is a source of energy for the cells and is
stored in the bonds between phosphate groups
 When ATP is broken down it becomes ADP
and an inorganic phosphate group

27.  Eukaryotic cells have three structural components
and all human cells are eukaryotic
 Covering the outer part of the cell is a plasma membrane
 The all have a nucleolus that houses the genetic material
 There is also cytoplasm that is a gel like fluid that
includes the entire cell except for the membrane called
cytosol which is made up of organelles
 Prokaryotic Cells
 Have a plasma membrane surrounded by a rigid wall
 Contains no nucleolus
 They also have cytoplasm but there is a lack of organelles

28.  All cells gather raw materials, get rid of waste,
makes macromolecules, and grow and reproduce
 The mathematical relationship between the cells
surface area and the cell volume imposes the size
of the cell
 The outer structure of a cell defines its border
 Although in different species some cells that serve
the same function generally look very similar
 Cells are small and must be view under a
microscope but that is what keeps the efficient

29.  The plasma membrane is the exterior structure
portion of a living cell it contains :
 Phospholipids which has two layers one layer of the the
polar heads are faced towards the outside of the cell and
the other layer faces the cytoplasm of the cell and both
layers of the nonpolar tails meet in the center of the
membrane
 Cholesterol maintains the structure of the membrane by
making sure it is not too rigid or too flexible
 There are many proteins there are some in the
phospholipid portion and transport molecules and
information across the membrane, some act as a support
system, and the charged portions of the proteins extended
out of the membranes while neutral portions are in the
phospholipid bilayer

31.  Molecules and ions have to cross the membrane
without allowing the needed materials the escape
so there are a few ways that this is done
 Passive transport transports a cell without changing its
energy they use diffusion by changing their course of
direction when colliding with other molecules. There will
always be an uneven concentration of molecules because
once it evens out the molecules will diffuse. There are
three ways for molecules to passively cross the membrane
they can sometimes just pass through the lipid bilayer,
some ions could pass through the channels in the
membrane, or in some cases the molecules attach to the
membrane change shape and they are trasfered to the
other side

32.  In active transport the cells collected needed molecules or get
rid of the ones that are not needed. Active transport does need
energy to pass certain molecules through the membrane. The
molecules pass through by attaching to the membrane
changing and are released on the other side, some of the
molecules break down from ATP to ADP to transport. The
proteins that pass these molecules through are often called
pumps. The most important pump is the sodium-potassium
pump that maintains the volume of the cell
 The molecules that are too big to transport through passive or
active transport pass through the membrane in bulk using
endocytosis which moves materials into the cell and/or
exocytosis which move materials out of the cell
 Information is transported through the membrane
using receptor proteins

33. http://www.tokresource.org/tok_classes/biobiobio/biomenu/membranes/index.htm

34.  All the cells actions are directed by the nucleolus
 The ribosomes connect the proper amino acids in the
correct order to create specific proteins
 The endoplasmic reticulum unifies most of the
chemical compounds made within the cell with the
help of the ribosomes
 The contents in the golgi apparatus move slowly
toward the outer layer once the reach it the are packed
into vesicles and sent to the proper place where they
are needed there are a few different types of vesicles
 Vesicles that ship and store the cellular product only product
from the golgi apparatus and then the membrane of the vesicle
decides what product is obtained and where it is delivered to

35.  Secretory vesicles pass through the membrane then
drop off their contents outside of the cell using
exocytosis
 Endocytosis vesicles bring bacteria and raw
materials into the cell using endocytosis
 Peroxisomes and lysosomes contain very powerful
enzymes. Peroxisomes carry enzymes that destroy
toxic waste and lysosomes carry digestive enzymes
 The mitochondria provide most of the cell’s
usable energy the sources of the energy come
from fat or lipids and glycogen

36.  All cells contain elements that control its
support and movement
 The cytoskeleton is the portion that supports the cell
in it the microtubules, the microfilaments, and the
glycoproteins connect to anchor the structure of the
cell
 The Cilia use a brushing like motion to move
materials across the surface of the cell, and the
flagella are found in sperm cells only in humans and
move the entire cell
 The centrioles divide the genetic parts of the cells
and align them

37.  The metabolism is responsible for the break
down, storage, and building of molecules using
the energy that is released by living cells
 There are metabolic pathways in cells that have
chemically reactions that happen in an
organized matter there are two main types of
the metabolic pathways are :
 In anabolism molecules need energy to be assembled
into larger molecules that contain more energy
 In catabolism energy is released and larger moecules
are broken down

38.  Glucose is the most available source to create ATP
energy and it is processed through four stages
 Glycolysis, energy is required and glucose is broken down to
3- carbon pyruvate molecules
 Preparation, the pyruvate molecules enter a mitochondrial to
prepare for the citric acid some energy and acetyl CoA are
yielded
 Citric acid cycle, energy is released from the acetyl CoA after it
is completely broken down by mitochondrial enzymes
 The electron transport system where the energy is captured and
used to generate high-energy ATP
 Fats and proteins are other sources of our energy and
are more often stored than glycogen
 A small portion of the process to create ATP in humans
can be done without the use of oxygen in anaerobic
metabolism

39.  Cells that have common functions and are
specialized group together and form tissues
every cell has a specific function and must be
organized and integrated there are four
different major types of tissue which are
further discussed
 Epithelial Tissues
 Connective tissues
 Muscle tissues
 Nervous tissues
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8682.htm

40.  Epithelial tissues
 Sheets of cells that form to cover the entire body and
create glans
 These tissues protect all the underlying tissues below it
 The structural support of these tissues is provided by the
basement membrane which is underneath the epithelial
tissue
 There are three types of epithelial tissues
 Squamous epithelium, formed by layer(s) of flattened cells it
lines the outer skin, blood vessels, and air sacs of lungs
 Cuboidal epithelium, formed by cubical cells lines the
kidneys and surface of the ovaries
 Columnar epithelium, formed by tall rectangular cells lines
most the digestive organs, some reproductive organs, and
the larynx

41.  The body’s strength, support and flexibility is provided
by the fibrous connective tissues that connect to different
parts of the body
 There are four groups which the tissues are arranged in
according to their density
 Loose connective tissue or areolar is very flexible but not very
good strength, contains only a few collagen fibers elastic fibers this
is the most common connective tissue
 Dense connective tissue is the strongest connective tissue it has
more collagen fibers and they are for the most part aligned in one
direction
 Elastic connective tissue have to stretch often the contain lots of
elastic fibers
 Reticular connective tissue or lymphoid tissue are rectangular
fibers that are made of collagen they intertwine to form this tissue
 There are specialized connective tissues that have a
specific role in functions they preform in the body these
are cartilage, bone, blood, and adipose tissue

42.  Muscle tissues produce movement by contracting
or shortening there are three types of muscle tissue
 Skeletal muscle tissue is constructed of long parallel
individual fibers, it is attached to bones by tendons, and
is voluntary muscle because we have control over its
movement
 Cardiac muscle tissue is constructed of shorter parallel
individual fibers they are involuntary muscles that
contract on their own
 Smooth muscle tissue is thin and tapered aligned in a
circular formation to surround hollow organs and tubes
these are also involuntary muscles that contract on their
own

43.  Neurons are the nervous tissues cells that
create and transmit electric impulses the have
three main parts to them
 The cell body
 The dendrites
 The axon
 The glial cell is also in the nervous tissue but it
does not transmit electrical impulses they
supply the nutrients

44.  Organs that have common functions make up organ
systems which is necessary to make up an organism
there are 11 systems that make up the human body
 The organ systems are kept in hollow cavities in the
body
 The body cavities are lined by tissue membranes there
are four main types
 Serous membranes which help reduce friction between the
organs by lining and lubricating the cavities
 Mucous membranes where particles are trapped because
mucus is created in the epithelial layer of the tissue and it lines
the digestive tract, airways, and reproductive system
 Synovial membrane creates a lubrication in between your joints
 Cutaneous membrane is our skin that and has many functions

45. http://www.healthadviceonline.biz/elken-mrt/step-4-health-regulation/the-organ-systems

46.  Integumentary system is the proper name for
skin
 The skin has two main layers that have their
own functions
 Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin, it is layers
epithelial cells that are constantly being replaced.
The two types of cells that make up the epidermis
are keratinocytes and melanocytes.
 The dermis is the under layer of the skin, it is made
of dense connective tissue. Hair, smooth muscle,
sweat glans, blood vessels. And sensory nerve
endings are all located in the dermis

47. http://www.dentalarticles.com/visual/d/skin-layers.php

48.  For a living organism to get nutrients our cells need and get
rid of waste they don’t need we need to maintain
homeostasis
 To make sure maintain our homeostasis we use the negative
feedback control system that must have :
 A controlled variable, a sometime varying chemical od physical
property (example core body temp)
 A sensor, keeps track of the controlled variable and send
information to the control center (Located in skin and internal
organs)
 A control center, determines if the controlled variable is where it
should be if not it sends signals to the effector (Hypothalamus
portion of brain decides whether body temp is too high or too low)
 An effector takes in the signals and works to fix the problem (When
temp is too low it will cause blood vessels to constrict, and when
too high it will cause them to dilate)
 Positive feedback control system is very uncommon in living
organisms, it amplifies a change instead of returning to
normal

49.  Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues
sixth edition, Michael D. Johnson
 Presentations by Joanne Oellers
 All cites images were found are posted with
image