Dean r berry chemistry building blocks of matter revised 6-12-18

1
Chemistry: The Building Blocks of Matter
Common Core Unit
By: Dean Berry Ed. D.
Gregg Berry, B.A

•Free PowerPoint at
slideshare.com
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2

Part One
Free PowerPoint Version
at slideshare.com
•
Chemistry
3

Chemistry is the study of the building blocks of all matter. Tiny
structures such as atoms, electrons, and molecules are the material
that creates all liquids, solids, and gases.

The most basic building block for all
matter is the atom.
Everything we see and breathe is made
of atoms.
5

Our bodies are composed of millions of
atoms.
Have the atoms in our bodies been
recycled from other objects? Let’s find
out.
6

What is an atom and how
does it function?
7

The four main structures in an atom include the nucleus,
protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Class Discussion
Is there matter that is smaller than atoms
and electrons?
10

Particles Smaller than Atoms
In recent years, scientists have discovered
subatomic particles called quarks and neutrinos
that are located inside atoms. Scientists are still
researching and debating the existence and
function of subatomic particles. When you
conduct your own research project, see what you
learn about these new theories.
11

In Geneva, Switzerland scientists built the Large Hadron Collider to
create high speed collisions between protons in an attempt to prove
that the Higgs boson particle exists. On March 14, 2013, the
scientists confirmed the existence of the Higgs field which changed
the way scientists view particle physics.
• .
12

We know that cosmic rays come from outer space and enter
earth’s atmosphere composed of various subatomic
particles. On earth most of these rays come from the sun.
13

Cosmic rays from space are made of billions of subatomic
particles some of which are now identified as neutrinos.
14

In November of 2013, scientists studying cosmic rays using a giant
telescope located at the South Pole made one of the most important
discoveries in modern science. Neutrinos, tiny subatomic particles,
had been studied for years. But the 28 neutrinos observed this time
were from beyond our solar system and a billion times more energetic
than solar neutrinos from the sun.
15

These new Neutrinos, extremely small particles, have almost no mass and can
travel through any matter without being slowed down or affected in any way.
Scientists believe that billions of neutrinos pass through our bodies continuously.
16

Scientists are continuing to study the mysterious composition of all
matter. Only during the last 100 years have scientists begun to
understand the basic composition of matter. The discovery that
atoms combine to make elements and elements combine to make
compounds is relatively recent in history. Scientists know that the
structure of atoms begins with electrons, protons, and neutrons.
17

The number of electrons, protons, and neutrons
determine the make up of an element.

Class Discussion
•What are elements?
•How many can you name?
19

A group of the same kind of atoms
creates an element like gold,
oxygen, calcium, or chlorine.
21

22
Oxygen Aluminum Sodium
Carbon Nickel Lithium
Nitrogen Lead Neon
Chlorine Gold Hydrogen
Calcium Potassium Silicon

Different elements have a
different number of electrons
and protons in their atoms.
23

Protons=Electrons
Elements, such as hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen,
always have the same number of protons as
electrons. Hydrogen has only one of each. Carbon
has six of each and oxygen has eight of each.
24

Protons have a positive charge to balance the negative charge of
electrons. As their name suggests, neutrons are neutral and without a
positive or negative charge.

Many living and non living things
are made of the element Carbon.
27

Class Discussion
• How many things can you think of that are made of
mostly carbon?
• If things made of carbon burn up, what is left over?
• Hints: All living things are composed of some carbon,
dead matter has carbon, intense heat creates different
forms of carbon
28

Coal, charcoal, and diamonds are forms of carbon.

Diamonds form deep within the earth under extreme pressure
and heat. It takes billions of carbon atoms to create a one carat
diamond. Graphite, a carbon form, is sometimes used in pencils.

Diamonds are usually created hundreds of miles
below the earth’s surface and sent to the surface
during violent volcanic eruptions.

The element carbon
has many forms.
32

Combining different elements
together creates compounds
(two or more elements) such as
water, sugar, and salt.
34

Class Discussion
1. Which two elements combine to make water?
2. How many hydrogen atoms are necessary to create a
water molecule?
3. Which two elements combine to make carbon dioxide?
35

Two different elements bind together
chemically to create molecules which can
represent over two million different
compounds.

37
Two different Elements combined equal a
Compound
Hydrogen + Oxygen = Water
Carbon + Hydrogen + Oxygen = Sugar
Sodium + Chlorine = Table Salt

When two or more elements are chemically combined, they become
a compound such as water, ammonia, or carbon dioxide.

The number for compound expressions is called a coefficient.
Carbon dioxide has one atom of carbon and two atoms of oxygen.

0
Elements share Electrons
Water is Hydrogen + Oxygen
Rust is Iron + Oxygen
Salt is Sodium + Chlorine
Sugar is Carbon +
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Soap is Sodium + Potassium

The human body is composed primarily
of five different elements.
41

Class Discussion
Which elements or compounds are found in
what we eat and drink?
Which elements or compounds make up the
human body?
42

The elements (atoms) in the human body
combine to make specific molecules of
water, proteins and lipids (fats).
44

The matter around us can take the form of
liquid, gas, or solid.
Water can easily change from a solid ice
cube, into melted liquid, and water vapor in
the air.
46

Class Discussion
•Are atoms closer together in water or ice?
•Are they closer together in water vapor or
water?
47

When water changes states, the water
molecules become closer together in a
solid and further apart in a gas.
48

Dry ice will slowly change from a solid to a gas when exposed
to oxygen and higher temperatures.

Molecules that are closer together create more
mass and higher density.
Matter with higher density normally is heavier.
51

Class Discussion
•Which one has higher density and mass, gold or
aluminum?
•Bowling ball or basketball?
•Wood or steel?
•Plastic or marble?
•Rubber or silver?
52

How do substances
react when they are
combined?
55

Putting different substances
together will create
different results.
When two substances
combine chemically by
sharing electrons, they
become a new substance
called a compound.
56

Some common compounds
around the home are
classified as acids or bases.
57

Class Discussion
• Which foods are high in acid content?
• Is baking soda an acid or a base?
• What do you think might happen if you mix an acid like
vinegar with a base?
58

59
•Taste sour
•Vinegar
•Citrus Fruits
•Stomach Juice
•Soft Drinks
•Batteries
•Taste bitter
•Baking Soda
•Antacids
•Laxatives
•Soap
•Deodorants

If substances dissolve when
they are combined, they
become a solution.
61

Class Discussion
What happens when we wash
dirty dishes that have sugar such
as syrup on them?
63

64
SUGAR PARTICLES BROKEN DOWN INTO TINY
MOLECULES

Putting some substances together
results in a mixture with all
substances unchanged.
65

Class Discussion
Explain how you might make a cake from scratch.
Which ingredients do you mix together?
When you buy a cake mix in a box, what is in the mix?
66

Top Ten Cool Science Experiments You Can Do
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ctInjrMUg9w

25 easy Science Experiments You Can Do at
Home
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YD2Pw9R7jY

25 of the coolest science experiments you can
do
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K0PJ4LiWl8w

15 Amazing Science Experiments
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_q1ZqRn8Zs

15 Mind Blowing Science Experiments
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9jMHZHXIu0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQx5Be
9g16U
• Ten Tricks of Science on YOU TUBE

https://www.livescience.com/61460-water-
bottle-snap-freeze.html

https://www.youtube.com/user/ACSReactions
• Reactions Chemistry

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P7w40A
AM1vM
• The Chemistry we leave behind
• You tube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNCOuB
81lqM
• Ten science experiments you can do at home

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNCOuB
81lqM
• Bottle of water upside down

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=16W7c0
mb-rE
• How Stupid things become smart
• In a Nutshell web site

How Small is an Atom?
In a Nutshell 5 m9n
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lNF3_30lUE

What is Light?
4 min In a Nut Shell
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXxZRZxafEQ

Organic Molecules for Life
3 min
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MqO3_270X-s

Check-up and Review
Raise your green card if you believe
the statement is true or your red card
if you think it is false.
84

True or False-1
Elements like gold and
oxygen are made up of only
one kind of atom.
85

True or False-2
The human body is
made of cells rather
than atoms.
87

True or False-3
Compound like water and
sugar are made of more than
one kind of element.
89

True or False-4
A bowling ball and a ping
pong ball have similar density
but different weight.
91

True or False-5
A pile of ashes and a
diamond are both made of
carbon atoms.
93

True or False-6
When a person is
cremated the left over
ashes are mostly carbon.
95

True or False-7
Hydrogen combined with
oxygen (H2O) creates the
compound salt.
97

True or False-8
Combining Oxygen and
Iron creates rust.
99

True or False-9
The human body is made
of more than 65% water
and 20% protein.
101

True or False-10
Soap, vinegar, and
baking soda are all
acids.
103

True or False-11
Oranges, cokes, battery
fluid, and stomach juices
are all sources of acid.
105

True or False-12
Water is used to clean dishes and
wash clothes because it is an
excellent solvent capable of
dissolving many compounds.
107

True or False-13
Dirt is made of sand, rocks,
dead plants, dead animals,
and animal waste.
109

Chemistry Quiz 1
1. Coal, Graphite, Diamonds, Ashes
2. Liquid, Gas, Solid
3. Carbon Dioxide, Hydrogen and
Oxygen
4. Iron plus Oxygen
5. Oxygen and Hydrogen
6. Dead Plants, Sand, Dead Bugs,
Minerals
116

Chemistry Quiz 2
1. Two or more elements or compounds
without a chemical bond.
2. Sand, Gravel and Water
3. DNA, Lipids, Proteins and Water
4. Nucleus, Electrons, Protons
5. Matter that contains all the same
atoms.
117

Brainstorm and Discuss
What is the human body made of?
Where do the atoms in our body come from?
Were those same atoms somewhere else before
they got to us?
Where will those atoms end up when we are
gone?
118

Report Back
Share Your Ideas
.
1. Let’s summarize possible
answers to our question about
what the human body is made of.
2. Include these ideas in your
notes.
3. You may choose to use a
graphic organizer.
119

Conduct Research on the Issues
•Use technology to gather information about
the composition of the human body. Explore the
role of elements, atoms, and molecules in the
make up of our bodies. Where do body atoms
come from as we grow, and where do body atoms
go when a body dies?
•This will be a short research assignment and
should generate two or three pages of notes. The
notes will used during the next class discussion to
review and write a report.
120

Essential Questions to Guide Research
What elements are found in the human body?
Which compounds make up the human body?
What happens to dead organic matter? Where do the
compounds go?
How does the carbon cycle affect organic matter?
If an animal dies and decomposes by a tree, will the animal’s
atoms become part of the tree?

Composition of Human Body1
•http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topi
c/275485/human-body/3360/Chemical-
composition-of-the-body
122

The Human Body and Its Composition
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_o
f_the_human_body
123

Stardust in the Human Body
•http://www.physicscentral.com/explore/pos
ter-stardust.cfm
124

NIH: Microbes in the Human Body
•http://www.nih.gov/news/health/jun2012/
nhgri-13.htm
125

The Chemistry of the Human Body
•http://www.livescience.com/3505-
chemistry-life-human-body.html
126

Microbes and Cells in the Human Body
•http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012
-06/15/human-microbes
127

Composition of Human Body Hyperlink
•http://chemistry.about.com/od/chemicalco
mposition/a/Chemical-Composition-Of-The-
Human-Body.htm
128

Write a Report
Use your notes to write a one or
two page REPORT to explain the
composition of the human body.
Provide specific information to
support your ideas with clearly
articulated information and
sufficient evidence to
support your claims.
129

Your Report
•Define the issue/problem
•Outline the details of your
main points
•Cite supporting research
130

Develop a Writing Plan
•Determine what your main point
will be, and write a topic sentence
that provides focus for your essay.
•Choose several main ideas that
support your topic sentence.
•Sort your information into
supporting details with facts and
examples.
131

Chemistry Quiz 3
1. Gold, Sodium, Lead, Oxygen, Carbon
2. Two different Elements combined
3. Baking Soda, Soap, Deodorants
4. Citrus Fruits, Vinegar, Batteries
5. A substance dissolves when added to another
6. Water Molecules that are far apart create this
state
132

Use the five paragraph
essay to write your paper.
133

Details Must Support the Main Ideas
Provide specific facts,
examples, and reasons for
each main idea in the body of
your essay

Chemistry Test 4
1. Water, salt, sugar, soap, and rust.
2. Dirt, concrete, salad dressing, noodle soup.
3. Ashes, coal, graphite, diamonds.
4. Gas, liquid, solid
5. Salt water, carbonated water, fruit bunch drink.
135

Prepare to Write
•Use your outline and write a five
paragraph essay on your topic.
•As you write your rough draft, it
will be very important to use
special words that enable you to
transition smoothly from one
idea to the next.
136

Transition Words
As you view these words,
select the words that help
you make transitions
smoothly from one idea to
the next.
• as a result
• such as
• for example
• nevertheless
• for that reason
• finally
• at this time
• therefore
• furthermore
• in addition
• in conclusion
• as well as 137

Review, Edit, and Rewrite
1. Re-read your essay several times.
2. How can you improve your sentences to communicate more
clearly?
3. Are your main ideas supported by examples and details?
4. Exchange papers with another student and read each other’s
essay out loud.
5. Make final corrections and write the final draft of your
polished essay.
138

Explore the Issue
Does research
support the
existence of
subatomic particles
smaller than atoms?
139

Take a Pro or Con Position
•In order to make a convincing
argument for or against an
idea, it is very important to
evaluate the facts and see
if they support your position.
•The first step is to ask
relevant questions that will
guide your investigation of
the evidence.
140

Inquiring Minds want to Know
Essential Questions
What are neutrinos and quarks?
What were the results of the experiments conducted in Geneva
using the Hadron Collider?
Do top scientists agree on any major theories about subatomic
particles?
Which major research studies support the existence of the “God
particle”?
Since scientists cannot see subatomic particles, how can they
prove they exist?
141

Conduct the Research
• Identify specific questions about the issue
to guide your investigation of the facts.
• Determine if the evidence is credible
and supports your main arguments.
• Use internet and book sources to gather
credible information.
142

The Proof is in the Pudding
•The Issue: Do subatomic particles
exist? Is there a “God particle”?
•Your assignment is to research this
issue, take a position, support your
arguments with sufficient
evidence, and write a report to
convince others of your point of
view.
143

Subatomic Particles Hyperlink
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theory
#Discovery_of_subatomic_particles
144

Subatomic Particles Explained
•http://catalog.flatworldknowledge.com/boo
khub/reader/2547?e=gob-ch02_s03
145

Evidence of Subatomic Particles
•http://news.vanderbilt.edu/2012/07/higgs
146

ABC NEWS Subatomic Particles Discovered
•http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/higgs-
boson-evidence-god-particle-reported-
fermilab-physicists/story?id=16695742
147

Basic Info What is Matter?
•http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/hig
gs-boson-evidence-god-particle-
reported-fermilab-
physicists/story?id=16695742
148

The Neutrino: Subatomic Particle
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino
149

Quarks and Neutrinos
•http://molaire1.perso.sfr.fr/e_quark.html
150

• Determine what your main point will be,
and write a topic sentence that provides
focus for your essay.
• Choose several main ideas that support
your topic sentence.
• Sort your information into supporting
details with facts and examples.
151

Use the five
paragraph
essay to write
your paper.
152

Details Must Support the Main Ideas
Provide specific facts,
examples, and reasons
for each main idea in
the body of your essay

Prepare to Write
•Use your outline and write a
five paragraph essay on your
topic.
•As you write your rough draft,
it will be very important to
use special words that enable
you to transition smoothly
from one idea to the next.
154

Transition Words
As you view these
words, select the
words that help you
make transitions
smoothly from one
idea to the next.
as a result
• such as
• for example
• nevertheless
• for that reason
• finally
• at this time
• therefore
• furthermore
• in addition
• in conclusion
• as well as
155

Relevance to the Real World
•The final conclusion of your paper should explain
why your point of view on the issue is important for
the future. Answer these questions as you write your
conclusion.
•1. Why is your issue important to our world?
•2. Why should anyone care about it?
•3. What would be the negative results if your
recommendations are not followed?

1. Re-read your essay several times.
2. How can you improve your sentences
to communicate more clearly?
3. Are your main ideas supported by
examples and details?
4. Exchange papers with another student
and read each other’s essay out loud.
5. Make final corrections and write the
final draft of your polished essay.
157

Defend Your Position
Present your paper to your
class. Clearly state your
position on the issue and
review the main points of
your argument. Be sure to
cite specific facts and
examples that support each
point you are making.
158

Select Your Topic
Discuss your
selected topic with
your teacher before
beginning your
research project.
159

Extend Your Knowledge
of the Topic
Participate in an in-depth investigation
of the topic. Identify 4-6 internet or
print resources that provide useful
information regarding your topic.
Review your notes and develop several
questions that you would like to
explore about your topic.
160

Essential Questions to Guide Your Research
• What are the most important elements and compounds in our air
supply?
• Which elements make up the human body?
• How is matter converted into different states of matter?
• What happens to the atoms in living things when they die?
• Which molecules make up common objects like automobiles and
furniture?
161

Particles and Matter
•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTF
CKbZw8Q

Preponderance of Evidence
How do you know whether
or not an idea or theory
should be believed?
• Science tells us that ideas that
are supported by overwhelming
evidence, may be treated as
facts.
• Ideas or Theories that have
mixed evidence(some pro and
some con) should not be treated
as facts
163

Evaluate and Verify Research
Sources
• Internet sources will vary greatly in
accuracy and reliability
• Consider the expertise and
reputation of each website
• Compare facts and information of
different internet sources
• Select information that is
supported on several reliable
websites
• Question or refute information that
lacks consistent support

Basic Info What is Matter?
reported-fermilab-
165

Scholastic What is Matter?
•http://studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/
jams/science/matter/solids-liquids-
gases.htm
166

Elements, Atoms, and Molecules
•http://www.nyu.edu/pages/mathmol/textb
ook/compounds.html
167

Main Difference Between
Molecules and Atoms
•http://www.differencebetween.net/scie
nce/difference-between-atom-and-
molecule/
168

ABC NEWS Subatomic Particles Discovered
reported-fermilab-
169

What is the Composition of Matter?
•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositio
n_of_matter
170

Analyzing the Composition of Matter
•http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_
Chemistry/Chemical_Reactions/Properti
es_of_Matter
171

Excellent Overview of the Components of Matter
•http://www.uta.edu/faculty/mattioli/ge
ol_4063/lect_1_quantum_bohr_review.
pdf
172

Composition of Living Matter
•http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/
topic/65785/biochemistry/48718/Chemi
cal-composition-of-living-matter
173

Collect Your Information
Your research
must include a
minimum of
three pages of
notes about
your topic.
174

Your Essay Topic
Organize your ideas and write an essay
explaining the composition of matter.
Include the role of elements, atoms, and
molecules. Discuss the different states
of matter.

Organize Your Ideas
• Review all of your notes from
the presentations, group
discussions, and research
notes.
• Select the most important
ideas.
• Choose facts and examples to
support each important idea

• Determine what your main point
will be, and write a topic
sentence that provides focus for
your essay.
• Choose several main ideas that
support your topic sentence.
• Sort your information into
supporting details with facts and
examples.

Details Must Support the
Main Ideas
Provide specific
facts, examples,
and reasons for
each main idea
in the body of
your essay

Write the Rough Draft
Use the Five
Paragraph
format that
includes an
Introductory
Paragraph,
Body, and
Conclusion

Prepare to Write
• Write a five paragraph essay about the composition of
matter. What are the ingredients that make up our
world? Include the role of elements, atoms, and
molecules.
• As you write your rough draft, it will be very
important to use special words that enable you to
transition smoothly from one idea to the next.
180

Transition Words
As you view these
words, select the
words that help you
make transitions
smoothly from one
idea to the next.
• as a result
• such as
• for example
• nevertheless
• for that reason
• finally
• at this time
• therefore
• furthermore
• in addition
• in conclusion
• as well as
181

1. Re-read your essay several
times.
2. How can you improve your
sentences to communicate more
clearly?
3. Are your main ideas supported
by examples and details?
4. Exchange papers with another
student and read each other’s
essay out loud.
5. Make final corrections and
write the final draft of your
polished essay.

Unit Assessment
• The common core standards assessment includes the
following:
• PowerPoint Notes
• Research Project One: Notes, Proposal and Participation
• Research Project Two: Notes and Research Paper
• Research project Three: Three Pages of Notes
• Research Topic Essay
• Project
• Final Unit Test
183

Final Unit Test
•1.Describe in detail the composition of the human body.
Which atoms, elements, and compounds are found in the
human body? Explain how organic material flows from
one organism to another organism and creates new life.
184

Dean r berry chemistry building blocks of matter revised 6-12-18

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Dean r berry chemistry building blocks of matter revised 6-12-18