The document summarizes key events and factors related to the onset of the Great Depression in the late 1920s and early 1930s. It describes how Herbert Hoover became president in 1928 on a platform of continuing Republican economic policies. Despite signs of trouble, the stock market crashed in 1929, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. Hoover's response was unable to stop the worsening economy, leading to his defeat in 1932 by Franklin D. Roosevelt.

1. Roots of the Great Depression Unit 6, PowerPoint #2

2. The Rise of Herbert Hoover By the late 1920s, Herbert Hoover was very popular Hoover was became a hero during World War I for his leadership guiding the Food Administration Hoover was Secretary of Commerce under both Warren G. Harding and Calvin Coolidge during the ‘20s “ Given the chance to go forward with the policies of the last eight years, we shall soon with the help of God, be in sight of the day when poverty will be banished from this nation.” – Herbert Hoover, 1928

3. Hoover Becomes President Hoover defeats Democratic nominee Alfred E. Smith in the Election of 1928 Prohibition and Religion big factors Hoover was for Prohibition and was a Protestant; Smith was against Prohibition and was a Catholic

4. Republicans keep control Hoover was the third Republican president in a row Herbert Hoover Calvin Coolidge Warren G. Harding Followed fellow Republicans Harding and Calvin Coolidge Continued “laissez faire” economic philosophy Felt government should not interfere with the economy Hoover called his policy “rugged individualism” People encouraged to invest in the stock market to help business

5. The Mellon Plan Andrew Mellon was the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury who was important in developing the U.S. economic policy during the 1920s He reduced government spending and cut the federal budget He refinanced the national debt at a lower interest rate to greatly reduce the U.S. debt He persuaded the Federal Reserve to lower the interest rate for the general public He worked to reduce taxes with the belief that it would allow businesses and consumers to spend and invest their extra money

6. People believed Hoover and Mellon when they said that the economy was healthy. The Dow Industrial Average was up 30 pts. People rushed to buy stocks.

7. Warning signs There were numerous warning signs in the late 1920s that the economy was beginning a downward turn: There was an uneven distribution of wealth. Large companies dominated economy. Too many Americans were buying on credit. Overproduction of goods. People gambling on the stock market

8. The Stock Market Many people in the 1920s bought stock ‘on margin’, meaning they paid for a small percentage of the stock, with the agreement they would pay it off later The stock market is a system for buying and selling shares of stock in a company, thus owning a small piece of the company.

9. The Stock Market Crashes Beginning on October 29, 1929, the Stock Market collapsed, losing almost 50 percent of its value in a month The Stock Market crash marked the beginning of the Great Depression

10. The Great Depression Begins The Great Depression was a severe economic depression that dominated the 1930s. The Great Depression was the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression in United States History.

11. The Great Depression Begins The Great Depression started in about 1929 and lasted until the beginning of World War II. Personal income, profits, prices, as well as trade dropped dramatically. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25%.

12. Causes of the Great Depression

13. 1. Overproduction of goods

14. 2. Too Many People Buying on Credit

15. 3. Uneven distribution of wealth

16. 4. Crash of the Stock Market in 1929

18. 5. Numerous Bank Failures

19. HOOVER AND The Depression Unit 6, PowerPoint #2

20. Banks Begin to Fail Banks were the first thing hit by the stock market crash as numerous banks closed their doors When the stock prices fell, many banks lost money on their investments. People who had deposits in these banks lost all their savings. Others took their deposits out as quickly as possible, creating runs.

21. A Bank Run A bank run occurred when people, fearing the bank would go bankrupt, rushed to the bank to take out their money A bank run led to the closing of a bank because all of the banks money would be gone

22. Hoover Responds Hoover met w/bankers, businessmen,& labor leaders. He asked employers not to fire workers or lower their pay. He asked labor leaders not to ask for higher pay or to strike.

23. Reconstruction Finance Corps The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was the government agency that gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, farm mortgage associations, and other businesses. The main purpose of the RFC was to create jobs for Americans who wanted to work

24. The Hoover Dam Hoover used the Boulder Dam project as a model of how federal government could encourage cooperation b/w private groups

25. Hoover believed that charities or state and local governments - not the federal government – provide food & shelter to people who were poor or out of work. Relief line waiting for commodities, San Antonio, Texas . Hoover Federalism

26. Despite Hoover’s hope, the economy continued to shrink & unemployment continued to go up Unemployed workers sit in front of a shack with Christmas tree, New York City, in December, 1937. The Depression Worsens

27. Turning Against Hoover In the 1930 elections, the Democrats gained more seats in Congress

28. Farmers burned crops & dumped milk rather than sell it for less than it cost them to produce it. Fields of uncut wheat northwest of Great Falls, Montana.

29. Hoovervilles Many homeless people were forced to live in shacks or “shanties” during the Depression Because many felt that President Hoover was to blame, some people called these places Hoovervilles

35. THE BONUS ARMY

36. In 1932, WWI veterans came to the Capital in Washington, D.C. These veterans had been promised bonuses to make up for their poor wartime pay. Congress was about to vote on a bill to give the vets their bonuses so they wouldn’t have to wait. The Bonus Army

37. Thousands of veterans & their families came to D.C. This so-called BONUS ARMY set up tents to live in near the Capitol building.

38. At first, Hoover sent the veterans food…. But after the bonus was voted down in Congress, Hoover told the veterans to leave. About 2,000 stayed. Hoover ordered the army to use force to remove them. The sight of U.S. Army troops using tear gas on U.S. war veterans outraged many people.

39. Shacks put up by the Bonus Army on the Anacostia flats, Washington, D.C., burning after the battle with the military, 1932.

40. VOTED OUT!! Many people blamed Hoover for their economic problems Bonus Army debacle was final blow In 1932 election, Hoover faced Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt Roosevelt, New York’s governor, wins in a landslide

41. The Election of 1932

42. Life During the Depression

43. Life During the Depression

44. The Depression brought suffering & hardship to many Hard economic times ruined many people’s lives. Millions lost jobs, went hungry, or became homeless. Effects of the Depression

45. Many people turned to charitable organizations in order to survive Many people resorted to soup kitchens and bread lines for their food Turning to Charities Charities became an major source of assistance to many who were “down on their luck.”

46. Soup Kitchens Where charities served meals to the needy

47. Bread Lines Those who couldn’t afford to buy food stood in bread lines to receive free food.

48. New York. Bread line beside the Brooklyn Bridge approach

52. THE DUST BOWL What were the causes?

53. Drought Hits the Great Plains There was little rain from Texas to North Dakota Much of this area had been grassland that farmers broke up with their plows to grow crops

54. Soil was exhausted from over-farming. Grass that had once held the soil in place was gone. When winds swept across the Great Plains, the soil blew away. This dry area of blowing soil called the DUST BOWL.

55. Huge dust storms covered the Great Plains and blew dust as far away as the East Coast

56. Dust Storm in Rolla, Kansas; "05/06/35; Dear Mr. Roosevelt, Darkness came when it hit us. Picture taken from water tower one hundred feet high. Yours Truly, Chas. P. Williams." Photo: Massive Dark cloud approaching village in forefront .

62. Migrant Workers Many farmers packed up their belongings & started for California to look for work Became MIGRANT WORKERS moving from place to place to pick crops Many came from Oklahoma, so migrant workers were often called Okies

63. Migrant family looking for work in the pea field of California. (Circa 1935)

64. While the Great Depression caused much suffering, sometimes it brought out the best in individuals, families, and communities. Many people shared resources with neighbors or gave food & clothing to the needy. Helping one another

65. Many farm families couldn’t meet their mortgage payments From 1929 to 1932, about 400,000 farmers lost their land when banks foreclosed

66. Penny Auctions When banks began foreclosing on the farmers land, the farmer’s friends would buy it back at auctions for a penny. These were called penny auctions

67. Farm foreclosure sale in Iowa. (Circa 1933)

68. Other families broke apart under the strain of poverty & unemployment. Many men felt ashamed because they lost their jobs. Some men left their families & wandered the country looking for work. Depression leads to depression

69. Hobos Many homeless people began to wander around the country, walking, hitchhiking or, most often, “riding the rails” (hopped on trains). These men who wandered the country were called “hobos”

70. Toward Los Angeles, California. 1937. Photographer: Dorothea Lange. Perhaps 2.5 million people abandoned their homes in the South and the Great Plains during the Great Depression and went on the road.

71. Unemployed men vying for jobs at the American Legion Employment Bureau in Los Angeles during the Depression

72. Depression literature, art Novels such as John Steinbeck’s Grapes of Wrath gave readers a vivid account of what life was like during the Depression. Grant Wood’s American Gothic showed traditional American values, particularly those of rural Americans in the Midwest .

73. Many families pulled together during the hard time and shared what they earned. Instead of going out for entertainment, parents & children often stayed home to play games or listen to radio.

74. Children suffered terribly during the Depression

75. Many children had poor diets & no health care.

76. Many children ran away from home, hopping rides aboard freight trains.

78. COMING UP NEXT!

79. FDR takes over

80. FDR and the New Deal

81. Election of 1932 Democratic Candidate: Franklin Roosevelt Governor of New York Reformer/Progressive Distant cousin of Teddy Roosevelt Believed in government intervention to solve problems Republican Candidate: Herbert Hoover Presidential incumbent Many people blamed him for Depression Despised for treatment of Bonus Army Believed economy would recover w/out gov. interference

82. VOTED OUT!! Roosevelt defeats Hoover in a landslide Electoral College: 472 to 59 Roosevelt wins every state but six Roosevelt becomes the 32 nd President of the United States

83. ROOSEVELT WINS IN A ROUT

85. FDR TAKES OVER “ The only thing we have to fear is… fear itself!” -- Franklin D. Roosevelt Inauguration speech

87. FDR’s FIRESIDE CHATS Roosevelt used radio addresses to assure the nation, keep them informed, and let them know that he was working for them

88. THE HUNDRED DAYS Americans wanted the government to take immediate action to solve the nation’s economic problems In his first HUNDRED DAYS in office, FDR has Congress pass, and he signs into law, numerous laws in an attempt to end the Great Depression During those 100 days of lawmaking, Congress granted every "request" that Roosevelt asked for

89. Emergency Banking Relief Act Law passed by Congress that would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive.

90. Bank Holidays

91. THE NEW DEAL Roosevelt’s economic plan for the recovery of the U.S. economy “… I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a NEW DEAL for the American people.” -- FDR Democratic National Convention

92. THE FIRST NEW DEAL The First New Deals laws focused on three things: Helping farmers Fixing the banking crisis Putting people to work

93. Civil Works Administration Hired workers directly to improve airports, roads, bridges and playgrounds

94. Securities Exchange Commission Agency created by the government to oversee the stock market and prevent fraud

95. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Government agency created to insure bank accounts and gain confidence in banks The purpose was to inspire people to have enough trust in the banks to start making deposits in the bank rather than withdraws

96. Agricultural Adjustment Administration Congress declared that they had the right to balance supply and demand for farm commodities so that prices would support a decent purchasing power for farmers AAA controlled the supply of seven "basic crops" – corn, wheat, cotton, rice, peanuts, tobacco and milk – by offering payments to farmers in return for taking some of their land out of farming, not planting a crop.

97. National Recovery Administration Put limits on prices, set minimum wages, set maximum amounts of hours one could work

98. Public Works Administration (PWA) Gave contracts to businesses to build highways, dams and facilities

99. Civilian Conservation Corps Created jobs such as Forest Rangers and Game Wardens

100. Federal agency that revitalized the Tennessee River valley by building 16 dams to control flooding, generate hydraulic power, and increase agricultural production. Tennessee Valley Authority

101. Impact of the New Deal

103. Coming Up Next…

104. FDR’s Second Term

105. FDR’s Second Term

106. The Second New Deal Democrats made further gains in the House and the Senate in the 1934 elections Roosevelt saw the results of the mid-term elections as a mandate to continue with his New Deal plan Party Total seats (change) Seat percentage Democratic Party 322 +9 74.0% Republican Party 103 -14 23.6% Wisconsin Progressive Party 7 +7 1.6% Farmer-Labor Party 3 -2 0.6% Totals 435 +0 100.0%

107. Works Progress Administration Under the WPA, 8.5 million workers built miles of highways, roads, public buildings, parks. The WPA was the largest New Deal agency; it created construction jobs

108. Works Progress Administration The WPA also created jobs in artwork and writing Posters and slogans were created to promote the general welfare of citizens

109. Federal Housing Authority Its intent was to regulate the interest rate for people buying houses, which increased the amount of people who could afford a down payment on a house. The National Housing Act of 1934 was passed and the Federal Housing Administration was created.

110. Birth of Social Security Passed to give unemployed and elderly a SAFETY NET Gave unemployed people money until they got a job Gave elderly a check after they retired from work at the age of 65

111. Birth of Social Security The act was a milestone in American history because it acknowledged the responsibility of the federal government to take care of the less fortunate

112. The early 1930s were marked by intense industrial unrest, large-scale strikes, and social turmoil. Congress respond to the labor unrest with the Wagner Bill. Labor Unrest

113. Wagoner Act helps unions The Wagner Act (also known as the National Labor Relations Act) guaranteed workers the right to organize unions, and to strike, boycott and picket their employers.

114. Birth of the CIO The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was the large union created in 1935 as an organization for industrial laborers The CIO’s first leader was famed labor leader John L. Lewis

117. Father Charles Coughlin was a Catholic priest who used radio broadcasts to slam Roosevelt for not doing enough for the poor Opponents to the New Deal U.S. Senator Huey Long (left) of Louisiana had a plan of heavily taxing the rich and giving anyone out of work $200 a month.

118. FDR vs. the Supreme Court The Supreme Court had been a roadblock to some portions of Roosevelt’s New Deal programs.

119. FDR vs. the Supreme Court The Supreme Court had ruled that parts of Roosevelt’s New Deal were unconstitutional

120. Court-Packing Scandal To overcome this, Roosevelt wanted to increase the amount of judges on the U.S. Supreme Court

121. The ploy hurt FDR’s reputation because it interfered with the Constitution's Separation of Powers

122. FDR Overcomes Polio Contracted polio in 1921 With leg braces, FDR learned how to “appear” to walk Wife Eleanor made public appearances on his behalf

123. March of Dimes Founded Roosevelt having polio raised national awareness of the disease and a drive to find a cure In 1938, the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis is founded. It later changes its name to the March of Dimes. A vaccine for polio was discovered by Dr. Jonas Salk in 1955.

124. Women of the Depression The most influential woman during the Depression was Eleanor Roosevelt She was a tireless worker for the poor and minorities, and pushed her husband’s ideas

125. Women of the Depression Frances Perkins was the first woman in U.S. History to hold a Cabinet position (she was FDR’s Secretary of Labor) Perkins played a large part in the passage of the Social Security Act

126. Minorities in the Depression Mexican woman and children looking over side of truck which is taking them to their homes in the Rio Grande Valley from Mississippi where they have been picking cotton. Filling station, Neches, Texas) As unemployment rose during the Depression, many Mexicans were deported back to Mexico Even Mexican-American children who were U.S. citizens were sent back to Mexico with their parents

127. During the Depression, most African Americans became Democrats Blacks still did not benefit as much as whites during the Depression Minorities in the Depression

128. Depression Era Pastimes Going to movies like “The Wizard of Oz”: Taking part in novel things such as Dance Marathons

129. Will Rogers The humor of Oklahoma cowboy Will Rogers helped many people find a smile during the Depression Among Rogers’ famous quotes: “I never met a man I didn’t like.”

130. The Road to World War II Coming Up Next…