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20. Q1. What are the evidences used by archaeologists to reconstruct
dietary practices?
Q2. How did archeologist conclude about the agricultural
practices adopted by Harappans?
21.
22.
23. “If one laborer moved roughly a cubic
metre of earth daily, just to put the
foundations in place it would have
required four million person-days”
What does it mean?
37. Steatite –
Easily worked
upon
Moulded
out of
paste
Different
Shapes
Carnelian –
obtained by firing
Yellowish raw
material
Chipping of nodules
into rough shapes
Finely flaked
into final form
Channudaro Lothal
Dholavira
Nageshwar
Balakot
Specialised
centres for
making shell
objects – bangles,
ladles and inlay
38.
39. Established
Settlements
Nageshwar and Balakot - shell
Shortughai, Afganistan –
Lapis Lazuli, a blue stone
(highly Valued)
Lothal – near the source
of Carnelian (from
Bharuch in Gujarat),
Steatite (from South
Rajasthan and north
Gujarat) and Metal
(Rajasthan)
Send Expeditions
Khetri Region of
Rajasthan -
copper
South India - Gold
Benefits
Communication
with local
communities
Khetri area - Finds of artefacts;
Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Culture – non-
Harappan pottery and unusual wealth of
copper objects
40. Omani
copper
Harrapan
artefacts
Nickel
Mesopotamian text datable to 3rd
millennium BCE refer to copper
coming from Magan
Mesopotamian sites - copper
contain the traces of Nickel
Harappan Seals, Weights, Dice,
and Beads.
Dilmun
Magan
Meluhha – Carnelian,
Lapis Lazuli, copper,
Gold and varities of
wood
May your bird
be the HAZA-
bird – may its
call be heard in
the royal palace
Omani Sites -
Vessel
41. Harappan Jar at
Omani Sites
Coating
prevents
percolation of
Liquids
Content
exchanged
42. Inscriptions are
short
Longest containing 26
signs
Total signs – 375 – 400
Right to left
Writings found at seals
Copper
Tools
Rims of
Jars
Copper and
Terracota
Tablets
Jewellery
Bone Rods
Ancient Sign
Boards
43. Made of stone
called Chert
Shape – Cubical
with no marking
Lower denomination of
weights were binary (1, 2, 4,
8, 16, 32, etc. up to 12,800)
Higher denominations followed
decimal system
Smaller
weights
were used
for
weighing
Jewellery
and beads
Metal scale pans
have also been
found
44.
45. Large Building
found at Harappa Priest King
Different
Opinions
No rulers every
body enjoyed
equal powers
Several rulers
Single State
46. Cholistan - Abondoned
Expansion of
population in Gujarat,
Haryana and Western
UP
1800 BCE
1900 BCE
Transformation of
material culture
by
disappearance
of distinctive
artefacts
Disappearance of
writings, long distance
trade and craft
specialization
Deterioration of
house
construction and
large buildings no
longer constructed
Climate
Change
Deforestation
Excessesive Floods
Shifting and
drying up of rivers
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52. Archaeological sites
Production, use
and discarding of
materials and
structures
Mound
When people
continue to live in
the same place, their
constant use and
reuse of the
landscape results in
the build up of
occupational debris
Layers
Occupations
are detected
by traces of
ancient
materials
“sterile layers”
absence of such traces
Stratigraphy
Study of such layers
54. R E M Wheeler – DG of ASI (1944)
an ex-army brigadier
Followed the stratigraphy of the mound
55. Decompositi
on of
organic
material
esp. in
tropical
region
Only broken or
useless objects
would have been
thrown away
while other
things would
have been
recycled
Valuable
artefacts that
were found are
either lost in the
past or hoarded
and never
retrieved
56. Basis of classification of finds
Material-
stone, Clay,
metal,
bone, ivory,
etc.
Functions – decide if
an artefact is a tool
or an ornament or
both, or something
meant for ritual use
Resemblance with
present
By investigating the
context in which it
was found – a house,
a drain, a grave, a kiln
Recourse to indirect
evidence
Frame of
references
58. Examining
Seals –
Depicting ritual
scenes
Plant motifs –
indicate nature
worship
Animals like unicorn –
seems to be mythical,
composite creatures
Figure seated cross legged
in a yogic posture
surrounded by animals,
regarded as Proto-Shiva
conical stone
objects - Lingas
Rudra in
RigVeda
(1500-1000)
Shiva in
Later
Puranic
59.
60.
61.
62. Consider the following statement:
1. After independence, most of the Harappan civilization
centers went over to Pakistan.
2. The Harappan script has been deciphered.
3. Rulers had an important role in Harappan civilization.
4. Dead were buried in Harappa.
Which of the above is correct statement?
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1, 3 and 4
(c) 1, 2, 3 and 4
(d) 2, 3 and 4
1
63. Match the following:
(i) Harappan (a) Gujarat
(ii) Dholavira (b) Jammu & Kashmir
(iii) Manda (c) Rajasthan
(iv) Kalibanga (d) Pakistan
a. (i) d, (ii) a, (iii) b, (iv) c
b. (i) b, (ii) c, (iii) d, (iv) a
c. (i)c, (ii)b, (iii)a, (iv) d
d. (i)a, (ii)b, (iii)c, (iv) d
2
64. True/False
(i)Harappan was the urban civilization ()
(ii)Harappan people were not do business ( )
(iii)Mohenjodaro is situated in Gujrat ( )
(iv)Harappan people knows writing ( )
(v)Harappan people worships mother goddess
( )
3
65. Which town in Indus Vally Civilization had no
Citadel ?
(a)Mohenjodaro
(b)Harappa
(c)Chanhudaro
(d)Lothal
4
66. Which of these was the source of copper
for Harappans?
(a)Karnataka
(b)Rajasthan
(c)Andhra Pradesh
(d)Gujarat
5
67. Answers
1. (b) 1, 3 and 4
2. a. (i) d, (ii) a, (iii) b, (iv) c
3. True; False; False; True; True
4. (C) Chanudaro
5. (b) Rajasthan
