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Bricks, Beads and Bones.pptx
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- 20. Q1. What arethe evidences used by archaeologists to reconstruct dietary practices? Q2. How did archeologist conclude about the agricultural practices adopted by Harappans?
- 23. “If one laborermoved roughly a cubic metre of earth daily, just to put the foundations in place it would have required four million person-days” What does it mean?
- 26. length and breadthwere four times and twice the height
- 36. Bead-Making Shell-Making Metal-WorkingSeal-Making Weight-Making Stones Metals Carnelian , Jasper, Crystal Quartz Steatite Copper, Bronze Gold Shell Faience Terracotta Cylindrical Spherical Barrel Shaped Segmented Incising or painting Itching Chanhudaro
- 37. Steatite – Easily worked upon Moulded outof paste Different Shapes Carnelian – obtained by firing Yellowish raw material Chipping of nodules into rough shapes Finely flaked into final form Channudaro Lothal Dholavira Nageshwar Balakot Specialised centres for making shell objects – bangles, ladles and inlay
- 39. Established Settlements Nageshwar and Balakot- shell Shortughai, Afganistan – Lapis Lazuli, a blue stone (highly Valued) Lothal – near the source of Carnelian (from Bharuch in Gujarat), Steatite (from South Rajasthan and north Gujarat) and Metal (Rajasthan) Send Expeditions Khetri Region of Rajasthan - copper South India - Gold Benefits Communication with local communities Khetri area - Finds of artefacts; Ganeshwar-Jodhpura Culture – non- Harappan pottery and unusual wealth of copper objects
- 40. Omani copper Harrapan artefacts Nickel Mesopotamian text datableto 3rd millennium BCE refer to copper coming from Magan Mesopotamian sites - copper contain the traces of Nickel Harappan Seals, Weights, Dice, and Beads. Dilmun Magan Meluhha – Carnelian, Lapis Lazuli, copper, Gold and varities of wood May your bird be the HAZA- bird – may its call be heard in the royal palace Omani Sites - Vessel
- 41. Harappan Jar at OmaniSites Coating prevents percolation of Liquids Content exchanged
- 42. Inscriptions are short Longest containing26 signs Total signs – 375 – 400 Right to left Writings found at seals Copper Tools Rims of Jars Copper and Terracota Tablets Jewellery Bone Rods Ancient Sign Boards
- 43. Made of stone calledChert Shape – Cubical with no marking Lower denomination of weights were binary (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, etc. up to 12,800) Higher denominations followed decimal system Smaller weights were used for weighing Jewellery and beads Metal scale pans have also been found
- 45. Large Building found atHarappa Priest King Different Opinions No rulers every body enjoyed equal powers Several rulers Single State
- 46. Cholistan - Abondoned Expansionof population in Gujarat, Haryana and Western UP 1800 BCE 1900 BCE Transformation of material culture by disappearance of distinctive artefacts Disappearance of writings, long distance trade and craft specialization Deterioration of house construction and large buildings no longer constructed Climate Change Deforestation Excessesive Floods Shifting and drying up of rivers
- 52. Archaeological sites Production, use anddiscarding of materials and structures Mound When people continue to live in the same place, their constant use and reuse of the landscape results in the build up of occupational debris Layers Occupations are detected by traces of ancient materials “sterile layers” absence of such traces Stratigraphy Study of such layers
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- 54. R E MWheeler – DG of ASI (1944) an ex-army brigadier Followed the stratigraphy of the mound
- 55. Decompositi on of organic material esp. in tropical region Onlybroken or useless objects would have been thrown away while other things would have been recycled Valuable artefacts that were found are either lost in the past or hoarded and never retrieved
- 56. Basis of classificationof finds Material- stone, Clay, metal, bone, ivory, etc. Functions – decide if an artefact is a tool or an ornament or both, or something meant for ritual use Resemblance with present By investigating the context in which it was found – a house, a drain, a grave, a kiln Recourse to indirect evidence Frame of references
- 57. ReligiousPractices Unusual and unfamiliar Terracotta Figurines of women– MOTHER GODDESS Rare stone Statuary of MEN in almost Standardized posture, seated with one hand on the knee – such as priest king Large structures like GREAT BATH Fire Altars – Kalibangan and Lothal
- 58. Examining Seals – Depicting ritual scenes Plantmotifs – indicate nature worship Animals like unicorn – seems to be mythical, composite creatures Figure seated cross legged in a yogic posture surrounded by animals, regarded as Proto-Shiva conical stone objects - Lingas Rudra in RigVeda (1500-1000) Shiva in Later Puranic
- 62. Consider the followingstatement: 1. After independence, most of the Harappan civilization centers went over to Pakistan. 2. The Harappan script has been deciphered. 3. Rulers had an important role in Harappan civilization. 4. Dead were buried in Harappa. Which of the above is correct statement? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1, 3 and 4 (c) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (d) 2, 3 and 4 1
- 63. Match the following: (i)Harappan (a) Gujarat (ii) Dholavira (b) Jammu & Kashmir (iii) Manda (c) Rajasthan (iv) Kalibanga (d) Pakistan a. (i) d, (ii) a, (iii) b, (iv) c b. (i) b, (ii) c, (iii) d, (iv) a c. (i)c, (ii)b, (iii)a, (iv) d d. (i)a, (ii)b, (iii)c, (iv) d 2
- 64. True/False (i)Harappan was theurban civilization () (ii)Harappan people were not do business ( ) (iii)Mohenjodaro is situated in Gujrat ( ) (iv)Harappan people knows writing ( ) (v)Harappan people worships mother goddess ( ) 3
- 65. Which town inIndus Vally Civilization had no Citadel ? (a)Mohenjodaro (b)Harappa (c)Chanhudaro (d)Lothal 4
- 66. Which of thesewas the source of copper for Harappans? (a)Karnataka (b)Rajasthan (c)Andhra Pradesh (d)Gujarat 5
- 67. Answers 1. (b) 1,3 and 4 2. a. (i) d, (ii) a, (iii) b, (iv) c 3. True; False; False; True; True 4. (C) Chanudaro 5. (b) Rajasthan