Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who campaigned against the social discrimination of Dalits, women, and laborers. He was independent India's first law minister and the principal architect of the Indian constitution. He was a prolific student who earned several doctorates from Columbia University and the London School of Economics. Throughout his career he advocated for political and social rights for Dalits and worked to establish India as an independent state. Later in life, he converted to Buddhism and initiated mass conversions of Dalits as a form of social protest.
B.R. Ambedkar was the first law minister of independent India and the principal architect of the Indian constitution. He campaigned against social discrimination and supported women's and labor rights. He received post-graduate education in the US and UK. As chairman of the constitution drafting committee, he led the creation of India's constitution but opposed Article 370 granting special status to Jammu and Kashmir. He resigned from the cabinet when a bill to reform Hindu marriage laws was stalled. Later in life, he converted to Buddhism and encouraged others to do the same. He died in 1956 after suffering declining health.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist and politician who was the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. He was born into an untouchable caste and faced extensive discrimination throughout his life. He went on to become one of the first untouchables to obtain a college education in India and advocated for the rights of Dalits and women. As the first Law Minister of India, he drafted the Indian Constitution and included important provisions for civil liberties and prohibiting discrimination. Later in life, he converted to Buddhism and encouraged hundreds of thousands of Dalits to also convert, as he rejected Hinduism for its caste system. He passed away in 1956 after dedicating his life to advocating for equal
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who campaigned against social discrimination of Dalits and founded the Indian Constitution. He faced discrimination and social exclusion throughout his life as an untouchable. As India's first Law Minister, he introduced the Hindu Code Bill to reform Hindu law and promote gender equality, and was the principal architect of the Indian Constitution.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was born in 1891 in India to an untouchable family. He faced discrimination and obstacles to his education due to his caste but persevered and eventually earned multiple advanced degrees from Columbia University. Ambedkar advocated for Dalit rights and worked to end untouchability and caste discrimination in India. He drafted the Indian constitution and included protections for civil liberties and minority rights. In 1956, disillusioned with Hinduism, Ambedkar converted to Buddhism and inspired hundreds of thousands of followers to do the same. He passed away later that year but left a significant legacy of social and political reform in India.
Group A presented on the life and works of B.R. Ambedkar. Some of the key points discussed include:
- Ambedkar was a key figure in the Indian independence movement and played a major role in drafting the Indian constitution.
- He fought against social discrimination and untouchability in Hinduism. Some of his most famous writings criticized the caste system in Hinduism.
- Ambedkar advocated for education, organization, and peaceful agitation to fight for equal rights and justice for Dalits and other marginalized groups in India.
- He was a major political leader who campaigned for independent India to be a secular state that guaranteed equal rights and justice for all citizens regardless
Educational Content on Dr. B. R. Ambedkar - Architect of the indian cons...Rahul Arya
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. He was born into an untouchable caste and faced immense discrimination. Through education, he rose to prominence as a scholar and leader for untouchables and their rights. As India's first law minister, he drafted the Indian Constitution which established equality, freedom of religion, and rights for marginalized groups. Throughout his life, Ambedkar advocated for the rights of untouchables and worked to end caste discrimination. He eventually converted to Buddhism towards the end of his life to promote equality and reject the Hindu caste system.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born in 1891 in India to an Indian army officer father and homemaker mother. He faced discrimination as an "untouchable" and overcame many obstacles to receive advanced education in the United States and United Kingdom. He then had a prominent political career fighting for Dalit rights and played a key role in drafting the Indian constitution. As the chairman of the drafting committee, he advocated for protections of civil liberties and rights for disadvantaged groups. Later in life, he renounced Hinduism and converted to Buddhism, seeing it as a religion more aligned with his ideals of social equality and justice. He is remembered as the chief architect of the Indian constitution and a pioneering leader in the Indian
B.R. Ambedkar was the first law minister of independent India and the principal architect of the Indian constitution. He campaigned against social discrimination and supported women's and labor rights. He received post-graduate education in the US and UK. As chairman of the constitution drafting committee, he led the creation of India's constitution but opposed Article 370 granting special status to Jammu and Kashmir. He resigned from the cabinet when a bill to reform Hindu marriage laws was stalled. Later in life, he converted to Buddhism and encouraged others to do the same. He died in 1956 after suffering declining health.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist and politician who was the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. He was born into an untouchable caste and faced extensive discrimination throughout his life. He went on to become one of the first untouchables to obtain a college education in India and advocated for the rights of Dalits and women. As the first Law Minister of India, he drafted the Indian Constitution and included important provisions for civil liberties and prohibiting discrimination. Later in life, he converted to Buddhism and encouraged hundreds of thousands of Dalits to also convert, as he rejected Hinduism for its caste system. He passed away in 1956 after dedicating his life to advocating for equal
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who campaigned against social discrimination of Dalits and founded the Indian Constitution. He faced discrimination and social exclusion throughout his life as an untouchable. As India's first Law Minister, he introduced the Hindu Code Bill to reform Hindu law and promote gender equality, and was the principal architect of the Indian Constitution.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was born in 1891 in India to an untouchable family. He faced discrimination and obstacles to his education due to his caste but persevered and eventually earned multiple advanced degrees from Columbia University. Ambedkar advocated for Dalit rights and worked to end untouchability and caste discrimination in India. He drafted the Indian constitution and included protections for civil liberties and minority rights. In 1956, disillusioned with Hinduism, Ambedkar converted to Buddhism and inspired hundreds of thousands of followers to do the same. He passed away later that year but left a significant legacy of social and political reform in India.
Group A presented on the life and works of B.R. Ambedkar. Some of the key points discussed include:
- Ambedkar was a key figure in the Indian independence movement and played a major role in drafting the Indian constitution.
- He fought against social discrimination and untouchability in Hinduism. Some of his most famous writings criticized the caste system in Hinduism.
- Ambedkar advocated for education, organization, and peaceful agitation to fight for equal rights and justice for Dalits and other marginalized groups in India.
- He was a major political leader who campaigned for independent India to be a secular state that guaranteed equal rights and justice for all citizens regardless
Educational Content on Dr. B. R. Ambedkar - Architect of the indian cons...Rahul Arya
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was the chief architect of the Indian Constitution. He was born into an untouchable caste and faced immense discrimination. Through education, he rose to prominence as a scholar and leader for untouchables and their rights. As India's first law minister, he drafted the Indian Constitution which established equality, freedom of religion, and rights for marginalized groups. Throughout his life, Ambedkar advocated for the rights of untouchables and worked to end caste discrimination. He eventually converted to Buddhism towards the end of his life to promote equality and reject the Hindu caste system.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born in 1891 in India to an Indian army officer father and homemaker mother. He faced discrimination as an "untouchable" and overcame many obstacles to receive advanced education in the United States and United Kingdom. He then had a prominent political career fighting for Dalit rights and played a key role in drafting the Indian constitution. As the chairman of the drafting committee, he advocated for protections of civil liberties and rights for disadvantaged groups. Later in life, he renounced Hinduism and converted to Buddhism, seeing it as a religion more aligned with his ideals of social equality and justice. He is remembered as the chief architect of the Indian constitution and a pioneering leader in the Indian
Life and Contribution of Ambedkar to emancipation of untouchables, eradication of caste system, women's rights, Constitution of India, equality, liberty, fraternity etc
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent Indian nationalist and freedom fighter. He was born in 1856 in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. He received a modern education and degrees from Deccan College and University of Bombay. He started two influential newspapers, Kesari and Mahratta, to spread nationalist ideas and advocate for self-rule. Tilak was a radical leader who opposed the moderate approach of the Indian National Congress. He championed popular movements like Ganeshotsav and was imprisoned for sedition after defending revolutionary violence, emerging as a national hero. Tilak helped found the All India Home Rule League to campaign non-cooperatively for self-governance. He made immense contributions
Gandhi was born in 1869 in India and educated in London as a lawyer. He faced discrimination in South Africa, influencing his turn toward social activism using non-violent civil disobedience. He helped recruit Indians for World War I to gain independence. Gandhi employed tactics like non-cooperation and satyagraha to protest British rule in India. After independence in 1947, he continued working for Hindu-Muslim unity and was assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu nationalist. Gandhi envisioned education developing character and vocational skills through local crafts like weaving, with the ultimate goal of realizing God.
The document summarizes several major religious reformers in India between the 9th and 14th centuries who instituted reforms and spread philosophies through their teachings and writings. It describes the Advaita philosophy of Adi Shankaracharya which saw Brahman as the absolute truth and the path to liberation as realizing the illusory nature of the world. It also discusses the philosophies of Ramanujacharya (Vishishtadvaita), Madhvacharya (Dvaita), and Basaveshwara which emphasized devotion and social reforms respectively.
Subhash Chandra Bose was an Indian nationalist leader who advocated forceful resistance to British rule. He received a western education in India but was expelled from college for assaulting a professor for his anti-India comments. Bose went on to work for Indian independence, resigning from the civil service to withdraw support from the British government. He was imprisoned multiple times for advocating resistance. During World War II, Bose escaped from India and sought help from Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in creating the Azad Hind government-in-exile and Indian National Army to force the British out of India. The circumstances of Bose's death remain unclear.
(1) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar was the first Law Minister of independent India and chaired the drafting committee for the Indian Constitution, making him the chief architect and "Father of the Indian Constitution." (2) As Law Minister and chairman of the drafting committee, he presented the final draft of the Indian Constitution on November 25, 1949. (3) He fought for important rights for women and the abolition of caste inequalities in India.
The document discusses several national and state level political parties in India. At the national level it describes the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and Communist Party of India (CPI). It then briefly outlines some key state level parties including the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) of Delhi, Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) of Haryana and Shiv Sena of Maharashtra. It provides details on the history, ideology and leadership of each party as well as their performance in the most recent national or state elections.
The document summarizes several important social reform movements in India that emerged in response to liberal Western ideas in the 19th century. Key reformers included Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, and Swami Vivekananda, who advocated for social and cultural changes like opposing idol worship, child marriage, caste discrimination, and promoting women's rights and education. Other notable reform movements mentioned include the Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, and movements led by figures such as Jyotirao Phule that fought against caste oppression and worked for women's empowerment. Muslim reformers like Syed Ahmed Khan also established schools
Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj Hindu reform movement in 1875 based on the authority of the Vedas. The Arya Samaj aimed to end religious superstitions and social evils while advocating for women's education and equality. It established many schools and orphanages throughout India to promote social and religious reform according to the teachings of the Vedas. Dayanand Saraswati's goal was to restore the true teachings of the Vedas and reject idolatry, untouchability, and other practices not supported by the ancient scriptures.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence. He was born in 1897 to an affluent family in Cuttack. Bose was expelled from college in 1916 after beating a racist British teacher. He joined the Indian independence movement and worked under leaders like Chittaranjan Das. Bose advocated for complete independence from Britain and was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. During World War II, he escaped from house arrest in India and sought support from Axis powers like Germany and Japan to liberate India. He formed the Azad Hind Fauj, or Indian National Army, to fight the British. While the details of his death remain
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One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6
This document discusses the history and current status of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India. It describes how the Varna system led to the oppression and marginalization of SC/ST communities through the imposition of social, economic, political and religious disabilities. While some protections have been established through constitutional measures and affirmative action policies, many challenges remain. Key figures like Dr. Ambedkar fought to abolish untouchability and establish rights for Dalits, while committees seek to resolve problems facing tribal communities through integration, assimilation or isolation approaches. Overall the document provides background on the origins and experiences of SC/ST groups in India.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a 19th century Indian social reformer who was born in Bengal in 1772. He campaigned against social evils like sati and the caste system. He founded the Brahmo Samaj, a reformist movement within Hinduism, to promote social reform through a monotheistic interpretation of Hindu scriptures. He also supported women's education and rights. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered a pioneer of the Bengal Renaissance movement and was instrumental in the abolition of sati in India.
This document provides an overview of the rise of Buddhism and Jainism in India in response to issues with the vedic religion at the time. It summarizes the key teachings and philosophies of both Buddhism founded by Gautama Buddha and Jainism founded by Mahavira. Buddhism emphasized escaping suffering through following the four noble truths and eightfold path while Jainism focused on non-violence, belief in the soul, karma/rebirth, and achieving salvation through strict adherence to ascetic practices and the five main vows. Both religions rejected the rigid Hindu caste system and promoted social equality.
Class 12th
Political Science
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
The PPT has been made under the guidance of an Political Science teacher
1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
23 to 26 shock therapy in post- communist regimes
27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
30 to 34 During the world war era, India and the USSR enjoyed multi-dimensional relationship
35 thanks page
Maharshi Dayananda Saraswati was a Hindu reformer who founded the Arya Samaj movement in India in 1875. He believed in restoring Hinduism to its original Vedic principles by removing corruptions and superstitions that had been introduced over time. Some of his key teachings included rejecting idol worship, caste discrimination, and promoting education based on the Vedas. Despite facing opposition and even an assassination attempt, Dayananda traveled widely advocating for his reforms. He established the Arya Samaj organization and its 10 principles to guide followers in leading a righteous life according to the teachings of the Vedas.
The Dravidian Movement emerged in the early 20th century in response to Brahmin domination in the Madras Presidency region of British India. The spread of Western education and Christianity gave non-Brahmin castes new awareness and resentment of upper caste control. The Justice Party was formed in 1917 to counter Congress Party influence, but it had a narrow urban base. In 1925, E.V. Ramaswami ("Periyar") founded the self-respect movement with a Dravidian ideology to remove Brahmin social and political control. It grew mass support and merged with the Justice Party in 1944 to form the Dravida Kazhagam led by Periyar. Later, a split formed the
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a notable Indian reformer and educator born in 1820 in West Bengal. He worked to improve women's status in India, especially in Bengal, by introducing widow remarriage which was opposed in orthodox Hindu society at the time. With support from others, Vidyasagar helped make widow remarriage more mainstream. His own son married a widow lady in one of the first such unions. Vidyasagar also contributed greatly to the development of the Bengali language and literature through his works.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian scholar and reformer born in 1772 in Bengal who made several important contributions. He advocated for social reforms like abolishing sati and child marriage. He also founded the Brahmo Samaj, which promoted monotheism, social reform, and women's education. Additionally, he helped establish Hindu College in 1817 and advocated for introducing English and scientific education in India. He died in Bristol, England in 1833 while advocating for preserving Lord Bentinck's Sati Act.
1. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 and led India's independence movement against British rule.
2. After independence in 1947, the Congress became the dominant political party, holding power until 1977 and periodically after.
3. Key Congress leaders and prime ministers included Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, P.V. Narasimha Rao, and Manmohan Singh.
Hyderabad is the capital city of Telangana, India, located along the banks of the Musi River. It has a population of over 6.8 million people and is one of the largest and fastest growing cities in India. Hyderabad has a long history dating back to 1591 and was once the capital of the princely state of Hyderabad. Today it is a major technology hub known as HITEC City and is home to many public institutions and private companies. The city faces challenges around infrastructure and resources as it continues growing rapidly into the future.
Presentation highlights the various factors than define great cities. Hyderabad, capital of Andhra Pradesh state, India has emerged as a great city on account of various factors. This presentation highlights the various factors that make Hyderabad a great city. Presentation also deals with the contribution of cities to the economy of the state and country, role of urban planning and infrastructre- which are key pillars for a making a great city. Details of infrastructure in Hyderabad are also presented.
Life and Contribution of Ambedkar to emancipation of untouchables, eradication of caste system, women's rights, Constitution of India, equality, liberty, fraternity etc
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a prominent Indian nationalist and freedom fighter. He was born in 1856 in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra. He received a modern education and degrees from Deccan College and University of Bombay. He started two influential newspapers, Kesari and Mahratta, to spread nationalist ideas and advocate for self-rule. Tilak was a radical leader who opposed the moderate approach of the Indian National Congress. He championed popular movements like Ganeshotsav and was imprisoned for sedition after defending revolutionary violence, emerging as a national hero. Tilak helped found the All India Home Rule League to campaign non-cooperatively for self-governance. He made immense contributions
Gandhi was born in 1869 in India and educated in London as a lawyer. He faced discrimination in South Africa, influencing his turn toward social activism using non-violent civil disobedience. He helped recruit Indians for World War I to gain independence. Gandhi employed tactics like non-cooperation and satyagraha to protest British rule in India. After independence in 1947, he continued working for Hindu-Muslim unity and was assassinated in 1948 by a Hindu nationalist. Gandhi envisioned education developing character and vocational skills through local crafts like weaving, with the ultimate goal of realizing God.
The document summarizes several major religious reformers in India between the 9th and 14th centuries who instituted reforms and spread philosophies through their teachings and writings. It describes the Advaita philosophy of Adi Shankaracharya which saw Brahman as the absolute truth and the path to liberation as realizing the illusory nature of the world. It also discusses the philosophies of Ramanujacharya (Vishishtadvaita), Madhvacharya (Dvaita), and Basaveshwara which emphasized devotion and social reforms respectively.
Subhash Chandra Bose was an Indian nationalist leader who advocated forceful resistance to British rule. He received a western education in India but was expelled from college for assaulting a professor for his anti-India comments. Bose went on to work for Indian independence, resigning from the civil service to withdraw support from the British government. He was imprisoned multiple times for advocating resistance. During World War II, Bose escaped from India and sought help from Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in creating the Azad Hind government-in-exile and Indian National Army to force the British out of India. The circumstances of Bose's death remain unclear.
(1) Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar was the first Law Minister of independent India and chaired the drafting committee for the Indian Constitution, making him the chief architect and "Father of the Indian Constitution." (2) As Law Minister and chairman of the drafting committee, he presented the final draft of the Indian Constitution on November 25, 1949. (3) He fought for important rights for women and the abolition of caste inequalities in India.
The document discusses several national and state level political parties in India. At the national level it describes the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Indian National Congress (INC), Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and Communist Party of India (CPI). It then briefly outlines some key state level parties including the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) of Delhi, Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) of Haryana and Shiv Sena of Maharashtra. It provides details on the history, ideology and leadership of each party as well as their performance in the most recent national or state elections.
The document summarizes several important social reform movements in India that emerged in response to liberal Western ideas in the 19th century. Key reformers included Raja Rammohan Roy, Swami Dayanand Saraswati, and Swami Vivekananda, who advocated for social and cultural changes like opposing idol worship, child marriage, caste discrimination, and promoting women's rights and education. Other notable reform movements mentioned include the Arya Samaj, Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, and movements led by figures such as Jyotirao Phule that fought against caste oppression and worked for women's empowerment. Muslim reformers like Syed Ahmed Khan also established schools
Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj Hindu reform movement in 1875 based on the authority of the Vedas. The Arya Samaj aimed to end religious superstitions and social evils while advocating for women's education and equality. It established many schools and orphanages throughout India to promote social and religious reform according to the teachings of the Vedas. Dayanand Saraswati's goal was to restore the true teachings of the Vedas and reject idolatry, untouchability, and other practices not supported by the ancient scriptures.
Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose was a prominent Indian nationalist leader who fought for India's independence. He was born in 1897 to an affluent family in Cuttack. Bose was expelled from college in 1916 after beating a racist British teacher. He joined the Indian independence movement and worked under leaders like Chittaranjan Das. Bose advocated for complete independence from Britain and was elected president of the Indian National Congress in 1938 and 1939. During World War II, he escaped from house arrest in India and sought support from Axis powers like Germany and Japan to liberate India. He formed the Azad Hind Fauj, or Indian National Army, to fight the British. While the details of his death remain
I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6I recommend you to try PW - India's Most Loved EdTech Platform!
One-Time Only: Get FLAT Rs. 50 OFF on your batch purchase! Use Coupon code 6200SVDP or use this link https://links.physicswallah.live/HohRf2SvZtr1TX2B6
This document discusses the history and current status of Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India. It describes how the Varna system led to the oppression and marginalization of SC/ST communities through the imposition of social, economic, political and religious disabilities. While some protections have been established through constitutional measures and affirmative action policies, many challenges remain. Key figures like Dr. Ambedkar fought to abolish untouchability and establish rights for Dalits, while committees seek to resolve problems facing tribal communities through integration, assimilation or isolation approaches. Overall the document provides background on the origins and experiences of SC/ST groups in India.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was a 19th century Indian social reformer who was born in Bengal in 1772. He campaigned against social evils like sati and the caste system. He founded the Brahmo Samaj, a reformist movement within Hinduism, to promote social reform through a monotheistic interpretation of Hindu scriptures. He also supported women's education and rights. Raja Ram Mohan Roy is considered a pioneer of the Bengal Renaissance movement and was instrumental in the abolition of sati in India.
This document provides an overview of the rise of Buddhism and Jainism in India in response to issues with the vedic religion at the time. It summarizes the key teachings and philosophies of both Buddhism founded by Gautama Buddha and Jainism founded by Mahavira. Buddhism emphasized escaping suffering through following the four noble truths and eightfold path while Jainism focused on non-violence, belief in the soul, karma/rebirth, and achieving salvation through strict adherence to ascetic practices and the five main vows. Both religions rejected the rigid Hindu caste system and promoted social equality.
Class 12th
Political Science
Chapter 2
The End of Bipolarity
The things are explained in the completely and in better way.
It cover all the topics of NCERT Contemporary World Politics class 12
The PPT has been made under the guidance of an Political Science teacher
1 Title page
2 Berlin Wall
3 and 4 Some Important Leaders Of Soviet Union
5 What was soviet union
6 Merits of soviet union
7 Demerit of soviet union
8 On Verge of Stagnation
9 Gorbachev and the Disintegration
10 Common wealth of Independent State
11 to 18 why did soviet union disintegrate
19 to 22 Consequences of Disintegration of Soviet Union
23 to 26 shock therapy in post- communist regimes
27 Consequences of Shock Therapy
28 Tension and Conflicts
29 India and Post-Communist Country
30 to 34 During the world war era, India and the USSR enjoyed multi-dimensional relationship
35 thanks page
Maharshi Dayananda Saraswati was a Hindu reformer who founded the Arya Samaj movement in India in 1875. He believed in restoring Hinduism to its original Vedic principles by removing corruptions and superstitions that had been introduced over time. Some of his key teachings included rejecting idol worship, caste discrimination, and promoting education based on the Vedas. Despite facing opposition and even an assassination attempt, Dayananda traveled widely advocating for his reforms. He established the Arya Samaj organization and its 10 principles to guide followers in leading a righteous life according to the teachings of the Vedas.
The Dravidian Movement emerged in the early 20th century in response to Brahmin domination in the Madras Presidency region of British India. The spread of Western education and Christianity gave non-Brahmin castes new awareness and resentment of upper caste control. The Justice Party was formed in 1917 to counter Congress Party influence, but it had a narrow urban base. In 1925, E.V. Ramaswami ("Periyar") founded the self-respect movement with a Dravidian ideology to remove Brahmin social and political control. It grew mass support and merged with the Justice Party in 1944 to form the Dravida Kazhagam led by Periyar. Later, a split formed the
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar was a notable Indian reformer and educator born in 1820 in West Bengal. He worked to improve women's status in India, especially in Bengal, by introducing widow remarriage which was opposed in orthodox Hindu society at the time. With support from others, Vidyasagar helped make widow remarriage more mainstream. His own son married a widow lady in one of the first such unions. Vidyasagar also contributed greatly to the development of the Bengali language and literature through his works.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy was an Indian scholar and reformer born in 1772 in Bengal who made several important contributions. He advocated for social reforms like abolishing sati and child marriage. He also founded the Brahmo Samaj, which promoted monotheism, social reform, and women's education. Additionally, he helped establish Hindu College in 1817 and advocated for introducing English and scientific education in India. He died in Bristol, England in 1833 while advocating for preserving Lord Bentinck's Sati Act.
1. The Indian National Congress was founded in 1885 and led India's independence movement against British rule.
2. After independence in 1947, the Congress became the dominant political party, holding power until 1977 and periodically after.
3. Key Congress leaders and prime ministers included Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, P.V. Narasimha Rao, and Manmohan Singh.
Hyderabad is the capital city of Telangana, India, located along the banks of the Musi River. It has a population of over 6.8 million people and is one of the largest and fastest growing cities in India. Hyderabad has a long history dating back to 1591 and was once the capital of the princely state of Hyderabad. Today it is a major technology hub known as HITEC City and is home to many public institutions and private companies. The city faces challenges around infrastructure and resources as it continues growing rapidly into the future.
Presentation highlights the various factors than define great cities. Hyderabad, capital of Andhra Pradesh state, India has emerged as a great city on account of various factors. This presentation highlights the various factors that make Hyderabad a great city. Presentation also deals with the contribution of cities to the economy of the state and country, role of urban planning and infrastructre- which are key pillars for a making a great city. Details of infrastructure in Hyderabad are also presented.
Hyderabad is the capital of Andhra Pradesh located conveniently between New Delhi and Mumbai. The city is a center of culture as the former capital of the Nizams and also India's technology and healthcare hub. Some of Hyderabad's main tourist attractions include the historic Charminar landmark, Golconda fort, and various tombs and mosques displaying Deccani architecture. The city also has many traditional markets and is known for its pearls, lac bangles, handicrafts, silk sarees, and Hyderabadi cuisine such as biryani. Hyderabad has emerged as a major IT hub for companies like Microsoft and is referred to as the "Cyberabad" of India.
The document provides an overview of major tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India. It describes several historic sites from Hyderabad's past, including the Charminar monument built in 1591, Golconda Fort which originated in the 14th century, and Salar Jung Museum housing a large one-man collection of antiques. It also mentions various parks and gardens such as the Public Gardens, Nehru Zoological Park, and lakes including Hussain Sagar and Osman Sagar. The document highlights the city's cultural diversity and the influence of Hyderabad's rulers, the Nizams, in shaping its heritage.
Hyderabad is the capital of Andhra Pradesh and it is the largest city of South India. This city is also known as Pearl City of India. There are many tourist attractions places like Golconda fort, Charminar, Mecca masjid, Birla mandir, Osman Sagar Lake, Hussain Sagar Lake, Shilaparam, Shamirpet, Salar jung Museum etc.
Hyderabad is the fourth largest city in India and capital of Telangana state in South India, with an area of 650 sq km and population of over 3.6 million. Some of the notable landmarks in Hyderabad include Charminar, a landmark monument built in 1591; Mecca Masjid, one of the largest mosques built in the 17th century; Golconda Fort, a strong fortress located on a hill; and Nehru Zoological Park, which houses a variety of animals and birds in their natural habitat.
This document provides biographical details about Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, a prominent Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who played a key role in drafting the Indian constitution. It discusses his upbringing as an untouchable, his extensive education in India, London and the United States, and his later career advocating for Dalit rights through publications, public movements and negotiations for India's independence and constitution. It also summarizes his contributions including establishing institutions to promote Dalit education and welfare, leading public movements against untouchability and the burning of the Manusmriti text, negotiating political representation for untouchables, and his eventual conversion to Buddhism along with many Dalit followers.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born in 1891 in India to an untouchable family. He faced discrimination and obstacles to his education due to his caste but persevered and eventually earned multiple doctorate degrees. As the principal author of the Indian constitution, he advocated for rights of the disadvantaged and outlawed untouchability and discrimination. In his later life, he converted to Buddhism and encouraged hundreds of thousands of followers to also convert and leave Hinduism. He passed away in 1956 after dedicating his life to social reform and advocating education as the means to overcome injustice and inequality.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was born in 1891 in India to an untouchable family. He faced immense discrimination throughout his childhood but was able to receive an education. He went on to earn multiple advanced degrees from universities in India and the United States. Ambedkar was a prominent political leader who fought against untouchability and the caste system. He drafted the Indian constitution and included protections for civil liberties and minority rights. In 1956, disillusioned with Hinduism, Ambedkar converted to Buddhism and over 500,000 of his followers converted with him. He passed away later that year but left a significant legacy of social and political reform in India.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist and politician who campaigned against social discrimination of Dalits (formerly known as "untouchables"). He was born into a poor Dalit family and faced significant discrimination early in life. He went on to become independent India's first law minister and had a major role in drafting the country's constitution. He also campaigned vigorously for Dalit and women's rights. Later in life, disillusioned by Hinduism's treatment of Dalits, he converted to Buddhism and encouraged many Dalits to do the same. He passed away in 1956, just days after completing a manuscript on Buddhism.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist and politician who campaigned against social discrimination of Dalits and supported the rights of women and workers. He was born into an untouchable caste and faced significant discrimination during his early life. He went on to become independent India's first law minister and had a significant role in drafting the country's constitution. Later in life, he converted to Buddhism and encouraged hundreds of thousands of Dalits to do the same. He passed away in 1956 after campaigning tirelessly for Dalit rights and advocating for progressive social reforms.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar (1891-1956) was an Indian jurist and politician who was the prime minister of drafting the Indian constitution. He was born in India and experienced discrimination as an "untouchable." He became educated in the U.S. and U.K. and returned to India to fight for the rights of Dalits and other disadvantaged groups. He established several organizations and political parties to advocate for workers' rights and social reforms. He later converted to Buddhism and oversaw the drafting of India's constitution, establishing it as a secular democratic republic that guarantees rights and freedoms for all citizens.
Mulk Raj Anand was an Indian writer born in 1905 who is considered a founder of the English-language Indian novel. He wrote several notable novels in the 1930s-1940s that brought attention to issues of poverty and oppression in Indian society, such as Untouchable and Coolie. Anand had a prolific writing career spanning many genres and also worked as a broadcaster and scriptwriter. He received several honors over his long career, including the Padma Bhushan award, for his contributions to literature and education in India.
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was a 19th century Muslim scholar and reformer who founded the Aligarh Movement to promote scientific education and modernism among Indian Muslims. He established schools that taught both religious and modern subjects. Allama Iqbal was a poet and philosopher who envisioned an independent Muslim state in India and is credited with inspiring the Pakistan movement. Muhammad Ali Jinnah served as the leader of the Muslim League and played a pivotal role in Pakistan's independence. As Pakistan's first Governor General, he advocated for a separate Muslim homeland where Islamic principles could be established.
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the leader of India's independence movement against British rule. He was born in 1869 and married Kasturba at age 13, with whom he had four sons. Gandhi went to London in 1888 to study law and then moved to South Africa in 1893, where he experienced racism and developed his philosophy of non-violent civil disobedience. He returned to India in 1915 and led several non-violent movements that helped unite Hindus and Muslims, including the Champaran Satyagraha in 1916 and the Khilafat Movement in 1919-1924. Gandhi continued advocating for independence and equal rights through non
The document provides biographical information about Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, independent India's first Law Minister and principal architect of the Indian Constitution. It details his childhood experiences with caste discrimination, his extensive educational qualifications, and his work advocating for Dalit rights and campaigning against social discrimination. It also summarizes his key role in drafting the Indian Constitution and some of his most important contributions, such as establishing rights for untouchables and reservations for marginalized groups.
The document provides biographical information about several famous figures in Indian literature, including Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand, Arundhati Roy, R.K. Narayan, Chetan Bhagat, Ruskin Bond, and Harivansh Rai Bachchan. It discusses their major works, literary achievements, and impact on Indian culture.
Bjmc i,jmc, unit-i, contribution of national leadersRai University
Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale were influential Indian national leaders in the Indian independence movement. Dadabhai Naoroji was one of the earliest Indian members of the British House of Commons and the first Indian to prove that Britain drained wealth from India. He demanded self-government or "Swaraj" at the 1906 Indian National Congress. Gopal Krishna Gokhale was a disciple of Mahadev Govind Ranade and known for his moderate approach. He served as a member of the Bombay Legislative Council and Imperial Legislative Council, where he advocated for Indians in higher civil services and educational reforms. Both leaders worked to advance India's social and political interests through constitutional
The document provides brief biographies of several important Indian figures from history:
- Mohandas Gandhi, who went to England to study law and later led the non-violent movement for independence in South Africa.
- Rabindranath Tagore, a Bengali poet, writer, and philosopher who achieved some success in India but was largely unknown outside the country.
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, who chaired the committee that drafted the Indian constitution and played a key role in establishing rights for Dalits and the oppressed.
- Several other religious and social reformers, artists, and political leaders who impacted India are also summarized.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was one of the architects of the Indian constitution and fought against social inequalities and untouchability throughout his life. He was born into a Dalit family and faced discrimination. He went on to become the first Law Minister of India and played a key role in establishing important institutions like the Reserve Bank of India. He received India's highest civilian honor, the Bharat Ratna.
Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar was a prominent Indian jurist and politician who fought against social discrimination and supported the rights of Dalits and other lower castes. As the chairman of the drafting committee, he played a key role in drafting the Indian constitution and including protections for civil liberties and minority rights. He advocated for separate electorates for untouchables and reservations in government jobs and education. Though he initially supported the partition of India to avoid Hindu domination, he later accepted it as the only solution when Muslims demanded an independent Pakistan. Ambedkar warned that true democracy requires both social and economic equality and criticized the inequalities in Indian society. He made outstanding contributions as a reformer and statesman in establishing India
4. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ([bʱiːmraːw raːmdʑiː aːmbeːɽkər]; 14 April 1891 – 6 December
1956), popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social
reformer who inspired the Modern Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social
discrimination of Dalits, women and labour. He was Independent India's first law minister and
the principal architect of the Constitution of India.
Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning a law degree and various doctorates from Columbia
University and the London School of Economics, and gained a reputation as a scholar for his
research in law, economics and political science. In his early career he was an economist,
professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities, where he became
involved in the negotiations for India's independence campaigning by publishing journals
advocating political rights and social freedom for 'untouchables' and contributing significantly to
the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism, initiating mass
conversions of Dalits.
In 1990, Ambedkar was posthumously conferred with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian
award.[4] Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture.
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Higher education
o 2.1 Matriculation
o 2.2 Degree in Economics and Political science
o 2.3 Postgraduation in Economics, Columbia University
o 2.4 PhD in Economics, Columbia University
o 2.5 London School of Economics
3 Opposition to untouchability
4 Protests
5 Poona Pact
6 Political career
7 Drafting India's Constitution
o 7.1 Opposition to Article 370
8 Economic planning
o 8.1 Formation of Reserve Bank of India
9 Second marriage
10 Conversion to Buddhism
11 Death
12 Legacy
13 In popular culture
14 Writings and speeches
15 See also
16 References
17 Further reading
5. Early life and education
Ambedkar was born into a poor low Mahar, (dalit) caste in the town and military cantonment of
Mhow in the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh).[5] He was the 14th and last child of
Ramji Maloji Sakpal, a ranked army officer at the post of Subedar and Bhimabai Murbadkar
Sankpal.[6] His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambavade (Mandangad
taluka) in Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. They belonged to the Mahar caste, who
were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.[7] Ambedkar's
ancestors had long been in the employment of the army of the British East India Company, and
his father served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment.[8]
Belonging to the Kabir panth, Ramji Sakpal encouraged his children to read the Hindu classics.
He used his position in the army to lobby for his children to study at the government school, as
they faced resistance owing to their caste. Although able to attend school, Ambedkar and other
untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or assistance by the teachers.
They were not allowed to sit inside the class. Even if they needed to drink water, someone from a
higher caste would have to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either
the water or the vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the young
Ambedkar by the school peon, and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water;
the situation he later in his writings described as "No peon, No Water".[9] He was required to sit
on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him.[10]
Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later. Shortly after their
move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt, and lived in
difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two daughters –
Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars would go on to survive them. Of his brothers and
sisters, only Ambedkar succeeded in passing his examinations and graduating to a high school.
His original surname Ambavadekar comes from his native village 'Ambavade' in Ratnagiri
district.[11] His Brahmin teacher, Mahadev Ambedkar, who was fond of him, changed his
surname from 'Ambavadekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.[11]
Higher education
Matriculation
In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Bombay where Ambedkar became the only untouchable
enrolled at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, his marriage to a nine-year old girl, Ramabai, was
arranged.[2]
In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered
Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the University of Bombay, becoming the first from
his untouchable community to do so. This success provoked celebrations in his community and
after a public ceremony he was presented with a biography of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the
author and a family friend.[2]
6. Degree in Economics and Political science
By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University,
and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife, by then 15
years old, had just moved his young family and started work, when he had to quickly return to
Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.[12]
Ambedkar as a student.
Postgraduation in Economics, Columbia University
In 1913, he moved to the United States. He had been awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of
£11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by the Gaekwar of
Baroda that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Columbia
University in New York City. Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms at Livingston Hall
with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June
1915, majoring in Economics, with Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology as other
subjects of study; he presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce.
PhD in Economics, Columbia University
In 1916 he completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India-A Historic and Analytical
Study for another M.A. and finally he received his DSc in Economics in 1927[13] for his third
thesis, after he left for London. On 9 May, he read his paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism,
Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander
Goldenweiser.
London School of Economics
7. In October 1916 he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn, and also at the same time enrolled
at the London School of Economics where he started work on a doctoral thesis. But in June 1917
he was obliged to go back to India as the term of his scholarship from Baroda ended. However,
he was given permission to return to submit his thesis within four years. His thesis was on the
"Indian Rupee." Ambedkar came back to London at the first opportunity and completed his
studies. At the London School of Economics he took a Master's degree in 1921 and in 1923 he
took his D.Sc.in Economics, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. His third
and fourth Doctorates (Ll.D, Columbia, 1952 and Ll.D., Osmania, 1953) were conferred honoris
causa.
Incidentally, in his journey (1917) he travelled separately from his collection of books, which
were lost when the ship on which they were dispatched was torpedoed and sunk by a German
submarine.[12]
Opposition to untouchability
Ambedkar as a barrister in 1922
As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was
appointed as Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit within a short time. He described
the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.[9] Thereafter he tried to find ways to make
a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established
an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an
untouchable.[14] In 1918 he became Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of
Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Even though he was successful with the students, other
professors objected to his sharing the same drinking-water jug that they all used.[15]
8. Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing
the Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate
electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.[16] In 1920, he
began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help
of Shahaji II (1874–1922), Maharaja of Kolhapur.[17]
Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926 he successfully defended three non-
Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then
subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes that "The victory was resounding, both
socially and individually, for the clients and the Doctor".[18]
Protests
While practicing law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to uplift the untouchables in order to
educate them. His first organised attempt to achieve this was the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha,
which was intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the
welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to as depressed classes.[19] For the protection of Dalit
rights he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.[20]
He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon
Commission in 1925.[21] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its
report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations
for the future Constitution of India.[22]
By 1927 Ambedkar decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began with
public movements and marches to open up and share public drinking water resources. He also
began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for
the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town.[23]
In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar public condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmrti
(Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying the system of caste discrimination and
“untouchability,” ceremonially burning copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927,
thousands of people burnt copies of Manusmriti under leadership of Ambedkar.[24][25]
In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement. This was a non-violent movement for
which he was preparing for three months. About 15000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple
satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a
military band, a batch of scouts, women and men walked in discipline, order and determination
to see the god for the first time. When they reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin
authorities. This movement was for human dignity and self-respect.[26]
Poona Pact
In 1932, British announced the formation of separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the
Communal Award. Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he
feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community into two groups.[27] Gandhi
9. protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast,
Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo
organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.[28] On 25 September
1932, the agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the
depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya(on behalf of the other Hindus).
The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures,
within the general electorate and not by creating a separate electroate. The Due to the pact, the
depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the
Communal Award earlier proposed by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The text
uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called
Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution
of 1950.[29][30]
Political career
In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Mumbai, a
position he held for two years. Settling in Mumbai, Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a
house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books.[31] His wife Ramabai died
after a long illness in the same year. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to
Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new
Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables.
Speaking at the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his
intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.[31] He
would repeat his message at numerous public meetings across India.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested in the 1937 Bombay
election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats and securing
11 and 3 seats respectively.[32]
Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste in the same year. It strongly criticised Hindu
orthodox religious leaders, the caste system in general[33] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on
the subject.[34]
Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee[35] and the Viceroy's Executive Council
as minister for labour.[35]
In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar attempted to explain the formation of
Untouchables. He saw the Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual
hierarchy of the caste system, as being separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the
transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation, although it performed
poorly in the elections held in 1946 for the Constituent Assembly of India.
Babasaheb Ambedkar contested from Bombay North in the first Indian General Election in 1952
but lost to the Congress candidates Narayan Kajrolkar, who had been his assistant once.
Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably as an appointed member. He tried to
enter Lok Sabha again in 1954 when he contested the by-election from Bhandara but he was
10. placed third in the ballot won by Congress. By the time the second general election was held in
1957, Ambedkar had already passed away.
Ambedkar was critical of Islam and its practices in South Asia. While justifying the Partition of
India, he condemned the practice of child marriage, as well as the mistreatment of women, in
Muslim society.
No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and
especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers
that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of its support
was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding
the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing
whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste
among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.[36]
Drafting India's Constitution
People paying tribute at the central statue of Babasaheb Ambedkar in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
Marathwada University in Aurangabad.
Upon India's Transfer of Power by British Government to leaders of High Cast on 15 August
1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first Law
Minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman of the Constitution
Drafting Committee, charged by the Assembly to write India's new Constitution.[37]
Granville Austin has described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first and
foremost a social document'. ... 'The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either
directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by
establishing conditions necessary for its achievement.'[38]
The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide
range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of
untouchability and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive
economic and social rights for women, and also won the Assembly's support for introducing a
system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of
scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Class, a system akin to affirmative
action.[39] India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of
opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.[40] The Constitution was
adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.[41]
Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951 following the stalling in parliament of his draft of
the Hindu Code Bill, which sought to expound gender equality in the laws of inheritance and
marriage.[42] Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to the lower house of
parliament, the Lok Sabha, but was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) constituency by a
little-known Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 138137 votes compared to Ambedkar's
11. 123576 votes.[43][44][45] He was appointed to the upper house, of parliament, the Rajya Sabha in
March 1952 and would remain as member till death.[46]
Opposition to Article 370
Ambedkar opposed Article 370 in the Constitution, which gives a special status to the State of
Jammu and Kashmir, and it was put against his wishes. Balraj Madhok reportedly said,
Ambedkar had clearly told Sk. Abdullah: "You wish India should protect your borders, she
should build roads in your area, she should supply you food grains, and Kashmir should get
equal status as India. But Government of India should have only limited powers and Indian
people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to this proposal, would be a
treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the Law Minister of India, will never do
it." Then Sk. Abdullah went to Nehru, who directed him to Gopal Swami Ayyangar, who
approached Sardar Patel asking him to do something as it was a matter of prestige of Nehru, who
has promised Sk. Abdullah accordingly. Patel got it passed when Nehru was on foreign tour. On
the day this article came up for discussion, Ambedkar did not reply to questions on it though he
did participate on other articles. All arguments were done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar.[47][48][49]
Economic planning
Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue an Economics doctorate degree abroad.[50] According to
him the industrialization and agricultural industry growth could enhance the economy of the
nation.[51] He stressed on money investment in the agricultural industry as the primary industry
of India.[52] According to Sharad Pawar, Ambedkar’s vision benefited the government in
accomplishing the food security goal.[53] He supported economic and social development of the
society for nations progress. He also emphasised on education, public hygiene, community
health, residential facilities as the basic amenities.[51] His DSc thesis "The problems of Ruppee,
its origin and solution (1923)" reveals the factors responsible for Rupee fall.[52] He proved the
importance of price stability than exchange stability. He analysed the silver and gold rate
exchange and its effect on Indian economy. He found out the reasons for the failure of British
Indian economy’s public treasury.[52] He found the loss made by British rule on Indian
development.[54]
He is creditworthy to establish Finance Commission of India. He did not support the income tax
policy for the lower income group community. He contributed in Land Revenue Tax and excise
duty policies to stabilize Indian economy.[52] He played an important role in the land reform and
the state economic development.[55] According to him, the caste system divided labours and it
was one of the hurdles for the economic progress. He emphasised on free economy with stable
rupee which India has adopted recently.[52] He advocated the birth control rate to develop the
Indian economy. This policy has been adopted by Indian government as national policy for
family planning. He emphasised on equal rights to women for economic development.[52] He laid
the foundation of industrial relations after Indian independence.[55]
Formation of Reserve Bank of India
12. Ambedkar was an economist by training and until 1921 his career was as a professional
economist. It was after that time that he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly
books on economics:
Administration and Finance of the East India Company,
The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India
The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution[56][57][58]
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to the Hilton
Young Commission.[56][58][59][60]
Second marriage
Ambedkar's first wife had died in 1935 following long illness. After the completion of the
drafting of India's constitution in the late 1940s, Ambedkar went to Bombay for treatment. He
was suffering from lack of sleep, had neurotic pain in his legs and was taking both insulin and
homeopathic medicines. There he met Dr. Sharada Kabir, a Saraswat Brahmin, whom he married
on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended that he needed a companion
who was both a good cook and a possessor of medical knowledge and could thus take care of
him.[61] She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and took care of him for the rest of his life.[3]
Conversion to Buddhism
Dikshabhumi, a stupa at the site in Nagpur, where Ambedkar embraced Buddhism along with
many of his followers
Ambedkar had considered converting to Sikhism, which saw oppression as something to be
fought against and which for that reason appealed also to other leaders of scheduled castes. He
rejected the idea after meeting with leaders of the Sikh community and concluding that his
conversion might result in him having what scholar Stephen P. Cohen describes as a "second-rate
status" among Sikhs.[62]
He studied Buddhism all his life, and around 1950, he turned his attention fully to Buddhism and
travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of
Buddhists.[63] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced that he
was writing a book on Buddhism, and that as soon as it was finished, he planned to make a
formal conversion to Buddhism.[64] Ambedkar twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time in
order to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.[65] In
13. 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.[66] He
completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, in 1956. It was published
posthumously.[66]
After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,[67] Ambedkar
organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October
1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional
manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife. He then proceeded to
convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.[64] He prescribed the 22
Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then traveled to
Kathmandu in Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference.[65] His work on The
Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained
incomplete.[68]
Death
Annal Ambedkar Manimandapam, Chennai
Bust of Ambedkar at Ambedkar Museum in Pune
Since 1948, Ambedkar had been suffering from diabetes. He was bed-ridden from June to
October in 1954 owing to side-effects from his medication and failing eyesight.[64] He had been
increasingly embittered by political issues, which took a toll on his health. His health worsened
14. during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma,
Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.
A Buddhist cremation[69] was organised for him at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,[70]
attended by half a million sorrowing people.[71] A conversion program was supposed to be
organised on 16 December 1956.[72] So, those who had attended the cremation were also
converted to Buddhism at the same place.[72]
Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in 2003.[73] and his son Yashwant (known
as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar).[74] Ambedkar's grandson, Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant, is the chief-
adviser of the Buddhist Society of India,[75] leads the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh[76] and has
served in both houses of the Indian Parliament.[76]
A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes
and papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably
dates from 1935–36 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of
India's Ghetto, which refers to the census of 1951.[64]
A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate is
celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti. He was
posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.[77]
On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at
Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in
Mumbai.[78] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers
was "Educate!,Organize!,Agitate!".[79]
Legacy
15. A bookseller in Chaitya Bhoomi peddles Buddhist calendars and books by Ambedkar
Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect on modern India.[80][81] In
post-Independence India his socio-political thought has acquired respect across the political
spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India
today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic
and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law
minister, and chairman of the committee responsible to draft a constitution. He passionately
believed in the freedom of the individual and criticized equally both caste society. His allegation
of Hinduism foundation of caste system, made him controversial and unpopular among the
Hindu community.[82] His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist
philosophy in India and abroad.[83]
Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar is also named in his honour. A large official portrait
of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian Parliament building. Ambedkar, was voted as the
"Greatest Indian" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN. Nearly 20 million
votes were cast, making him the most popular Indian figure since the launch of the
initiative.[84][85] Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,[86]
has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Indian economist of all times."[87] Amartya
Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", Sen continues that "he was highly
controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the
field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."[88][89] Osho a spiritual teacher
remarked "I have seen people who are born in the lowest category of Hindu law, the sudras, the
untouchables,so intelligent: when India became independent, the man who made the constitution
of India, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a sudra. There was no equal to his intelligence as far as
law is concerned – he was a world-famous authority." [90] President Obama addressed the Indian
parliament in 2010, and referenced Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the great and revered
Human Rights champion and main author of India’s constitution.[91]
Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications
and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of
Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in
India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern
times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.[92] He is regarded as a Bodhisattva by
some Indian Buddhists, though he never claimed it himself.[93] Outside India, at the end of the
1990s, some Hungarian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and the
situation of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar's approach, they started to
convert to Buddhism.[94]
In popular culture
Several movies, plays, and other works have been based on the life and thoughts of Ambedkar.
Jabbar Patel directed the English-language film Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar in 2000 with
Mammootty enacting the lead role. This biopic was sponsored by the National Film
16. Development Corporation of India and the government's Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment. The film was released after a long and controversial gestation period.[95] David
Blundell, professor of anthropology at UCLA and historical ethnographer, has established
Arising Light – a series of films and events that are intended to stimulate interest and knowledge
about the social and welfare conditions in India. Arising Light is a film on the life on Ambedkar
and social welfare in India.[96] In Samvidhaan,[97] a TV mini-series on the making of the
Constitution of India directed by Shyam Benegal, the pivotal role of B. R. Ambedkar was played
by Sachin Khedekar. The play Ambedkar Aur Gandhi, directed by Arvind Gaur and written by
Rajesh Kumar, tracks the two prominent personalities of its title.[98]
Bhimayana: Experiences of Untouchability is a graphic novel narrates episodes from the life of
Ambedkar using Pardhan-Gond style by Durgabai Vyam and Subhash Vyam. The book
published by Navayana Books was identified as one of the top 5 political graphic novel by
CNN.[99] Author Prabhakar Joshi, began writing a biography of Ambedkar in Sanskrit in 2004.
Joshi is a recipient of Maharashtra Government's 'Mahakavi Kalidas' award. The completed
work, Bhimayan, comprises 1577 shlokas and is intended as an atonement for the injustice done
to the young Bhimrao by some teachers.[100]
The Ambedkar Memorial has been constructed at Lucknow is dedicated in his memory. The
chaitya consists of monuments showing his biography.[101][102]
Writings and speeches
The Education Department, Government of Maharashtra(Bombay) published the collection of
Ambedkar's writings and speeches in different volumes.[103]
Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development and 11 other essays
Ambedkar in the Bombay Legislature, with the Simon Commission and at the Round
Table Conferences, 1927–1939
Philosophy of Hinduism; India and the pre-requisites of communism; Revolution and
counter-revolution; Buddha or Karl Marx
Riddles in Hinduism[104]
Essays on untouchables and un-touchability
The evolution of provincial finance in British India
Who Were the Shudras?
Pakistan or the partition of India
What Congress and Gandhi have done to the untouchables; Mr. Gandhi and the
emancipation of the untouchables
Ambedkar as member of the Governor General's Executive Council, 1942–46
The Buddha and