Culture and Fashion

Wednesday, January 31, 2018Wednesday, January 31, 2018
SYED MD. SAJJAD KABIRSYED MD. SAJJAD KABIR UNIVERSITY OF CHITTAGONGUNIVERSITY OF CHITTAGONG

Topics CoveredTopics Covered
 Fashion Trends around theFashion Trends around the
WorldWorld
 Culture and GenderCulture and Gender
 Culture and PersonalityCulture and Personality
 Gender and Personality.Gender and Personality.
SMS Kabir, University of ChittagongSMS Kabir, University of Chittagong Wednesday, January 31, 2018Wednesday, January 31, 2018
SYED MD. SAJJAD KABIRSYED MD. SAJJAD KABIR UNIVERSITY OF CHITTAGONGUNIVERSITY OF CHITTAGONG

Wednesday, January 31, 2018Wednesday, January 31, 2018SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;
smskabir218@gmail.comsmskabir218@gmail.com
11 DishdashaDishdasha (Middle East)(Middle East)
Also known as a thwab,Also known as a thwab,
besht, kandura orbesht, kandura or
suriyah, the dishdasha issuriyah, the dishdasha is
a long robe traditionallya long robe traditionally
worn around the Arabworn around the Arab
Gulf.Gulf.
FASHIONTRENDSFASHIONTRENDS
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD
3

Wednesday, January 31, 2018SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;
22 MiniskirtMiniskirt (London, UK)(London, UK)
Mary Quant is responsible forMary Quant is responsible for
Miniskirt in the late 1950s.Miniskirt in the late 1950s.
Short tunics had been aroundShort tunics had been around
for donkeys among the Romansfor donkeys among the Romans
and under armor in the Middleand under armor in the Middle
Ages. But it was Quant who putAges. But it was Quant who put
them on the high street andthem on the high street and
named the design after hernamed the design after her
favorite car, the Mini.favorite car, the Mini.
4

Lotus ShoesLotus Shoes (China)(China)
These barbaric lotus bud-shapedThese barbaric lotus bud-shaped
shoes were worn by women in Chinashoes were worn by women in China
who bound their feet. Small feetwho bound their feet. Small feet
were once considered beautiful andwere once considered beautiful and
erotic and binding stunted theirerotic and binding stunted their
growth. The practice only died outgrowth. The practice only died out
at the beginning of the 20at the beginning of the 20thth
centurycentury
but many elderly women todaybut many elderly women today
display terrible deformities as adisplay terrible deformities as a
result of this cruel fashion.result of this cruel fashion.
33
5

44
These renowned icons of rebellionThese renowned icons of rebellion
were, like most great inventions,were, like most great inventions,
created purely for practicalcreated purely for practical
purposes. In 1950, UK-basedpurposes. In 1950, UK-based
shoemaker Bill Griggs spotted theshoemaker Bill Griggs spotted the
boots in a magazine and decided toboots in a magazine and decided to
anglicize the name to Dr. Martensanglicize the name to Dr. Martens
and remarket them. Style-consciousand remarket them. Style-conscious
punks were more than happy to donpunks were more than happy to don
footwear that resembled thefootwear that resembled the
humble working man.humble working man.
Dr MartensDr Martens (Munich, Germany)(Munich, Germany)FASHIONTRENDSFASHIONTRENDS
6

55
Simply meaning ‘the thing worn’, the traditionalSimply meaning ‘the thing worn’, the traditional
straight-cut dress that is tied at the waiststraight-cut dress that is tied at the waist
with an obi. Colour combinations couldwith an obi. Colour combinations could
communicate political class or a particularcommunicate political class or a particular
Samurai clan as well as the virtues of theSamurai clan as well as the virtues of the
wearer. Purple indicated undying love and redwearer. Purple indicated undying love and red
youthful glamour and passion – incidentally, theyouthful glamour and passion – incidentally, the
beni-red dye is prone to fading therefore alsobeni-red dye is prone to fading therefore also
suggests transient love. Fact or fiction? Insuggests transient love. Fact or fiction? In
1932, several women caught in a fire at1932, several women caught in a fire at
Shirokiya’s Nihonbashi store refused to jump inShirokiya’s Nihonbashi store refused to jump in
to firemen safety nets for fear of revealing noto firemen safety nets for fear of revealing no
knickers underneath their kimonos! knickers underneath their kimonos!
KimonoKimono (Japan)(Japan)FASHIONTRENDSFASHIONTRENDS
7

66
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD BoubouBoubou (West Africa)(West Africa)
A billowing wide-sleeved robeA billowing wide-sleeved robe
most commonly worn in Westmost commonly worn in West
Africa. The female version isAfrica. The female version is
a a M’boubouM’boubou or kaftan (nowadays or kaftan (nowadays
a favourite beachwear cover-a favourite beachwear cover-
up). Some are beautifullyup). Some are beautifully
embroidered and passed downembroidered and passed down
through the generations asthrough the generations as
family heirlooms. family heirlooms.
8

77
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD ClogsClogs (Sweden)(Sweden)
The Dutch may have cornered theThe Dutch may have cornered the
souvenir market, but Swedishsouvenir market, but Swedish
Hasbeens are the ones who haveHasbeens are the ones who have
dragged clogs in to thedragged clogs in to the
2121stst
century. Unlike the all-wooden century. Unlike the all-wooden
Dutch variety, the Swedish styleDutch variety, the Swedish style
comprises of a leather top withcomprises of a leather top with
closed as well as peep-toe andclosed as well as peep-toe and
heights from low heel soaring toheights from low heel soaring to
slutty platform.slutty platform.
9

88
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD PashminaPashmina (Kashmir)(Kashmir)
The Persian wordThe Persian word pashmpashm meansmeans
“wool” and refers to the fine“wool” and refers to the fine
blend of cashmere from ablend of cashmere from a
special breed of goat indigenousspecial breed of goat indigenous
to the high altitude climate ofto the high altitude climate of
the Himalayas in Nepal,the Himalayas in Nepal,
Pakistan and northern India.Pakistan and northern India.
Pashmina shawls have been handPashmina shawls have been hand
spun, woven and embroidered inspun, woven and embroidered in
Kashmir for thousands of years.Kashmir for thousands of years.10

99
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD EspadrillesEspadrilles (USA)(USA)
This unisex shoe makes dream ofThis unisex shoe makes dream of
sun, sea and sand. During thesun, sea and sand. During the
most recent revival, travelersmost recent revival, travelers
rejoiced at the flatpack andrejoiced at the flatpack and
space-saving shoe and indulged inspace-saving shoe and indulged in
an assortment of colors. Prior toan assortment of colors. Prior to
this they were popularized bythis they were popularized by
Lauren Bacall in the 1948 movieLauren Bacall in the 1948 movie
Key Largo and in the 1980s byKey Largo and in the 1980s by
Sonny Crockett in Miami Vice.Sonny Crockett in Miami Vice.
11

1010
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD KiltKilt (Scotland)(Scotland)
A flash of tartan, the strangled catA flash of tartan, the strangled cat
bagpipes and Mel Gibson’s bottom; itbagpipes and Mel Gibson’s bottom; it
must be bonnie Scotland. Kilts were,must be bonnie Scotland. Kilts were,
for 35 years, banned as part of thefor 35 years, banned as part of the
“Dress Act” in 1746 which outlawed“Dress Act” in 1746 which outlawed
items of Highland dress. But as aitems of Highland dress. But as a
result, many began to romanticizeresult, many began to romanticize
the skirt. While the Gauls,the skirt. While the Gauls,
Scandinavians, Irish, Welsh andScandinavians, Irish, Welsh and
Cornish all have a history of wearingCornish all have a history of wearing
kilts.kilts. 12

1111
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Pollution MaskPollution Mask (China)(China)
World Bank research reportWorld Bank research report
revealed that China claims 16 ofrevealed that China claims 16 of
the world’s most polluted cities.the world’s most polluted cities.
Pollution levels vary according toPollution levels vary according to
weather conditions, but residentsweather conditions, but residents
in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhouin Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou
frequently use protective masks.frequently use protective masks.
Similar masks fitted with carbonSimilar masks fitted with carbon
filters are starting to appear infilters are starting to appear in
other cities around the world,other cities around the world,
particularly among cyclists.particularly among cyclists. 13

1212
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD DirndlDirndl (Austria)(Austria)
The bodice, blouse, skirt andThe bodice, blouse, skirt and
apron are also worn inapron are also worn in
Lichtenstein and Bavaria andLichtenstein and Bavaria and
plenty of buxom maidens inplenty of buxom maidens in
this uniform at Oktoberfest inthis uniform at Oktoberfest in
Munich. Ladies, if you areMunich. Ladies, if you are
looking to pull, tie your bow tolooking to pull, tie your bow to
the left side to indicate thatthe left side to indicate that
you are a single lady!you are a single lady!
14

1313
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD MokotMokot (Cambodia)(Cambodia)
Traditionally worn by KhmerTraditionally worn by Khmer
dancers or the royal family,dancers or the royal family,
don’t you think the shape ofdon’t you think the shape of
these crowns is reminiscentthese crowns is reminiscent
of Cambodia’s famousof Cambodia’s famous
landmark.landmark.
15

1414
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Amish HatAmish Hat (USA)(USA)
Funny how in an attemptFunny how in an attempt
to wear simple andto wear simple and
wonderfully unspectacularwonderfully unspectacular
clothes, the Amish lotclothes, the Amish lot
became trendsetters.became trendsetters.
You can spot them a mileYou can spot them a mile
off!off!
16

1515
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD MankiniMankini (Kazakhstan)(Kazakhstan)
Shores of the Caspian SeaShores of the Caspian Sea
aren’t exactly teeming witharen’t exactly teeming with
Kazakhstanis in mankinis.Kazakhstanis in mankinis.
It’s that naughty Borat,It’s that naughty Borat,
aka, Sacha Baron Cohen upaka, Sacha Baron Cohen up
to his old mischief again –to his old mischief again –
taking cultural identitytaking cultural identity
liberties! liberties!
17

1616
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD BabouchesBabouches (Morocco)(Morocco)
Top tip for visiting Morocco:Top tip for visiting Morocco:
Leave lots of room in yourLeave lots of room in your
suitcase for slipper purchases!suitcase for slipper purchases!
The souks have rainbowThe souks have rainbow
displays of cute and colorfuldisplays of cute and colorful
varieties of the locally-knownvarieties of the locally-known
babouches. Pompoms, sequins,babouches. Pompoms, sequins,
pointy toes…whatever ticklespointy toes…whatever tickles
your fancy.your fancy.
18

1717
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD UggsUggs (Australia)(Australia)
Those tough-looking Aussie surfers areThose tough-looking Aussie surfers are
all teddy bears at heart! In betweenall teddy bears at heart! In between
riding the waves, surfers fashioned ariding the waves, surfers fashioned a
sheepskin boot to keep their twinklesheepskin boot to keep their twinkle
toes warm and dry. It was only whentoes warm and dry. It was only when
Brian Smith lugged a small load of theBrian Smith lugged a small load of the
boots to California in 1978 that theyboots to California in 1978 that they
really started to take off. They mightreally started to take off. They might
feel snug-as-a-bug-in-a-rug, butfeel snug-as-a-bug-in-a-rug, but
Chinese counterfeiting and twinning withChinese counterfeiting and twinning with
jogging bottoms has done the brand nojogging bottoms has done the brand no
favors.favors.
19

1818
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Panama HatPanama Hat (Ecuador)(Ecuador)
These brimmed hats made ofThese brimmed hats made of
plaited leaves from the toquillaplaited leaves from the toquilla
straw plant are woven in factstraw plant are woven in fact
from Ecuador. They were firstfrom Ecuador. They were first
shipped to the Isthmus ofshipped to the Isthmus of
Panama and many products havePanama and many products have
been named after their point ofbeen named after their point of
international sale as opposed tointernational sale as opposed to
their place of domestic origin.their place of domestic origin.
20

1919
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD AmautiAmauti (Arctic Region)(Arctic Region)
The Inuit’s parka jacket hood isThe Inuit’s parka jacket hood is
adapted to carry a child andadapted to carry a child and
protect it from the harsh Arcticprotect it from the harsh Arctic
climate. It also means that Mumclimate. It also means that Mum
and Dad’s hands are free andand Dad’s hands are free and
they can go about their day withthey can go about their day with
baby on board. The bottom wasbaby on board. The bottom was
traditionally lined with moss – intraditionally lined with moss – in
case of a nappy emergency!case of a nappy emergency!
21

2020
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD DenimDenim (France)(France)
It was the French town of Nimes that beganIt was the French town of Nimes that began
producing the fabric. But Levi Strauss soldproducing the fabric. But Levi Strauss sold
the hard-wearing jeans to mining communitiesthe hard-wearing jeans to mining communities
in California in the 1850s who, along within California in the 1850s who, along with
Jacob Davis, patented the use of copperJacob Davis, patented the use of copper
rivets to reinforce pocket openings. A morerivets to reinforce pocket openings. A more
recent trend that gives the fabric a wornrecent trend that gives the fabric a worn
effect is created by sandblasting. More thaneffect is created by sandblasting. More than
5,000 workers in the textile industry in5,000 workers in the textile industry in
Turkey have caught silicosis and 46 have diedTurkey have caught silicosis and 46 have died
as a result of the sandblasting technique.as a result of the sandblasting technique.
22

2121
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD LederhosenLederhosen (Germany)(Germany)
Lederhosen are usually onlyLederhosen are usually only
seen in Bavaria, especiallyseen in Bavaria, especially
during Oktoberfest. Theseduring Oktoberfest. These
leather pants have acquired aleather pants have acquired a
somewhat camp connotation insomewhat camp connotation in
recent years. But the work-recent years. But the work-
a-day shorts are nonethelessa-day shorts are nonetheless
a durable item of leisurewear.a durable item of leisurewear.
23

2222
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Cowboy BootsCowboy Boots (USA)(USA)
These boots – which were in fact notThese boots – which were in fact not
made for walking – are no longer justmade for walking – are no longer just
for cattle ranchers, gun-hoe slingersfor cattle ranchers, gun-hoe slingers
and toe-tapping line dance groups.and toe-tapping line dance groups.
Cowboy boots are now worn across theCowboy boots are now worn across the
globe. Spanish brought a version overglobe. Spanish brought a version over
to the Americas and they evolved in toto the Americas and they evolved in to
a type of Wellington boot beforea type of Wellington boot before
decorative stitching appeared in adecorative stitching appeared in a
number of fashion magazines in thenumber of fashion magazines in the
1850s.1850s.
24

2323
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Chamanto/ PonchoChamanto/ Poncho (Chile)(Chile)
Widely used across SouthWidely used across South
America theAmerica the chamantochamanto isis
the name given to thethe name given to the
poncho in Chile. A greatponcho in Chile. A great
accessory if you can’t beaccessory if you can’t be
arsed to shake hands witharsed to shake hands with
lots of people at cocktaillots of people at cocktail
parties too.parties too.
25

2424
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD BeardcapBeardcap (Iceland)(Iceland)
Based on a traditional lambshed-hoodBased on a traditional lambshed-hood
that was worn by Icelandic farmers.that was worn by Icelandic farmers.
If you’ve seen the blusteringIf you’ve seen the blustering
snowstorms they have to experiencesnowstorms they have to experience
then you will understand whythen you will understand why
everything but a small opening foreverything but a small opening for
the face features in the knittingthe face features in the knitting
pattern! Those clever clogs designpattern! Those clever clogs design
studio came up with these quirkystudio came up with these quirky
versions back in 2005. They areversions back in 2005. They are
available in either the Gentleman oravailable in either the Gentleman or
Farmer style.Farmer style. 26

2525
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Aloha ShirtAloha Shirt (Hawaii)(Hawaii)
It was Chinese-born Ellery Chun who, inIt was Chinese-born Ellery Chun who, in
his Waikiki store, began sewinghis Waikiki store, began sewing
together leftover pieces of kimono fortogether leftover pieces of kimono for
tourists in the 1930s. Servicementourists in the 1930s. Servicemen
returning from Asia and the Pacificreturning from Asia and the Pacific
Islands after World War II wereIslands after World War II were
wearing the bright patterned shirts andwearing the bright patterned shirts and
tourism to Hawaii soared in the 1950s.tourism to Hawaii soared in the 1950s.
Locals prefer muted colors and theLocals prefer muted colors and the
pattern is traditionally printed on thepattern is traditionally printed on the
interior which gives the impression theinterior which gives the impression the
shirt is being worn inside out.shirt is being worn inside out.
27

2626
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Fair IsleFair Isle (Shetland Islands)(Shetland Islands)
In 1921, the Prince ofIn 1921, the Prince of
Wales was capturedWales was captured
sporting a Fair Isle knittedsporting a Fair Isle knitted
tank top. Who knew thattank top. Who knew that
he would be responsible forhe would be responsible for
some horrendous knittingsome horrendous knitting
pattern covers.pattern covers.
28

2727
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Wellington BootsWellington Boots (England)(England)
A relative of the Hessian boot, the first DukeA relative of the Hessian boot, the first Duke
of Wellington instructed his shoemaker in Londonof Wellington instructed his shoemaker in London
to modify the boot and make it sturdy forto modify the boot and make it sturdy for
battle but comfortable for eveningwear.battle but comfortable for eveningwear.
Wellington is one of two British Prime MinistersWellington is one of two British Prime Ministers
to name an item of clothing after themselves.to name an item of clothing after themselves.
The other is Anthony Eden and his Homburg hat.The other is Anthony Eden and his Homburg hat.
It was only in 1852 that the boots wereIt was only in 1852 that the boots were
manufactured in rubber. Given that 95% of themanufactured in rubber. Given that 95% of the
population worked in fields, a water-proof wellypopulation worked in fields, a water-proof welly
was an immediate hit! 1,185,036 pairs werewas an immediate hit! 1,185,036 pairs were
made by the North British Rubber company (nowmade by the North British Rubber company (now
Hunter Boot Ltd) to meet the British Army’sHunter Boot Ltd) to meet the British Army’s
demands in World War I. Today they are ademands in World War I. Today they are a
music festival staple! music festival staple! 29

2828
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD BeretBeret (France)(France)
Along with stripey tops andAlong with stripey tops and
onions draped around the neck,onions draped around the neck,
berets are a stereotype thatberets are a stereotype that
the French just can’t seem tothe French just can’t seem to
shake off. Berets can beshake off. Berets can be
traced throughout Europe astraced throughout Europe as
far back as the Bronze Agefar back as the Bronze Age
but they were mass producedbut they were mass produced
in France and Spain in the 19in France and Spain in the 19thth
century.century. 30

2929
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD MocassinsMocassins (Canada)(Canada)
A personal favourite, moccasinsA personal favourite, moccasins
were traditionally made from awere traditionally made from a
single piece of deerskin or softsingle piece of deerskin or soft
leather and stitched at the top.leather and stitched at the top.
The leaf-covered forest territoryThe leaf-covered forest territory
occupied by Indians in the eastoccupied by Indians in the east
meant they wore soft-soledmeant they wore soft-soled
moccasins while Plain Indiansmoccasins while Plain Indians
walking on rock and cacti worewalking on rock and cacti wore
hard soles.hard soles.
31

3030
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Sombrero VueltiaoSombrero Vueltiao (Colombia)(Colombia)
Easily distinguishable from theEasily distinguishable from the
standard sombrero with a stripystandard sombrero with a stripy
pattern of white and black orpattern of white and black or
beige and black. Some of thebeige and black. Some of the
finest products, which can takefinest products, which can take
up to one month to make, can beup to one month to make, can be
folded up and put in your pocketfolded up and put in your pocket
without damaging the overallwithout damaging the overall
shape. Sombrero Vueltiado is theshape. Sombrero Vueltiado is the
national symbol of Colombia.national symbol of Colombia.
32

3131
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD EyelinerEyeliner (Egypt)(Egypt)
This type of make-up has been used asThis type of make-up has been used as
early as 10,000 BC. Its power to protectearly as 10,000 BC. Its power to protect
a person from the evil eye and also froma person from the evil eye and also from
the scorching desert sun reveals athe scorching desert sun reveals a
practical as well as cosmetic purpose.practical as well as cosmetic purpose.
Eyeliner’s current popularity is owed toEyeliner’s current popularity is owed to
the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb inthe discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in
the 1920s which lead to the rise of thethe 1920s which lead to the rise of the
almighty panda eye. Other heavy usersalmighty panda eye. Other heavy users
include designers from the 1960s such asinclude designers from the 1960s such as
Mary Quant, punks, goths and emos withMary Quant, punks, goths and emos with
guyliner on the up too.guyliner on the up too.
33

3232
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD DredlocksDredlocks (Jamaica)(Jamaica)
Before combs and hairbrushes, severeBefore combs and hairbrushes, severe
matting was a global problem. But youmatting was a global problem. But you
have to hand it to the Rastafarihave to hand it to the Rastafari
movement for pulling the look off. Themovement for pulling the look off. The
first record in Jamaica was in the 1950sfirst record in Jamaica was in the 1950s
when the earliest Rasta movement livedwhen the earliest Rasta movement lived
in fear and “dread” of God. Asha Madelain fear and “dread” of God. Asha Madela
holds the first and only record for theholds the first and only record for the
longest dreadlocks in the Guinness Booklongest dreadlocks in the Guinness Book
of Records measuring 8 feet and 9of Records measuring 8 feet and 9
inches. Apparently a single hairwashing-inches. Apparently a single hairwashing-
sesh requires a full bottle of shampoosesh requires a full bottle of shampoo
and conditioner!and conditioner! 34

3333
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD GeleGele (Nigeria)(Nigeria)
Perhaps the largest and mostPerhaps the largest and most
elaborate of head ties in Africanelaborate of head ties in African
countries is Nigeria’s gele, althoughcountries is Nigeria’s gele, although
it has a number of names. Theit has a number of names. The
most eye-catching creations aremost eye-catching creations are
saved for weddings. They aresaved for weddings. They are
created from stiff but flexiblecreated from stiff but flexible
fabrics and the general consensusfabrics and the general consensus
is the bigger the better!is the bigger the better!
35

3434
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD JandalsJandals (New Zealand)(New Zealand)
Evolving from the Japanese sandal,Evolving from the Japanese sandal,
the first plastic jandals appearedthe first plastic jandals appeared
in New Zealand but this is disputedin New Zealand but this is disputed
by the children of an English-by the children of an English-
raised businessman who owned araised businessman who owned a
plastics manufacturing company inplastics manufacturing company in
Hong Kong. Other names includeHong Kong. Other names include
thongs, chappal and flip flops. Inthongs, chappal and flip flops. In
Texas they are referred to asTexas they are referred to as
clam diggers – the way they flickclam diggers – the way they flick
sand on the beach.sand on the beach. 36

3535
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Ushanka HatUshanka Hat (Russia)(Russia)
These Russian fur hats areThese Russian fur hats are
quite dead. Fur hats of similarquite dead. Fur hats of similar
design are worn around thedesign are worn around the
world. Ushanka hats are soworld. Ushanka hats are so
snuggly, they are standardsnuggly, they are standard
winter issue for many policewinter issue for many police
and military including Canada,and military including Canada,
the US, Germany and Finland.the US, Germany and Finland.
37

3636
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD KeffiyehKeffiyeh (Palestine)(Palestine)
This headdress, commonly worn by ArabThis headdress, commonly worn by Arab
men, helps protect the eyes and mouth.men, helps protect the eyes and mouth.
It became a symbol of the PalestineIt became a symbol of the Palestine
resistance movement back in the 1960sresistance movement back in the 1960s
and was picked up as a fashion trendand was picked up as a fashion trend
back in 2000. When China beganback in 2000. When China began
producing the scarves for as little as inproducing the scarves for as little as in
cheap, Hirbawi Textiles became the lastcheap, Hirbawi Textiles became the last
Palestinian factory to produce thePalestinian factory to produce the
traditional keffiyeh scarf. A successfultraditional keffiyeh scarf. A successful
media campaign has, so far, saved themedia campaign has, so far, saved the
business.business.
38

3737
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD ChulloChullo (Peru)(Peru)
A father will usually makeA father will usually make
his son’s first chullo.his son’s first chullo.
Distinguishing features areDistinguishing features are
the bright colors and thethe bright colors and the
earflaps. Roll on hat hair.earflaps. Roll on hat hair.
39

3838
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD ChaquetillaChaquetilla (Spain)(Spain)
Worn by Spanish bullfighters,Worn by Spanish bullfighters,
this short and spangly jacketthis short and spangly jacket
is usually adorned in gold.is usually adorned in gold.
They are part of aThey are part of a
toreros’ toreros’ traje de luces, traje de luces, or,or,
suit of lights. Moschino hassuit of lights. Moschino has
designed some fabulousdesigned some fabulous
matador-style jackets.matador-style jackets.
40

3939
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Conical HatConical Hat (South East Asia)(South East Asia)
A neat trick with theseA neat trick with these
babies is that some ofbabies is that some of
them are made out ofthem are made out of
straw or matting. A quickstraw or matting. A quick
dunk in the water and youdunk in the water and you
will have an evaporative-will have an evaporative-
cooling device to work (orcooling device to work (or
sunbathe) under.sunbathe) under.
41

4040
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Cork HatCork Hat (Australia)(Australia)
A simple andA simple and
effective flyeffective fly
swatter for theswatter for the
Australian outback.Australian outback.
It’s not cool.It’s not cool.
42

4141
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD TweedTweed (UK)(UK)
It should be twill but a LondonIt should be twill but a London
merchant misread themerchant misread the
handwriting – assuming it washandwriting – assuming it was
associated with the river Tweedassociated with the river Tweed
that flows through the Scottishthat flows through the Scottish
border – and it was advertisedborder – and it was advertised
as tweed. The upper classesas tweed. The upper classes
thought it smashing for theirthought it smashing for their
hunting attire.hunting attire.
43

4242
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Aviator SunglassesAviator Sunglasses (USA)(USA)
Designed specifically for pilots byDesigned specifically for pilots by
Ray-Ban in 1936, the sunglassesRay-Ban in 1936, the sunglasses
were made available to the publicwere made available to the public
within a year. Michael Jackson,within a year. Michael Jackson,
Ringo Star have all sported aRingo Star have all sported a
pair. But Tom Cruise was the realpair. But Tom Cruise was the real
deal clincher when sales of thedeal clincher when sales of the
brand rose by 40% within justbrand rose by 40% within just
seven months of the filmseven months of the film Top GunTop Gun
being released.being released.
44

4343
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD BikiniBikini (Paris, France)(Paris, France)
““Bikini girls” was discovered inBikini girls” was discovered in
Sicily to date back to the 4 AD.Sicily to date back to the 4 AD.
But it was in Paris in 1946 thatBut it was in Paris in 1946 that
as we know it today. The two-as we know it today. The two-
piece bathing suit was sopiece bathing suit was so
explosive, Réard named it afterexplosive, Réard named it after
the Pacific island of Bikini Atoll;the Pacific island of Bikini Atoll;
a site used for nuclear weaponsa site used for nuclear weapons
testing that same year. testing that same year.
45

4444
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Duffel CoatDuffel Coat (Belgium)(Belgium)
The British Navy issued aThe British Navy issued a
camel-colored version and itcamel-colored version and it
became known as a Monty afterbecame known as a Monty after
the famous Field Marshalthe famous Field Marshal
Montgomery. The EnglishMontgomery. The English
Gloverall company introduced theGloverall company introduced the
buffalo horn toggles and leatherbuffalo horn toggles and leather
fastenings which were muchfastenings which were much
easier to undo in the cold if theeasier to undo in the cold if the
wearer had thick gloves on. wearer had thick gloves on.
46

4545
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD LeatherLeather (Jacket Russia)(Jacket Russia)
Russian Bolsheviks were wearingRussian Bolsheviks were wearing
these tanned hides in the earlythese tanned hides in the early
1900s. Brown bomber jackets were1900s. Brown bomber jackets were
favoured by aviators, especiallyfavoured by aviators, especially
when lined with sheepskin for addedwhen lined with sheepskin for added
warmth in the cold high altitudewarmth in the cold high altitude
climates. But it was Hollywood starsclimates. But it was Hollywood stars
and heartthrobs Jimmy Stewart,and heartthrobs Jimmy Stewart,
Gary Cooper, Marlon Brando andGary Cooper, Marlon Brando and
Harrison Ford who really set heartsHarrison Ford who really set hearts
racing in them.racing in them. 47

4646
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD JockstrapJockstrap (USA)(USA)
It was intended for cyclistsIt was intended for cyclists
suffering from the cobblestonesuffering from the cobblestone
Boston streets. C.F. Bennett of aBoston streets. C.F. Bennett of a
Chicago sporting goods companyChicago sporting goods company
fashioned the first Bike Jockeyfashioned the first Bike Jockey
Strap in 1874. It is now used byStrap in 1874. It is now used by
athletes worldwide to protect theirathletes worldwide to protect their
manliness. In the early 1900s, amanliness. In the early 1900s, a
low-volt electric powered jockstraplow-volt electric powered jockstrap
claimed to cure insomnia andclaimed to cure insomnia and
erectile dysfunction. erectile dysfunction. 48

4747
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Boat ShoesBoat Shoes (USA)(USA)
In 1935, Paul Sperry admiredIn 1935, Paul Sperry admired
the way his dog could run overthe way his dog could run over
ice with ease. He beganice with ease. He began
cutting a siping pattern in tocutting a siping pattern in to
the soles of his shoes andthe soles of his shoes and
soon the Sperry Top-Siderssoon the Sperry Top-Siders
were born. Nautical but nice. were born. Nautical but nice.
49

4848
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD SariSari (India)(India)
Also worn in and around Bangladesh,Also worn in and around Bangladesh,
Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka andNepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and
Malaysia, the earliest known depictionMalaysia, the earliest known depiction
of the ‘strip of cloth’ being worn inof the ‘strip of cloth’ being worn in
this way is the statue of an Industhis way is the statue of an Indus
Valle priest. The midriff isValle priest. The midriff is
sometimes bare in a sari/saree sincesometimes bare in a sari/saree since
the navel is considered the source ofthe navel is considered the source of
life. Other cultures deemed this alife. Other cultures deemed this a
taboo.taboo.
50

4949
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD LBDLBD (France)(France)
It was indecent to wear blackIt was indecent to wear black
under any other circumstances.under any other circumstances.
In fact, in Victorian times aIn fact, in Victorian times a
widow was expected to wearwidow was expected to wear
mourning dress for two years!mourning dress for two years!
But in 1926 American VogueBut in 1926 American Vogue
published one of Chanel’spublished one of Chanel’s
modest but elegant blackmodest but elegant black
dresses.dresses.
51

5050
AROUNDTHEWORLDAROUNDTHEWORLD Sombrero (Mexico)
SombraSombra means shade. And that’smeans shade. And that’s
exactly what this wide-brimmedexactly what this wide-brimmed
hat offered to cowboys labouringhat offered to cowboys labouring
away under a hot sun – the brimsaway under a hot sun – the brims
can reach two feet wide! Thecan reach two feet wide! The
sombrero pictured is a sombrerosombrero pictured is a sombrero
charro (Mexico) but the Spanishcharro (Mexico) but the Spanish
developed the flat-toppeddeveloped the flat-topped
sombrero.sombrero.
52

 Culture and gender are twoCulture and gender are two
environmental factors that influenceenvironmental factors that influence
personality and determine what ispersonality and determine what is
desirable and undesirable.desirable and undesirable.
 Environment can also affectEnvironment can also affect
personality. One commonpersonality. One common
environmentalenvironmental
factor that has been shown tofactor that has been shown to
impactimpact
personality is culture.personality is culture.
 Culture has also been connected toCulture has also been connected to
gender roles and how they in turngender roles and how they in turn
influence personality and identity.influence personality and identity.
Culture and PersonalityCulture and Personality
53

CultureandGenderCultureandGender Culture can be defined as the ideas,Culture can be defined as the ideas,
behaviors, attitudes, and traditions thatbehaviors, attitudes, and traditions that
have been passed within a group throughhave been passed within a group through
generations.generations.
 Within a culture there are certain behavioralWithin a culture there are certain behavioral
expectations.expectations.
 An example of these expectations would beAn example of these expectations would be
gender roles.gender roles.
 Gender roles are defined as the behaviorsGender roles are defined as the behaviors
which males and females are expected towhich males and females are expected to
conform to in a given society.conform to in a given society.
 Gender roles tend to vary with time andGender roles tend to vary with time and
cultural changes.cultural changes.
54

CultureandPersonalityCultureandPersonality Cultural norms can dictate what traits areCultural norms can dictate what traits are
considered important to personality.considered important to personality.
 Positive and negative traits can be determined byPositive and negative traits can be determined by
cultural expectations.cultural expectations.
 Individualist cultures emphasize personalIndividualist cultures emphasize personal
achievement regardless of the group goals,achievement regardless of the group goals,
resulting in a strong sense of competition.resulting in a strong sense of competition.
Collectivist cultures emphasize family and groupCollectivist cultures emphasize family and group
goals above individual needs or desires.goals above individual needs or desires.
 Stereotype of a “good person” in a collectivistStereotype of a “good person” in a collectivist
culture is trustworthy, honest, and generous.culture is trustworthy, honest, and generous.
This culture emphasizes traits that are helpfulThis culture emphasizes traits that are helpful
to people working in groups. A “good person” into people working in groups. A “good person” in
an individualist culture is more assertive andan individualist culture is more assertive and
strong, both of which are characteristics thatstrong, both of which are characteristics that
are helpful for competing.are helpful for competing.
55

GenderandPersonalityGenderandPersonality Ideas of appropriate behavior for each gender varyIdeas of appropriate behavior for each gender vary
among cultures and eras.among cultures and eras.
 Cultural norms can influence personality and behavior,Cultural norms can influence personality and behavior,
gender norms can also emphasize different traitsgender norms can also emphasize different traits
between men and women.between men and women.
 Expectations for men in a certain time and place mayExpectations for men in a certain time and place may
lead to boys learning to manipulate their physical andlead to boys learning to manipulate their physical and
social environment through strength or other skills,social environment through strength or other skills,
resulting in greater confidence and an internal locusresulting in greater confidence and an internal locus
of control. Meanwhile, expectations for women atof control. Meanwhile, expectations for women at
that same time and place may emphasize submissivenessthat same time and place may emphasize submissiveness
and deference as ideal traits in females.and deference as ideal traits in females.
 Aggression and assertiveness are often emphasized asAggression and assertiveness are often emphasized as
positive traits in males. Researchers believe that thesepositive traits in males. Researchers believe that these
traits were originally emphasized in areas wheretraits were originally emphasized in areas where
resources were limited and competition was key.resources were limited and competition was key.
56

QuestionsQuestions
AnswersAnswers
SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;
Wednesday, January 31, 2018Wednesday, January 31, 2018
57

Wednesday, January 31, 2018
SMS Kabir, smskabir@psy.jnu.ac.bd;
smskabir218@gmail.com
58

Culture and Fashion

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