This document provides an overview of phonology, including phonemes, word stress, and connected speech. It discusses what phonemes are, how they differ in meaning between languages, and examples of phonemic writing. It also covers word stress patterns and how stress influences pronunciation. Finally, it discusses language functions like apologizing, greeting, inviting, and the exponents used to express different functions depending on the context.

1. Language and background to Language learning and teaching
Mantilla Peña Dayana Isabel

2. PHONOLOGY
Sound features
Phonemes, Word stress
Communicative meaning
What is phoneme?
-Smallest unit of sound can
make difference to meaning in
a language.
-Phonemic symbols help the
reader know exactly what the
correct pronunciation.
The / s / in English shows that something is
plural, so the sound / s / has meaning and
is a phoneme.

3. Phonetic chart
Phonemic writing is a set of phonemic symbols that show
in writing how words or sounds are pronounced.
Beautiful / ˈBjuːtəf (ə) l /
Car / kɑː(r) /
Yellow /ˈJeləʊ /

4. Word stress
 Symbol: '
 Say it with greater energy and
usually higher.
 Influences how sentences and
groups of words are
pronounced

5. Connected speech
Rising intotation
Can you help
Falling intonation
I don’t want to CALL her
‘School’s just
finished’
with surprise
with happiness
as a question
to emphasize ‘just’

6.  A reason why we communicate
 Speak and write
What we say has a purpose or function
- Apologising
- Greeting
- Clarifying
- Inviting
- Advising
- Agrreing
- Disagreeing
Examples of functions:
- Refusing
- Thanking
- Interrupting
- Expresing obligation
- Expressing preferences
FUNCTIONS

7. Functions
Apologising Please, accept my apologies for...
Greeting How nice to meet you! / What’s up?
Clarifying Let me explain better / I’m sorry could you repeat that?
Inviting Would you like to… / How about tomorrow morning?
Advising I think you should…
Agreeing I agree with you 100 percent / That’s so true
examples

8. Refusing Unfortunately, I’ can’t / Sorry I can’t
Greeting How nice to meet you! / Pleased to meet you
Thanking I really appreciate it / thanks
Interrupting Just a moment, I’d like to
Expressing obligation
Must, have to, mustn’t, and need
- Tom, you must study more
Expessing preferences I like fresh vegetables than frozen vegetables
Disagreeing I disagree / I don’t think so

9. Exponent Language uses to express a function
Different fucntions
Context Exponent Function
A boy wants to go to the cinema
with his friend tonight..
He says:
‘Let’s go to the cinema tonight.’ Suggestion/making a
suggestion about going to the
cinema.
I’m so tired
Who
Who Where
What

10.  Lunch?
 Coming for lunch?
 Come for lunch with us?
 Why don’t you come for lunch with us?
 Would you like to come to lunch with us?
 We would be very pleased if you could join us for lunch
Informal
Formal
Levels of formality
Formal language
Informal language
Official and important situation
Among friends
colloquial Casual, conversational He’s off his head = crazy
neutral Great respect, casualness

11. Bibliography
 Spratt, M., Pulverness, A., & Williams, M. (2011). The TKT Course Modules 1, 2 and 3
(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

12. UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA DE AMBATO
FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y DE LA EDUCACIÓN
CARRERA DE PEDAGOGÍA DE LOS IDIOMAS NACIONALES Y
EXTRANJEROS
TEACHING KNOWLEDGE TEST – TKT 1
RUBRIC FOR TEAMWORK - POWER POINT PRESENTATION
Students’ name: Mantilla Peña Dayana
Date: