Unit-2-Hydrocarbons.....................

Chem 150
Chem 150
Unit 2 - Hydrocarbons &
Unit 2 - Hydrocarbons &
Functional Groups
Functional Groups
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon. The
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon. The
name “organic” reflect the fact that organic
name “organic” reflect the fact that organic
molecules are derived from living organisms. In this
molecules are derived from living organisms. In this
unit will start by looking at four families of organic
unit will start by looking at four families of organic
molecules that are grouped together as the
molecules that are grouped together as the
hydrocarbons. We will also look at some functional
hydrocarbons. We will also look at some functional
groups that define some of the other families of
groups that define some of the other families of
organic molecules.
organic molecules.

2
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon.
• There are three forms of pure carbon
There are three forms of pure carbon
• Diamond
Diamond
• Graphite
Graphite

3
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
• There are three forms of pure carbon
There are three forms of pure carbon
• Buckminsterfullerene
Buckminsterfullerene
“Bucky Balls”
“Bucky Balls”

4
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
• Organic molecules contain carbon combined with other
Organic molecules contain carbon combined with other
elements.
elements.
• Organic molecules are grouped into families
Organic molecules are grouped into families
• Members of a family share common structural, physical, and chemical
Members of a family share common structural, physical, and chemical
characteristics.
characteristics.
• There are four families that contain molecules made of only
There are four families that contain molecules made of only
carbon and hydrogen.
carbon and hydrogen.
• Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
• Alkanes
Alkanes
• Alkenes
Alkenes
• Alkynes
Alkynes
• Aromatics
Aromatics

6
Alkanes
Alkanes
Alkanes are hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon
single bonds.
single bonds.
• Every carbon atom participates in 4 single bonds, either to
Every carbon atom participates in 4 single bonds, either to
another carbon or to a hydrogen.
another carbon or to a hydrogen.
• Every hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon by a single
Every hydrogen atom is bonded to a carbon by a single
bond.
bond.

7
Alkanes
Alkanes
single bonds.
single bonds.

8
Alkanes
Alkanes
• Alkanes in which the carbons are connected in a straight
Alkanes in which the carbons are connected in a straight
chain are called
chain are called normal alkanes
normal alkanes.
.
• Alkanes that are branched are called
Alkanes that are branched are called branched chain
branched chain
alkanes
alkanes.
.
C C C C C C
H
H
H
H H H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C C H
H
H
H
C
H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
n-hexane
n-hexane
2-methyl-pentane
2-methyl-pentane

Alkanes
Alkanes
For a discusion on the structure of alkanes,
For a discusion on the structure of alkanes,
see the Unit 2
see the Unit 2
Elaboration - Alkane Structure
Elaboration - Alkane Structure

1
0
Alkanes
Alkanes
• Alkanes, along with the other hydrocarbons, are non-polar.
Alkanes, along with the other hydrocarbons, are non-polar.
• They interact with each other only through London
They interact with each other only through London
dispersion forces.
dispersion forces.
• This is why they have relatively low boiling and melting
This is why they have relatively low boiling and melting
points.
points.

1
1
They interact with each other only through London dispersion
They interact with each other only through London dispersion
forces.
forces.
• Note how the boiling points increase with molecular weight.
Note how the boiling points increase with molecular weight.
Alkanes
Alkanes

1
2
Molecule in the News
Molecule in the News

1
3
Molecule in the News:Melamine
Molecule in the News:Melamine

1
4
http://www.
http://www.cbc
cbc.ca/health/story/2007/09/06/additives-lancet.html?ref=rss
.ca/health/story/2007/09/06/additives-lancet.html?ref=rss
http://www.
http://www.medpagetoday
medpagetoday.com/Psychiatry/ADHD-ADD/tb/6610
.com/Psychiatry/ADHD-ADD/tb/6610
Organic Molecules in the News!!
Carmoisine
Carmoisine
Quinoline yellow
Quinoline yellow
Sodium benzoate
Sodium benzoate

1
5
Alkanes, cannot be named based on their molecular formulas
Alkanes, cannot be named based on their molecular formulas
• For example, all of the molecules shown below share the
For example, all of the molecules shown below share the
same molecular formula, C
same molecular formula, C6
6H
H14
14
(
(hexacarbon tetradecahydride
hexacarbon tetradecahydride?)
?)
Alkanes
C C C C C C
H
H
H
H H H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C C H
H
H
H
C
H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
n-hexane
n-hexane
2-methyl-pentane
2-methyl-pentane
C C C C C H
H
H
H
C
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C
H
H
H
C
H H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
3-methyl-pentane
3-methyl-pentane 2,2-dimethylbutane
2,2-dimethylbutane 2,3-dimethylbutane
2,3-dimethylbutane

1
6
Organic chemists use a systematic set of rules, called the
Organic chemists use a systematic set of rules, called the
IUPAC rules, to name organic molecules based on their
IUPAC rules, to name organic molecules based on their
structural formulas instead of their chemical formulas.
structural formulas instead of their chemical formulas.
Alkanes
C C C C C C
H
H
H
H H H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C C H
H
H
H
C
H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
n-hexane
n-hexane
2-methyl-pentane
2-methyl-pentane
C C C C C H
H
H
H
C
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C
H
H
H
C
H H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
3-methyl-pentane
2,3-dimethylbutane

Alkanes
Alkanes
For a discussion on naming alkanes,
For a discussion on naming alkanes,
see the Unit 2
see the Unit 2
Elaboration - Naming Alkanes
Elaboration - Naming Alkanes

1
8
When two or more molecules share the same molecular
When two or more molecules share the same molecular
formula, but have different atomic connections, they are
formula, but have different atomic connections, they are
called
called constitutional isomers
constitutional isomers.
.
Constitutional Isomers
C C C C C C
H
H
H
H H H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C C H
H
H
H
C
H H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
n-hexane
n-hexane
2-methyl-pentane
2-methyl-pentane
C C C C C H
H
H
H
C
H H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C
H
H
H
C
H H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
C C C C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
3-methyl-pentane
2,3-dimethylbutane

1
9
Conformations
Conformations
Carbon-carbon single bonds are free to rotate
Carbon-carbon single bonds are free to rotate
• This leads to different shapes for some molecules
This leads to different shapes for some molecules
• These should not be confused with isomers.
These should not be confused with isomers.

2
0
Conformations
Conformations
All of the 3-dimensional models shown below are for the
All of the 3-dimensional models shown below are for the n-
n-
butane
butane.
.
• They were generated by rotating the central carbon-carbon
They were generated by rotating the central carbon-carbon
bond.
bond.
• They all share the same structural formula.
They all share the same structural formula.
C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H H
H

2
1
Conformations
Conformations
All of the 3-dimensional models shown below are for the
All of the 3-dimensional models shown below are for the n-
n-
butane
butane.
.
• They were generated by rotating the central carbon-carbon
They were generated by rotating the central carbon-carbon
bond.
bond.
QuickTime™ and a
Photo - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

2
2
Conformations
Conformations
Switching from one conformation to another
Switching from one conformation to another does not
does not require
require
the breaking and making of covalent bonds.
the breaking and making of covalent bonds.
• Switching from one isomer to another
Switching from one isomer to another does
does require the
require the
breaking and making of covalent bonds.
breaking and making of covalent bonds.
C C C
C
H
H H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
C C C C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H H H
H
n-butane
n-butane 2-methylpropane
2-methylpropane

Conformations
Conformations
For a discussion on conformations,
For a discussion on conformations,
see the Unit 2
see the Unit 2
Elaboration - Conformations
Elaboration - Conformations

2
4
Cycloalkanes
Cycloalkanes
When there are three or more carbons in a straight chain, the
When there are three or more carbons in a straight chain, the
ends can be joined to make rings.
ends can be joined to make rings.
• In naming these molecules, the prefix
In naming these molecules, the prefix cyclo
cyclo- is used to
- is used to
indicate the ring:
indicate the ring:
• Skeletal structural formulas are used to represent the rings
Skeletal structural formulas are used to represent the rings
in structural formulas:
in structural formulas:

2
5
In naming these molecules, the prefix
In naming these molecules, the prefix cyclo
cyclo- is used to
- is used to
indicate the ring:
indicate the ring:
Cycloalkanes
cyclopropane
cyclobutane
cyclopentane
cyclohexane
C3H6
C4H8
C5H10
C6H12
R
R
R
R
cyclopropyl-
cyclobutyl-
cyclopentyl-
cyclohexyl-
As Parent Chain
As Parent Chain As Substituent Group
As Substituent Group

2
6
The carbon-carbon single bonds for the carbons in a ring are
The carbon-carbon single bonds for the carbons in a ring are
no longer free to rotate.
no longer free to rotate.
• This leads to a new type of isomer
This leads to a new type of isomer
• Since the two structures share the same name, they are not
Since the two structures share the same name, they are not
Cycloalkanes
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
H
H H
H
CH3
CH3
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3
H
CH3
H
H
H H
1,2-dimethylcyclohexane 1,2-dimethylcyclohexane

2
7
Isomers which share the same atomic connections, and
Isomers which share the same atomic connections, and
therefore, the same IUPAC name are called
therefore, the same IUPAC name are called stereoisomers.
stereoisomers.
• When this occurs due to restricted rotation about a covalent
When this occurs due to restricted rotation about a covalent
bond, they are called
bond, they are called geometric isomers
geometric isomers
• The prefix
The prefix cis-
cis- and
and trans-
trans- are used to distinguish geometric
are used to distinguish geometric
isomers.
isomers.
Cycloalkanes
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
H
H H
H
CH3
CH3
H
H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H
CH3
H
CH3
H
H
H H
cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane trans-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane

2
8
Questions
Draw the condensed structural formulas for the following
Draw the condensed structural formulas for the following
molecules:
molecules:
A)
A) 1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
1-ethyl-2-methylcyclopentane
B)
B) 1,1-dimethylcyclobutane
1,1-dimethylcyclobutane
C)
C) 1,1-dimethyl-2-propylcyclopropane
1,1-dimethyl-2-propylcyclopropane
Do any of these molecules have
Do any of these molecules have cis-
cis- and
and trans-
trans- geometric
geometric
isomers?
isomers?

2
9
Alkenes, Alkynes & Aromatic Compounds
The remaining three families of hydrocarbons are
The remaining three families of hydrocarbons are
unsaturated
unsaturated.
.
• Alkanes are
Alkanes are saturated
saturated, which means they contain the
, which means they contain the
maximum number of hydrogens per carbon.
maximum number of hydrogens per carbon.
• For alkanes C
For alkanes Cn
nH
H(2n+2)
(2n+2)
• Alkenes, Alkynes
Alkenes, Alkynes and
and Aromatics
Aromatics are
are unsaturated
unsaturated, which
, which
means they contain less than the maximum number of
means they contain less than the maximum number of
hydrogens per carbon.
hydrogens per carbon.
• Structurally, this means that they have carbon-carbon double or triple bonds
Structurally, this means that they have carbon-carbon double or triple bonds

3
0
Alkenes
Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain at least 1 carbon-
are hydrocarbons that contain at least 1 carbon-
carbon double bond.
carbon double bond.
• Examples:
Examples:
C C
H
H
H
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
1-hexene
C C
H
H
H
H
ethene
(ethylene)

3
1
Alkynes
Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain at least 1 carbon-
are hydrocarbons that contain at least 1 carbon-
carbon triple bond.
carbon triple bond.
• Examples:
Examples:
C C
H CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
1-hexyne
C C
H H
ethyne
(acetylene)

3
2
Aromatics
Aromatics are unsaturated ring molecules
are unsaturated ring molecules
• They are often drawn to look like alkenes, but they behave
They are often drawn to look like alkenes, but they behave
much differently than alkenes.
much differently than alkenes.
• They have an alternating pattern of double and single
They have an alternating pattern of double and single
bonds within a ring.
bonds within a ring.
• Benzene is an example
Benzene is an example

3
3
The physical properties of all hydrocarbons are the same
The physical properties of all hydrocarbons are the same
• The have essentially one noncovalent interaction, which
The have essentially one noncovalent interaction, which
isthe London dispersion force.
isthe London dispersion force.
• They have no electronegative atoms and therefore have
They have no electronegative atoms and therefore have
• No ion/ion interactions
No ion/ion interactions
• No dipole/dipole interactions
No dipole/dipole interactions
• No hydrogenbonding interactions
No hydrogenbonding interactions

3
4
Naming of Alkenes and Alkynes work the same as for
Naming of Alkenes and Alkynes work the same as for
alkanes, with these added rules:
alkanes, with these added rules:
• The parent chain must include both carbons in all double
The parent chain must include both carbons in all double
and triple bonds.
and triple bonds.
• Pick the longest chain that also contains all double and triple bonds
Pick the longest chain that also contains all double and triple bonds
• The
The -ene
-ene ending is used of alkenes
ending is used of alkenes
• The -
The -yne
yne ending is used for alkynes.
ending is used for alkynes.
• The number of the first carbon in the double or triple bond is
The number of the first carbon in the double or triple bond is
included in the name to locate the double or triple bond.
included in the name to locate the double or triple bond.
• Number the parent chain from the end that is closes to the first double or triple
Number the parent chain from the end that is closes to the first double or triple
bond.
bond.

3
5
Naming of Aromatics is based on benzene:
• When the molecule is build on benzene, the parent name
When the molecule is build on benzene, the parent name
is “benzene”.
is “benzene”.
• There are also many common names used to describe
There are also many common names used to describe
aromatic compounds.
aromatic compounds.

3
6
• Aromatic compounds can contain multiple aromatic rings
Aromatic compounds can contain multiple aromatic rings

3
7
Benzo(a)pyrene found in tobacco smoke is converted to
Benzo(a)pyrene found in tobacco smoke is converted to
carcinogenic products in the liver (see below) which link to
carcinogenic products in the liver (see below) which link to
DNA and cause mutations.
DNA and cause mutations.

3
8
Practice Quiz 1 KEY
Practice Quiz 1 KEY
http://www.
http://www.chem
chem.
.uwec
uwec
.edu/Chem150_S07/course/answers/C150-Quiz-1-key.
.edu/Chem150_S07/course/answers/C150-Quiz-1-key.swf
swf

3
9
There are many aromatic molecules found in biology
There are many aromatic molecules found in biology
• Some aromatic compounds contain nitrogen and oxygen
Some aromatic compounds contain nitrogen and oxygen
atoms
atoms
• For example, the nucleotide base Adenine, which is used
For example, the nucleotide base Adenine, which is used
to make DNA and RNA
to make DNA and RNA
N
N
N
NH2

4
0
Like cycloalkanes, some alkenes can have
Like cycloalkanes, some alkenes can have cis
cis and
and trans
trans
isomers
isomers
• This is due to restricted rotation about the double-bond.
This is due to restricted rotation about the double-bond.
• Not all double bonds produce
Not all double bonds produce cis
cis and
and trans
trans isomers
isomers
• Each carbon participating in the double bond must have two different
Each carbon participating in the double bond must have two different
substituents attached to them
substituents attached to them
A ≠ B AND X ≠ Y
C C
A
B
X
Y

4
1
Like cycloalkanes, some alkenes can have
Like cycloalkanes, some alkenes can have cis
cis and
and trans
trans
isomers
isomers

4
2
Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids & Esters
In addition to the four families of hydrocarbons, there are also
In addition to the four families of hydrocarbons, there are also
many other families of organic molecules.
many other families of organic molecules.
These other families include elements other than carbon and
These other families include elements other than carbon and
hydrogen.
hydrogen.
• They exhibit a wide range of chemical and physical
They exhibit a wide range of chemical and physical
properties.
properties.
• The families are distinguished by a group of atoms called a
The families are distinguished by a group of atoms called a
functional group
functional group

4
3
Functional Group
Functional Group
“
“A functional group is an atom, group of atoms or bond that
A functional group is an atom, group of atoms or bond that
gives a molecule a particular set of chemical and physical
gives a molecule a particular set of chemical and physical
properties”
properties”

4
4
The carbon-carbon double bonds found in alkenes is an
The carbon-carbon double bonds found in alkenes is an
example of a functional group.
example of a functional group.
• A chemical property of a double is that it will absorb
A chemical property of a double is that it will absorb
hydrogen in the hydrogenation reaction.
hydrogen in the hydrogenation reaction.

4
5
We look now at three families that are distinguished by a
functional group that contains the element oxygen.
Alcohols
Alcohols
• Members of the alcohol family contain a
Members of the alcohol family contain a hydroxyl group
hydroxyl group.
.
• The hydroxyl group comprises an oxygen with one single
The hydroxyl group comprises an oxygen with one single
bond to a hydrogen and another single bond to an alkane-
bond to a hydrogen and another single bond to an alkane-
type carbon
type carbon
C C
H
H
H
H
H
O H hydroxyl group
hydroxyl group
An alkane-type carbon atom
An alkane-type carbon atom
ethanol
ethanol

4
6
Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids
• Members of the carboxylic acid family contain a
Members of the carboxylic acid family contain a carboxylic
carboxylic
acid group
acid group
• The carboxylic acid group comprises a hydroxyl group
The carboxylic acid group comprises a hydroxyl group
connected to a carbonyl group:
connected to a carbonyl group:
+
+
C
O
O H C
O
O H
carbonyl group
carbonyl group hydroxyl group
hydroxyl group carboxylic acid group
carboxylic acid group

4
7
Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids
• The present of the hydroxyl group next to the cabonyl
The present of the hydroxyl group next to the cabonyl
group completely changes it properties.
group completely changes it properties.
• The alcohol hydroxyl group and the carboxylic acid hydroxyl group are
The alcohol hydroxyl group and the carboxylic acid hydroxyl group are
chemically quite different, which is why molecules that have the carboxylic acid
chemically quite different, which is why molecules that have the carboxylic acid
group are placed in a separate family from the alcohols.
group are placed in a separate family from the alcohols.
• Later in the semester we will learn about some of these chemical differences.
Later in the semester we will learn about some of these chemical differences.
+
+
C
O
O H C
O
O H
carbonyl group
carbonyl group hydroxyl group
hydroxyl group carboxylic acid group
carboxylic acid group

4
8
Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids
• The carboxylic acid group can be attached to a hydrogen,
The carboxylic acid group can be attached to a hydrogen,
an alkane-type carbon, or an aromatic-type carbon:
methanoic acid
methanoic acid
(formic acid)
(formic acid)
propanoic acid
propanoic acid benzoic acid
benzoic acid
C OH
O
H C OH
O
C
C
H
H
H
H
H C OH
O

4
9
Esters
Esters
• Chemically, esters can be synthesized by reacting a
Chemically, esters can be synthesized by reacting a
carboxylic acid with and alcohol:
carboxylic
carboxylic
acid
acid
alcohol
alcohol ester
ester water
water
C
O
O H H O C
+ C
O
O C H O
+ H

5
0
Esters
Esters
• Chemically, esters can be synthesize by reacting a
Chemically, esters can be synthesize by reacting a
C
O
O CH2
CH2
CH3 CH3
Carboxylic
acid part
Alcohol
part
Ethyl propanoate
Ethyl propanoate

5
1
Carboxylic acids
Carboxylic acids
• The carboxylic acid group can be attached to a hydrogen,
The carboxylic acid group can be attached to a hydrogen,
methanoic acid
methanoic acid
(formic acid)
(formic acid)
propanoic acid
propanoic acid benzoic acid
benzoic acid
C OH
O
H C OH
O
C
C
H
H
H
H
H C OH
O

5
2
As we saw with the hydrocarbons, the physical properties of
organic molecules depend on the noncovalent intermolecular
interactions which attract one one molecule to another.
• With hydrocarbons, there is only one type of noncovalent
With hydrocarbons, there is only one type of noncovalent
interaction:
interaction:
• Induced dipole/Induced dipole (London dispersion force)
Induced dipole/Induced dipole (London dispersion force)
• The presence of the electronegative oxygen makes
The presence of the electronegative oxygen makes
alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters polar molecules,
alcohols, carboxylic acids and esters polar molecules,
these families, therefore, have at least two types of
these families, therefore, have at least two types of
noncovalent interactions:
noncovalent interactions:
• Dipole/Dipole
Dipole/Dipole

5
3
• Alcohols and Carboxylic acids also have a hydroxyl group
Alcohols and Carboxylic acids also have a hydroxyl group
with a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen. This allows them to
with a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen. This allows them to
form hydrogen bonds with each other. Therefore,
form hydrogen bonds with each other. Therefore,
carboxylic acids have at least three different noncovalent
carboxylic acids have at least three different noncovalent
interactions:
interactions:
• Dipole/Dipole
Dipole/Dipole
• Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond

5
4
To summarize, the types of noncovalent interact ions that
To summarize, the types of noncovalent interact ions that
each family can participate in include:
each family can participate in include:
• Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes &
Hydrocarbons (Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes &
Aromatics)
Aromatics)
• Esters
Esters
• Dipole/Dipole
Dipole/Dipole
• Alcohols & Carboxylic acids
Alcohols & Carboxylic acids
• Dipole/Dipole
Dipole/Dipole
• Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen bond

5
5
These interactions are illustrated in Figure 4.23 of your
These interactions are illustrated in Figure 4.23 of your
textbook.
textbook.
alcohols
alcohols
carboxylic acids
carboxylic acids
esters
esters

5
6
Boiling points are a good measure of the strength of the
Boiling points are a good measure of the strength of the
noncovalent interactions between molecules.
noncovalent interactions between molecules.
• The stronger the interactions, the higher the boiling point will
The stronger the interactions, the higher the boiling point will
be.
be.
• Since all molecules have the London dispersion interaction,
Since all molecules have the London dispersion interaction,
the boiling points of molecules is expected to increase with
the boiling points of molecules is expected to increase with
temperature.
temperature.
• The next slide shows a chart using the data found in Table
The next slide shows a chart using the data found in Table
4.7 of Raymond, in which the boiling points for alcohols,
4.7 of Raymond, in which the boiling points for alcohols,
carboxylic acids and esters are plotted against molecular
carboxylic acids and esters are plotted against molecular
weight.
weight.

5
7
• As expected, the boiling points
As expected, the boiling points
for members of all three
for members of all three
families increases with
families increases with
molecular weight due to the
molecular weight due to the
London dispersion interactions.
London dispersion interactions.
• For a given molecular weight,
For a given molecular weight,
the alcohols and carboxylic
the alcohols and carboxylic
acids have a higher boiling
acids have a higher boiling
point than esters, this is
point than esters, this is
because they can form
because they can form
hydrogen bonds and esters
hydrogen bonds and esters
cannot.
cannot.
• The carboxylic acids have a
The carboxylic acids have a
slightly higher boiling point
slightly higher boiling point
than alcohols, because they
than alcohols, because they
can form two hydrogen bonds
can form two hydrogen bonds
with a neighboring molecule (
with a neighboring molecule (
See Figure 4.23 in Raymond
See Figure 4.23 in Raymond)
)
Molecular Weight {g/mol}
Molecular Weight {g/mol}
Boiling
Point
{°C}
Boiling
Point
{°C}

5
8
Another distinguishing characteristic of many of the families is
Another distinguishing characteristic of many of the families is
odor.
odor.
• You nose is actually a highly sensitive chemical detector.
You nose is actually a highly sensitive chemical detector.
• The members of different families can interact differently
The members of different families can interact differently
with the receptors in your nose to produce smells that are
with the receptors in your nose to produce smells that are
characteristic of the families they belong to.
characteristic of the families they belong to.
• For example:
For example:
• Carboxylic acids produce the pungent, sometime unpleasant odors associated
Carboxylic acids produce the pungent, sometime unpleasant odors associated
with ripe cheeses, rancid butter and vomit.
with ripe cheeses, rancid butter and vomit.
• Esters, on the other hand, produce the sweet, often pleasant order associated
Esters, on the other hand, produce the sweet, often pleasant order associated
with flowers, perfumes and various natural and artificial flavorings. The next slide
with flowers, perfumes and various natural and artificial flavorings. The next slide
shows Figure 4.24 from Raymond, which gives some specific examples.
shows Figure 4.24 from Raymond, which gives some specific examples.

5
9
Examples of some
Examples of some
flavorable esters:
flavorable esters:

Unit-2-Hydrocarbons.....................

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