The document explains the concept of reaction rates, defined as the speed at which reactants convert into products over time. It discusses factors that influence these rates, including temperature, surface area, concentration, stirring, and catalysts. Additionally, it provides examples of how these factors can accelerate or decelerate reactions, such as the use of catalysts in chemical processes.

1. 7.4 Reaction Rates
You may have heard of
athletes “burning
Calories” when they
exercise.
A Calorie is a unit of
energy used in the field
of nutrition. The
average banana
contains about 100
Calories.

2. 7.4 Reaction Rates
If you eat a banana, you provide your body with
about 100 Calories to burn. This energy is released
in a series of reactions that take place inside your
body.
A much faster way of releasing the energy contained
in a banana is to burn it—outside the body—in a
combustion reaction.
The total amount of energy released is the same in
both cases.

3. 7.4 Reaction Rates
What does a reaction rate tell you?
A reaction rate is the rate at which reactants
change into products over time.
Reactions Over Time
Reaction rates tell you how fast a reaction is
going.

4. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Any change that happens over a period of time
can be expressed as a rate.
The reaction rate is how fast the reactants are
being consumed, how fast the products are being
formed, or how fast energy is being absorbed or
released.
Reactions Over Time

5. 7.4 Reaction Rates
What factors cause reaction rates to
change?
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates
Factors that affect reaction rates include
temperature, surface area, concentration,
stirring, and catalysts.

6. 7.4 Reaction Rates
The reaction rate of a chemical reaction depends
on how often reactant particles collide.
• If the collisions occur more frequently, then the
reaction rate increases.
• If the collisions occur less frequently, then the
reaction rate decreases.
• Reaction rates can be changed by varying
conditions.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

7. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Temperature
Generally, an increase in temperature will
increase the reaction rate, while a decrease
in temperature will decrease the reaction
rate.
You store milk in a refrigerator to slow down
the reactions that cause the milk to spoil. The
rate of spoiling decreases if the milk is kept
cold.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

8. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Increasing the temperature of a substance
causes its particles to move faster, on average.
Particles that move faster are both more likely to
collide and more likely to react. If the number of
collisions that produce reactions increases, then
the reaction rate increases.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

9. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Surface Area
The smaller the particle size of a given mass,
the larger is its surface area.
• Increased surface area increases collisions that
involve reacting particles.
• With more collisions, more particles will react.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

10. 7.4 Reaction Rates
This fire was a combustion reaction between
grain dust and oxygen. The rate of combustion
was very rapid due to the small particle size of the
grain dust.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

11. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Stirring
Stirring reactants increases their exposure to
each other.
In a washing machine, particles of detergent
react with particles of the stains on clothes. A
washing machine speeds up the reaction by
stirring the contents back and forth.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

12. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Concentration
Concentration refers to the number of
particles in a given volume. You can change
the reaction rate by changing the
concentration of the reactants.
The more reacting particles that are present
in a given volume, the more opportunities
there are for collisions involving those
particles. The reaction rate is faster.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

13. 7.4 Reaction Rates
The dye solution in the left beaker is more
concentrated than the solution in the right.
Increasing the concentration of the dye increases
the rate of color change in the material.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

14. 7.4 Reaction Rates
For gases, concentration changes with pressure.
The greater the pressure of a gaseous reactant,
the greater is its concentration, and the faster is
the reaction rate.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

15. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Catalysts
A catalyst is a substance that affects the
reaction rate without being used up in the
reaction.
Chemists often use catalysts to speed up a
reaction or enable a reaction to occur at a
lower temperature.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

16. 7.4 Reaction Rates
One of the steps involved in making sulfuric acid
is the reaction of sulfur dioxide with oxygen to
form sulfur trioxide. This reaction happens very
slowly without a catalyst such as vanadium(V)
oxide.
The catalyst is neither a reactant nor a product,
so it is written over the arrow.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

17. 7.4 Reaction Rates
The catalyst lowers the amount of energy required for
effective collisions between reacting particles.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

18. 7.4 Reaction Rates
The catalyst lowers the amount of energy required for
effective collisions between reacting particles.
Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

19. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Assessment Questions
1. Which of the following changes will decrease the
rate of a chemical reaction?
a. increasing the temperature
b. grinding a reactant into a fine powder
c. stirring the reaction mixture
d. decreasing the concentration of one of the reactants

20. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Assessment Questions
1. Which of the following changes will decrease the
rate of a chemical reaction?
a. increasing the temperature
b. grinding a reactant into a fine powder
c. stirring the reaction mixture
d. decreasing the concentration of one of the reactants
ANS: D

21. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Assessment Questions
1. A reaction rate is the rate at which reactants
change into products over time.
True
False

22. 7.4 Reaction Rates
Assessment Questions
1. A reaction rate is the rate at which reactants
change into products over time.
True
False
ANS: T